重叠网格在船舶CFD中的应用研究

文章采用RANS方法和重叠网格计算了带自由液面的船舶绕流问题。计算网格采用重叠网格的型式,自由液面的模拟采用单相Level-Set方法,Reynolds应力采用k-ω模型,采用体单元有限差分方法和PISO算法求解RANS方程。文中简要描述了重叠网格和单相Level Set自由液面模拟方法的数学模型及求解。通过对S60单体船型约束模和自由模型采用重叠网格的数值求解及与试验结果的比较表明该重叠可较好地模拟带自由液面船舶自由态绕流问题。另采用重叠网格对一简单的双体船和三体船进行了数值求解,计算结果也表明重叠网格和单相Level-Set方法可较好地模拟带自由液面的船舶绕流问题。     

SPH中改进无网格插值方法比较和精度分析(英文)

In the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, a meshless interpolation scheme is needed for the unknown function in order to discretize the governing equation. A particle approximation method has so far been used for this purpose. Traditional particle interpolation (TPI) is simple and easy to do, but its low accuracy has become an obstacle to its wider application. This can be seen in the cases of particle disorder arrangements and derivative calculations. There are many different methods to improve accuracy, with the moving least square (MLS) method one of the most important meshless interpolation methods. Unfortunately, it requires complex matrix computing and so is quite time-consuming. The authors developed a simpler scheme, called higher-order particle interpolation (HPI). This scheme can get more accurate derivatives than the MLS method, and its function value and derivatives can be obtained simultaneously. Although this scheme was developed for the SPH method, it has been found useful for other meshless methods.     

Numerical simulation of viscous liquid sloshing by moving-particle semi-implicit method

A meshless numerical simulation method, the moving-particle semi-implicit method （MPS） is presented in this paper to study the sloshing phenomenon in ocean and naval engineering. As a meshless method, MPS uses particles to replace the mesh in traditional methods, the governing equations are discretized by virtue of the relationship of particles, and the Poisson equation of pressure is solved by incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient method （ICCG）, the free surface is tracked by the change of numerical density. A numerical experiment of viscous liquid sloshing tank was presented and compared with the result got by the difference method with the VOF, and an additional modification step was added to make the simulation more stable. The results show that the MPS method is suitable for the simulation of viscous liquid sloshing, with the advantage in arranging the particles easily, especially on some complex curved surface.     

Time-domain TEBEM method for mean drift force and moment of ships with forward speed under the oblique seas

A numerical method for solving 3D unsteady potential flow problem of ship advancing in waves is put forward. The flow field is divided into an inner and an outer domain by introducing an artificial matching surface. The inner domain is surrounded by ship wetted surface and matching surface as well as part of the free surface. The free surface condition for the inner domain is formulated by perturbation about the double-body flow or uniform incoming flow assumption. The outer domain is surrounded by matching surface and the rest free surface as well as infinite far-field radiation boundary. The free surface condition for the outer domain is formulated by perturbation about uniform incoming flow. The simple Green function and transient free surface Green function are used to form the boundary integral equation (BIE) for the inner and outer domains, respectively. Taylor Expansion Boundary Element Method (TEBEM) is utilized to solve the double-body flow and inner domain and outer domain unsteady flow BIE. Matching conditions for the inner domain flow and outer domain flow are enforced by the continuity of velocity potential and normal velocity on the matching surface. Direct pressure integration on ship wetted surface is used to obtain the first-order and second-order wave forces (moments). The numerical predictions on the displacement, added resistance, sway mean drift force and yaw mean drift moment of the modified KVLCC2 ship at different forward speeds are investigated by the proposed TEBEM method. It is also compared with the other numerical results. The physical tank experiment results are also developed to validate the accuracy of numerical tank results. Compared with the experiment solutions, a good agreement can be obtained by TEBEM method.

     

溃坝问题的数值仿真和实验(英文)

In this paper, two novel numerical computation methods are introduced which have been recently developed at Research Institute for Applied Mechanics ( RIAM ), Kyushu University, for strongly nonlinear wave-body interaction problems, such as ship motions in rough seas and resulting green-water impact on deck. The first method is the CIP-based Cartesian grid method, in which the free surface flow is treated as a multi-phase flow which is solved using a Cartesian grid. The second method is the MPS method, which is a so-called particle method and hence no grid is used. The features and calculation procedures of these numerical methods are described. One validation computation against a newly conducted experiment on a dam break problem, which is also described in this paper, is presented.     

Numerical study on the hydrodynamic forces on a ship berthing to quay by taking free-surface effect into account

In the present study, numerical simulation of the berthing maneuver of a ship in the prescribed translational motion is performed. The transient viscous flow and hydrodynamic forces on the hull are calculated by solving the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations in overset grid system, and the free surface is captured using volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach. The present numerical results have been compared with previous computational results by Toda and available experimental data respectively. Since the effects of the quaywall and free surface are taken into consideration in the present study, it is found that the agreement is significantly better than that resulting from Toda’s 3D CFD based approach. Then the effects of various standoff distances between the ship and quaywall on the lateral forces are investigated. Meanwhile, the detailed transient flow features around the berthing ship are obtained, which are helpful to understand the interactional effects between the ship and quaywall. The present results may provide helpful guidance for vessels’ safe maneuvering in berthing motion and the design of fender system in the quay.     

