Coupled motions of two ships in irregular waves in time domain

A three-dimensional time domain approach is used to study the coupled motions of two ships with forward speed in waves. In this approach, the boundary condition is satisfied on the mean wetted hull surface of the moving bodies and the free surface condition is linearized. The problem is solved by using a transient free-surface Green function source distribution on the submerged hulls. After solving the response amplitude operator, the method of spectral analysis is employed to clearly express the motion energy spectrum and significant amplitude of two ships. For verifying the code, two same circular cylinders at beam wave are selected to calculate coupled motions by comparison with the results obtained by 3D frequency method which has been proved to be efficient for solving such problems.Two Wigley ships of different sizes with the same forward speed are chosen for numerical calculation of the interaction effect, and some useful suggestions are obtained for underway replenishment at sea.     

船舶大幅摇荡运动的计算机仿真

应用数值－模拟式的计算工具对船舶的摇荡运动进行了仿真研究,工作是在SIMULINK仿真工具箱中进行的,研究了船舶运动的某些动力学问题,如随浪中的非线性参数激励横摇运动、纵摇－升沉的耦合运动;研究表明,对于非线性动力学系统,尤其是涉及到多自由度运动耦合的情形,利用SIMULINK进行仿真研究不失为一个适用的方法。     

船舶海上机动维修的研究

随着我国经济的发展,海上运输已经成为我国对外贸易的主要运输手段.另外,海洋资源开发利用将是我国以后的经济增长点之一,所以,确保我国的海洋权益,确保航线的畅通,成为我国建设海防的主要任务之一.     

拖轮协助大型船舶操纵

本文介绍了天津港拖轮的基本情况，以及拖轮马力与大船之间的吨位关系。详细地描写了拖轮在协助大船靠离泊时的各种工作方式和使用方法，以及各种拖带方式的特点和注意事项。并阐述了具有‘大俯瞰’船的船舶在拖轮使用上的操作方法。本文所使用的一些技术数据来源于笔者多年工作的总结，对于大船的操纵者和拖轮的操纵者来说这些数据尤为重要。并希望得到同行们的指正。     

超大型船舶操纵要求的研究

超大型船舶的发展日趋迅猛,这对航海者来说不仅要求更高,操船技术难度也更大,我们有必要不断总结经验,掌握客观规律,提高操作技能,从而更好更安全地驾驶超大型船舶。     

小渔船在大风浪中航行的操纵要领

通过分析小型渔船在大风浪中航行时常见的几种情况，探讨基本的操纵方法，提出小渔船在大风浪中航笔应该事先做先做好充分准备，掌握基本的操纵技术，采用合理的措施。     

船舶操纵运动CFD数值模拟研究进展

  目的  为了更加真实地预报船舶操纵性能,有必要进行实船操纵运动直接模拟。  方法  首先,基于重叠网格技术进行实船拖航、配套螺旋桨敞水和实船自航计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比;然后,在此基础上开展实尺度船舶的10/10标准Z形操纵运动模拟,分析船舶操纵运动过程中的船舶运动、水动力、流场及涡结构变化。  结果  自航结果表明,所提数值方法可靠;受螺旋桨尺度效应的影响,扭矩系数会有所减小;在操舵过程中,船舶运动姿态较为剧烈;受到船−舵系统干扰,桨后涡结构较为复杂,且随着漂角的变化会产生一定角度的偏移。  结论  采用所提数值方法进行实船操纵运动模拟,可以准确获得船舶运动、水动力特性及流场信息,能作为一种有效的前期评估手段,从而为船舶设计提供参考。     

数值波浪水池中船舶顶浪运动模拟研究

文献[1,2]进行了数值波浪水池波浪环境的模拟、规则波顶浪中船舶水动力的计算以及船舶辐射问题的模拟.文章在其基础上,基于N-S方程,对规则波中顶浪前进的Wigley船模运动进行了模拟.数值模拟的船模运动结果与DUT(Dem University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,分析,二者符合较好.文中与文献[1,2]的研究工作一起,初步构建了真正意义上的基于N-S方程的数值波浪水池.     

