Tracking control of underwater vehicle subject to uncertainties using fuzzy inverse desired trajectory compensation technique

Computed-torque controller plus fuzzy inverse desired trajectory compensation technique based on robust adaptive fuzzy observer is proposed to control underwater vehicle subject to uncertainties. A fuzzy inverse desired trajectory compensator is developed as a nonlinear filter at input trajectory level outside the control loop to address the issue of unavailable normalizing factor. A robust adaptive state observer with loose constraint on the position of the uncertainty function is proposed to evaluate the unavailable states. Numerical simulation results of regulation performance demonstrate that the observer solves the problem of strict constraint conditions on position uncertainties. Comparisons of tracking performance between the proposed control method and computed-torque controller are performed. The results confirm that compensation at the input trajectory offers better position tracking performance and easier practical implementation than other fuzzy compensation techniques at joint torque level. The proposed control approach is simulated and its efficiency is validated through the simulation of an underwater vehicle.     

A novel tracking control approach for unmanned underwater vehicles based on bio-inspired neurodynamics

A novel hybrid control approach is presented for trajectory tracking control of unmanned underwater vehicles in this paper. The kinematic and dynamic controllers are integrated by the proposed control strategy. The paper has two objectives. Firstly, an improved backstep method is proposed to generate the virtual velocity using a bio-inspired neurodynamics model in the kinematic controller. The bio-inspired neurodynamics model is intended to smooth the virtual velocity output to avoid speed jumps of the unmanned underwater vehicle caused by tracking errors and to meet the thruster control constraints. Secondly, a new sliding-mode method is added to the dynamic controller, which is robust against parameter inaccuracy and disturbances. The combined kinematic–dynamic control law is applied to the trajectory tracking problem of two different types of unmanned underwater vehicle. Finally, simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed controller.     

Real time prediction of operational safety limits for dynamic positioning of an FPSO in a Deepwater Artificial Seabed system

Aiming to overcome the limitations of conventional offshore field development concepts (dry tree or subsea tree) for petroleum production in ultra-deep water, a new alternative offshore field development solution, termed as Deepwater Artificial Seabed (DAS) system, is proposed. The DAS system works in concert with dynamic positioning (DP) floaters, such as dynamically positioned Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels. Rather than relying on the passive mooring system, the DP maintains the reliable position of the FPSO with steering and propulsion units. Nonetheless, critical DP failures, which has potential to cause the drift-off scenario for the FPSO, poses a serious threat to the structural safety of the DAS system. Therefore, it is crucial to establish operational limits for the DP FPSO to prevent such accidents. In this study, a 3-phase probabilistic modelling methodology is proposed to predict safety limits for the operation of the DP FPSO. A surrogate model is established by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm so as to decrease the computational cost due to the generation of large statistical samples. The statistical distribution of the operational safety limits of FPSO is simulated by the successive approximations through the fully-coupled drift-off analysis. The accuracy of the proposed methodology is verified by a series of mathematical tests. In order to validate the effectiveness of the methodology, the safety limit prediction of the FPSO for the DAS system is taken as a case study. The critical positions of the FPSO are predicted in real time and provides ample time and information for operators’ decision-making by the visualization of the safe moving range of the FPSO. The study contributes to the safety control of DP operations on floating production units in an efficient manner.     

Study of station and attitude maneuver of submergence rescue vehicle

It is an important control process to operate motion of an submergence rescue vehicle(SRV). Seeing that the motion of the submergence rescue vehicle is special, it is necessary to employ non-linear predictive control system. For this reason, continuous dynamic performance of the system, the logical components and the operative restraints are expressed as the non-linear equations of state with the inequality restraints, and the model principle of hybrid system is introduced. The conclusion shows that it comes true to exactly control position and attitude of the SRV by means of non-linear model predictive control. The test in a model basin has also proved that the above methods are efficient.     

智能水下机器人的建模和控制策略研究(英文)

To provide a suitable model for AUV simulation and control purposes, a general nonlinear dynamic model including a novel thruster hydrodynamics model was derived. Based on the modeling method, the “AUV-XX” simulation platform was established to carry out fundamental tests on its motion characteristics, stability, and controllability. A motion control strategy consisting of both position and speed control in a horizontal plane was designed for different task assignments of underwater vehicles. Combined control of heave and pitch was adopted to compensate for the reduction of vertical tunnel thrusters when the vehicle is moving at a high speed. An improved S-surface controller based on the capacitor plate model was developed with flexible gain selections made possible by different forms of restricting the error and changing the rate of the error. Simulation results show that the derived general mathematical model together with simulation platform can provide a test bed for fundamental tests of motion control. Additionally, the capacitor plate model S-surface control shows a good performance in guiding the vehicle to achieve the desired position and speed with sufficient accuracy.     