绕船体粘性自由面流动的数值计算

考虑自由面的船舶粘性流动计算由于其复杂性和对计算机硬伯的较高要求，只是到了最近几年才得到较大发展，而在国内尚属起步阶段。本文使用VOF方法计算了绕Wigley船型的粘性自由面流动，流模式选择了SSTκ-ω模型。计算获得了船体上波形以及船波等值线图，同时考察了三个不同横截面上的流动状况。计算得到的阻力还和发表的试验结果作了对比，结果令人鼓舞。     

Numerical analysis on free surface waves and stern viscous flow of a ship model

This paper deals with numerical techniques for computing the viscous flow past a ship hull with and without a free surface using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver with global conservation. In the first technique, a coarse grid is used to find an approximate solution to the free surface problem. Interpolation of a fine grid is subsequently carried out, and a more exact solution, particularly in the boundary layer and wake, is obtained. In the second technique, a modified Baldwin-Lomax model is introduced to compute the viscous flow with and without a free surface. These numerical techniques are applied to simulations of the flow around a Series 60 and an SR196C ship model. The results are compared with measurement data, and the usefulness of the numerical techniques is demonstrated.     

浅水中船舶水动力特性数值计算

本文对浅水中船舶水动力特性进行数值计算研究.采用RANS方程结合RNG K-ε两方程湍流模型,对一方形系数0.6的系列60船模在浅水中的阻力、升沉、纵倾和兴波进行数值计算,其中自由面采用VOF方法处理;计算中,水深Froude数范围0.6～1.8,包含了临界和超临界水深Froude数.数值计算得到的阻力、升沉和纵倾与模型试验结果及采用三维扩展Boussinesq方程的计算结果进行了比较分析,吻合较好,部分计算结果得到改进.     

带自由面肥大船粘性绕流场的数值模拟

采用直接求解RANS方程的方法对带自由面的肥大型船舶的流场和阻力进行了数值计算,湍流模型选用RNGk-ε两方程模式,自由面的处理采用VOF方法.数值计算结果与已公开试验数据的定量比较相当吻合.计算结果的分析表明:文中发展的CFD计算方法可以满足于带自由面肥大型船舶快速性工程预报的要求.     

溃坝模拟的光滑粒子流体动力学方法及其粘性特性(英文)

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian meshless particle method. It is one of the best method for simulating violent free surface flows in fluids and solving large fluid deformations. Dam breaking is a typical example of these problems. The basis of SPH was reviewed, including some techniques for governing equation resolution, such as the stepping method and the boundary handling method. Then numerical results of a dam breaking simulation were discussed, and the benefits of concepts like artificial viscosity and position correction were analyzed in detail. When compared with dam breaking simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method, the wave profile generated by SPH had good agreement, but the pressure had only reasonable agreement. Improving pressure results is clearly an important next step for research.     

浅水中低速斜航船舶水动力预报及验证与确认分析

浅水中的斜航船舶受到浅水阻塞效应和不对称流的综合影响。为预报该运动中的船舶水动力,文章采用基于定常雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯方程的计算流体动力学方法,对浅水中做斜航运动的船舶粘性绕流场进行数值模拟。考虑低航速运动的特点,忽略航速影响下的自由面兴波,由数值计算得到水动力系数在漂角影响下的变化规律。针对计算精度问题,在数值模拟中从验证和确认角度分析和评估计算结果：通过网格收敛性分析分析数值误差与不确定度;结合试验数据考察计算模型的误差。此外,从计算区域尺度、湍流模型、边界条件、船体下沉和纵倾作用方面对模型误差的影响因素进行探讨,可为改进计算模型、提高数值模拟精度提供参考依据。     

船舶多自由度斜航运动水动力数值研究

计及多自由度运动的船舶斜航水动力预报对船舶航行安全具有重要意义。文章通过耦合求解船舶运动方程和雷诺平均N-S方程,并采用VOF方法和高精度自由面捕捉技术对作多自由度斜航运动船舶的粘性绕流场进行数值模拟。船舶动态平衡位置根据计算出的力和力矩来决定,得到包括升沉、纵倾和横倾在内的船舶浮态。文中采用的算例与爱荷华大学进行的模型试验相同,通过比较数值计算结果和试验值验证了该方法的有效性。对船模在受约束和自由运动两种状态下的船舶运动和流场进行模拟,通过比较分析船舶升沉、纵倾和横倾的影响。文中计算获得的详细流场细节特征,包括前体和舭部的涡以及船体表面上的压力,有助于理解船舶斜航运动浮态变化的机理。     