A unified seakeeping and maneuvering analysis of ships in regular waves

The behavior of a ship in regular waves during maneuvering was studied by using a two-time scale model. The maneuvering analysis was based on Söding’s (Schiffstechnik 1982; 29:3–29) nonlinear slender-body theory generalized to account for heel. Forces and moments due to rudder, propeller, and viscous cross-flow follow from the state-of-the-art procedures. The developed unified theory of seakeeping and maneuvering was verified and validated for calm water by comparing it with experimental and calculated zigzag and circle maneuvers. Linear wave-induced motions and loads were determined by generalizing the Salvesen-Tuck-Faltinsen (Trans SNAME 1970; 78:250–287) strip theory. The mean second-order wave loads in incident regular deep water waves in oblique sea conditions were estimated by the potential flow theories of Faltinsen et al. (Proc 13th Symp Naval Hydrody 1980), Salvesen (Proc Intl Symp Dynam Mar Vehicl Struct Wave 1974), and Loukakis and Sclavounos (J Ship Res 1978; 22:1–19). The considered theories cover the whole range of important wavelengths. Comparisons between the different mean second-order wave load theories and available experimental data were carried out for different ship hull forms when the ship was advancing forward on a straight course. The mentioned methods have been incorporated into the maneuvering model. Their applicability from the perspective of the maneuvering ability of the selected types of ships was investigated in given wave environments. The wave conditions are valid for realistic maneuvering cases in open coastal areas. It was demonstrated that the incident waves may have an important influence on the maneuvering behavior of a ship. The added resistance, mean second-order transverse force, and yaw moment also play important roles.     

船舶在规则纵浪中的混沌运动

Parametric resonance can lead to dangerously large rolling motions, endangering the ship, cargo and crew. The QR-factorization method for calculating (LCEs) Lyapunov Characteristic Exponents was introduced; parametric resonance stability of ships in longitudinal waves was then analyzed using LCEs. Then the safe and unsafe regions of target ships were then identified. The results showed that this method can be used to analyze ship stability and to accurately identify safe and unsafe operating conditions for a ship in longitudinal waves.     

基于模型的舰艇机动系统设计

舰艇机动是为了达到某种战术目的而进行的理论和方法。为避免受航海人员心理素质或机动绘算水平影响而导致编队作战中不必要损失的发生,设计了基于模型的舰艇机动系统。通过分析舰艇机动基本原理构建系统的数学模型,提出通过采集舰载雷达和GPS的相关数据,以获取敌我双方初始阵位及航向航速的方法,并利用VC++6.0编程进行数据预处理及模型解算。实际运行效果表明,系统稳定、可靠,能够准确、快速地计算出机动结果。     

船舶操纵运动预报计算及三维仿真

以MMG操纵性数学模型[1] 为基础 ,严格导出该模型的无因次化方程组。以WindowsNT为平台 ,采用OpenGL作为图形处理和三维仿真的技术基础 ,选择 4阶定步长Runge Kutta法作为求解方程的数值计算方法 ,积分求解该数学模型 ,获得描绘船舶操纵运动诸参数在时域内的解。考虑到程序的开放性以及后期进一步的扩充和完善 ,预留了接口 ,可以方便地加入其它诸如船舶耐波性等数学模型 ,为全面仿真船舶运动打下基础     

天津新港船闸操纵要点

新港船闸船舶通过远远超出了设计通过量，为保证新港－海河的畅通，对过闸船舶的操纵提出了更高的要求，对过闸前的准备，特殊气候条件下过闸船舶相关的操纵要点进行了充分的总结。     

Time-domain simulation of wave-induced nonlinear motions and loads and its applications in ship design

A nonlinear time-domain formulation for ship motions and wave loads and a nonlinear long-term statistics method are presented and applied to the S175 container ship. The general agreement between model tests and numerical results is very satisfactory. The calculated long-term vertical sagging and hogging moments amidships are comparable to those given by DNV rules. The approach described in this paper can be used as a way of more accurately evaluating extreme wave loads and other nonlinear responses in ship design.     

考虑流体粘性作用的双体船运动和波浪载荷预报

利用源汇分布法计算双体(或多体)剖面的水动力系数,在此基础上,对二维切片理论在双体船的垂向运动和波浪载荷预报上的应用进行了拓展,考虑了流体粘性的作用,比较了不同航速、不同片体间距和片体间水动力相互干扰等因素对运动和载荷预报的影响.算例结果表明,该方法能较好地预报双体船在规则波中的运动响应和波浪载荷.     