潜艇水面与水下粘性绕流数值模拟

本文采用求解RANS方程的方法结合四种湍流模型,对于带有不同附体的SUBOFF模型尾流场进行了数值模拟。数值预报的桨盘面处不同半径上的轴向无量纲速度与试验结果进行了对比,结果表明湍流模型在数值模拟中起到重要作用。潜艇水面航行性能十分重要,因而对于潜艇自由液面绕流的数值模拟备受关注。本文采用VOF方法对于两条潜艇模型在不同傅汝德数下的自由液面绕流进行了数值模拟。计算得到的阻力、波形与试验结果吻合较好。文中也探讨了潜艇自由液面绕流的一般特性。并验证了用CFD手段预报潜艇粘性流场的能力。     

K2_SPH方法及其在二维水波模拟中的应用(英文)

Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian meshless particle method. However, its low accuracy of kernel approximation when particles are distributed disorderly or located near the boundary is an obstacle standing in the way of its wide application. Adopting the Taylor series expansion method and solving the integral equation matrix, the second order kernel approximation method can be obtained, namely K2_SPH, which is discussed in this paper. This method is similar to the Finite Particle Method. With the improvement of kernel approximation, some numerical techniques should be adopted for different types of boundaries, such as a free surface boundary and solid boundary, which are two key numerical techniques of K2_SPH for water wave simulation. This paper gives some numerical results of two dimensional water wave simulations involving standing wave and sloshing tank problems by using K2_SPH. From the comparison of simulation results, the K2_SPH method is more reliable than standard SPH.     

A RANS-based technique for simulation of the flow near a rolling cylinder at the free surface

Accurate prediction of roll motion is very important in ship dynamics, particularly when the safety of the ship is in question. In this paper "COMET," a Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver, is used to simulate the flow in the vicinity of a rectangular cylinder rolling at the free surface and to demonstrate the potential of RANS-based techniques in complex flows with free surfaces. The method adopted is based on an unstructured collocated finite-volume technique, which uses a variation of the SIMPLE scheme for pressure correction. An advanced interface capturing technique known as high resolution interface capturing (HRIC) is used for tracking the free surface with reduced numerical diffusion. The results derived are compared with available numerical and experimental results, showing good agreement on added moment of inertia and damping coefficients, whilst accurately predicting other main features of the flow. However, further validation for other geometries and extension to 3-D hull forms are essential before applications to practical problems are realised. Received: January 26, 2000 / Accepted: October 2, 2000     

江海直达船船首入水砰击研究

基于有限体积法的数值仿真方法对3种不同江海直达船船首的入水砰击问题进行了研究。建立包含气、水流场的三维有限元模型,研究了在自由液面的变化、空气层的作用下、不同垂向速度时3种船首入水砰击问题。结果表明,数值计算仿真的方法可以有效地模拟江海直达船船首入水过程中自由液面和空气层的变化情况。在此方法下,相同速度时西瓜首的砰击峰值优于其他船首形式。     

冰区航行船舶冰阻力数值研究进展

冰阻力是影响船舶在冰区航行性能的关键因素。当前主要的冰阻力研究方法有经验公式法、模型/实船试验法和数值模拟方法。数值模拟方式能够对船舶破冰的全过程进行快速模拟,且模拟成本低,参数易于控制 、结果较为准确,是一种比较适宜的冰阻力预报方法。随着计算技术的进步,各种数值模拟方法层出不穷,其中包括基于网格单元的有限元模型,基于无网格方法的离散元模型、SPH法、近场动力学模型等;近年来,网格模型与无网格模型的耦合方法也逐渐发展起来。文章简要梳理了冰区航行船舶冰阻力数值研究的进展,并基于研究现状提出尚需进一步解决的问题,意在为进一步提高冰阻力数值模拟精度提供参考。     

Hydrodynamic optimization of a catamaran hull with large bow and stern bulbs installed on the center plane of the catamaran

Here, a numerical optimization procedure is proposed for a fundamental study of a fast catamaran, and we compare the wave-making characteristics of a catamaran hull form with and without large bow and stern airship-type bulbs installed on the center plane of a catamaran operating at high speed. The method involves coupled ideas from two distinct research fields: numerical ship hydrodynamics and a nonlinear programming technique. The wave-making characteristics of catamaran hulls with and without bulbs were investigated using the panel method applied to free surface flow (PAFS), in which Morinos method for lifting bodies is extended to analyze the problem of free surface flow, and PAFS is linked to the optimization procedure of the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique. An optimum hull form for a catamaran can be obtained through a series of iterative computations, subject to some design constraints. Here, only the hull shape of a catamaran is optimized with and without center-plane bow and stern bulbs. The optimization is carried out at two Froude numbers, 0.45 and 0.5, which are around the last hump of the wave-making resistance curve. The numerical results show that a reduction in wave-making resistance is achieved around the design speed.     

基于物面重叠的多附体船舶阻力数值模拟

阐述物面重叠技术,介绍重叠网格的基本原理以及物面重叠的处理方法,在此基础上采用单相Level-Set捕捉自由面方法和RANS方程对某型带多件附体的船舶进行阻力数值模拟,对其流场和自由面波形进行分析。与模型试验结果进行对比发现:数值计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,误差满足工程精度要求,验证了物面重叠技术应用于多附体船舶阻力数值模拟的可靠性。