New insight into the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects of ultra-large container ships based on experiments

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced extreme hogging vertical bending moment (VBM) is of vital importance for the design of container ships because container ships are normally under hogging conditions in still water. According to the empirical formulas proposed by the classification society rules, the design hogging VBM can be approximately 20 % smaller than the design sagging VBM for vessels with small block coefficients. High-order harmonic components in the vertical load effects, which are induced by the nonlinearities in the hydrodynamic forces and ship hull geometry, contribute to the asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that the nonlinear hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces increase the sagging VBM significantly. Current numerical tools are able to reveal this asymmetry to a certain extent. There is, however, little focus on the nonlinear pressure under the bow bottom, which is a more likely contributor to the hogging VBM. Several unexpected phenomena have been observed for large container ships. The wave-frequency sagging and hogging VBMs followed each other closely, and hence did not reflect the significant nonlinear factors as expected. In this paper, the test data of two (8600-TEU and 13000-TEU) ultra-large containership models in both regular and irregular head waves are systematically studied. In regular waves, the influence of the second and third harmonics on the fundamental hogging peaks and sagging troughs is estimated by comparing both the amplitude and phase difference relative to the first harmonic peaks. In irregular waves, the focus is on the statistical characteristics of the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects. To achieve a balance between results in regular and irregular waves, the influence of the second harmonics is evaluated through bispectral analysis.     

Comparison of numerical and experimental results of nonlinear wave-induced vertical ship motions and loads

 A nonlinear time-domain procedure is presented which is used to calculate the vertical responses of a container ship advancing in head waves. The method assumes linear radiation forces represented by time convolution of memory functions, infinite frequency added masses, and radiation restoring coefficients. The nonlinear hydrostatic restoring and Froude–Krilov forces are computed exactly over the instantaneous wetted surface of the ship's hull. Forces due to green water on deck are calculated using the momentum method. Nonlinear effects are identified on different vertical ship responses, namely on the heave and pitch motions, the vertical accelerations, and the vertical bending moment. These non-linear effects are expressed by the variation of the transfer function with the wave amplitude, the higher-order harmonics of the time signals, the offset of the time series, and the asymmetry of the peaks. The numerical results and the quantified nonlinear effects are compared with experimental results showing an ability to reproduce the main nonlinear effects. Received: December 17, 2001 / Accepted: January 31, 2002     

Contribution of supposed wave condition on the long-term distribution of a wave-induced load

This report is concerned with the statistical analysis of the long-term distribution of a wave-induced load, and examines which factors influence the long-term distribution of the load level, e.g., the significant wave height, the mean wave period of the supposed wave condition, and the relative angle between the ship's course and the wave direction. The long-term distribution is broken down into these factors, and a contribution rate analysis method for each factor in each load level in the long-term distribution is introduced. Based on the method used, the contribution rate of a specific mean wave period and a wave angle encountered is clarified, when the long-term distribution is larger than other wave periods and wave angles. The specific mean wave period and wave angle encountered are defined as the wave condition which governs the long-term distribution. The maximum wave-induced load in the vicinity of a probability of exceedance of around 10⁻⁸ in the long-term distribution is decided by the most severe short-term wave condition which has the largest significant wave height with a specific mean wave period. Based on S–N curves and Miner's rule, the relation between the fatigue damage and the supposed wave condition is examined. The contribution rate analysis method for fatigue damage is introduced. The governing wave condition and the most severe short-term wave condition also have an important effect on the fatigue damage. A simple estimation method for the long-term distribution, described by the Weibull distribution from the statistical properties of the most severe short-term wave condition, is introduced. Several examples show the applicability of the estimation method. Received: November 22, 2001 / Accepted: January 9, 2002     

Numerical simulation of wave-induced nonlinear motions of a two-dimensional floating body by the moving particle semi-implicit method

The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method was applied to compute nonlinear motions of a floating body influenced by the water on deck. To compute the motions of a rigid body, the fluid pressure at the position of each particle on the body surface was directly integrated in space and the equations of translational and rotational motions were integrated in time to determine the correct position of the rigid-body surface at each time step of the time-domain calculation. The performance of this method was validated through a comparison with measured results in an experiment that was newly conducted using a model of a box-shaped floating body with a small freeboard. Although the overall agreement was good, some discrepancies were observed for a shorter wave period, especially for the drift motion in sway. The effect of numerical resolution on the results was checked by changing the number of particles. With a higher number of particles, no obvious improvement was seen in the global body motions, but the resolution of the local free-surface profile, including the water on deck, was improved.     

航行船舶安全状况风险预先控制方法研究

从人、船、环境三方面影响因素对船舶安全状况进行分析,制定了前瞻性、独立性、协调与效率、相互牵制等船舶风险预先控制原则,在工作程序、方法、信息的不断循环过程中选取有效地控制方法,实施控制。