航行作业船舶考虑舵力的动力定位能力评估方法研究

在船舶动力定位系统中,主推和舵组合（桨舵组合）产生的有效推力矢量区域是非凸的,在进行优化推力分配时需要进行凸化处理。文章提出了一种新的处理办法,将主推和舵的组合等效看成相同位置上的两个不能同时工作的独立推进器,这两个推进器的推力矢量区域都是凸区域,且分别对应主推推力方向不同时的推力矢量区域。在数学上只需通过增加等式约束来实现非凸区域的凸化处理,处理过程更为简单。文中结合具体实例进行了计算。结果对比表明,该方法是可靠有效的。该方法还适用于有多个禁区的推进器处理。     

船舶机动定位技术研究

通过与传统的动力定位控制方式进行比较,介绍了机动定位技术的特点和在动力定位系统中应用的优越性。并通过分析机动定位的数学 模型,探讨了机动定位技术的原理 与主要技术难点,分析了其实现方法。     

欠驱动自主水下航行器的镇定及跟踪

针对仅带有轴向推力及偏航力矩的欠驱动自主水下航行器（AUV）,研究了其在水平面内的轨迹跟踪及定点调节问题。基于Lyapunov直接法及串接一反步技术,通过采用一种带有动力学震荡器的跟踪误差变换,设计了一种统一的连续时变状态反馈控制律,并给出了参数自适应更新律以估计AUV的非线性阻力参数,使得AUV的位置及方向角的跟踪误差全局渐近收敛于零点左右的一个邻域内,该区域可以为任意小,并且,AUV的跟踪性能与外界干扰的大小无关。仿真结果证明所提出的方法是有效的。     

船舶动力定位模拟器自动定位功能研究与实现

为了自主研发功能完备、扩展性好的船舶动力定位模拟器,分析船舶动力定位模拟器中各个模块的功能,对现有航海模拟器的系统架构进行改进,提出适用于多单元协同仿真的船舶动力定位模拟器系统架构。根据动力定位系统自动定位模式的原理,设计动力定位控制器和推力分配算法,提出使用 Direct2D图形技术来设计动力定位人机交互界面。最后在所设计的动力定位模拟器系统架构下,以1艘动力定位供给船为仿真对象实现在不同海况条件下的自动定位功能和系统信息显示,并验证算法的有效性。     

Station keeping control of underwater robots using disturbance force measurements

Station keeping control of remotely operated vehicles is crucial in the successful completion of underwater missions of work class robotic vehicles. The conventional method of station keeping using the vehicle pose/velocity measurement introduces delay in vehicle control and often leads to instability. In this paper, we present a novel method for measuring the underwater disturbances and controlling the robot for station keeping using a feed-forward control strategy. A strain-gauge based disturbance force measurement is proposed here with suitable algorithms to measure the forces acting on the vehicle due to external disturbances. Using the dynamic models, the vehicle response is predicted and a feed-forward control is implemented for station keeping. The controller activates corrective control action even before the vehicle responds to the disturbances. The performance of the controller is analyzed through simulation studies as well as hardware-in-loop tests. Results show that this approach is an effective alternative for conventional station keeping control of underwater vehicles.     

永磁直线同步电机位置伺服系统的模糊PID控制

在分析建立永磁直线同步电机(PMLSM)的d-q轴动态数学模型的基础之上,提出了采用三环控制结构的永磁直线同步电机位置伺服系统,该伺服系统采用模糊PID控制方法.重点针对位置环的模糊PID控制器进行了分析设计,并利用MATLAB/Simulink进行了系统仿真.通过与传统PID控制器的仿真比较表明,所设计的模糊PID控制器能够显著提高位置伺服系统的动态响应性能.     

Short-term prediction of vehicle waiting queue at ferry terminal based on machine learning method

Ferry service plays an important role in several cities with waterfront areas. Transportation authorities often need to forecast volumes of vehicular traffic in queues waiting to board ships at ferry terminals to ensure sufficient capacity and establish schedules that meet demand. Several previous studies have developed models for long-term vehicle queue length prediction at ferry terminals using terminal operation data. Few studies, however, have been undertaken for short-term vehicular queue length prediction. In this study, machine learning methods including the artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) are applied to predict vehicle waiting queue lengths at ferry terminals. Through time series analysis, the existence of a periodic queue-length pattern is established. Hence, methodologies used in this study take into account periodic features of vehicle queue data at terminals for prediction. To further consider the cyclical characteristics of vehicle queue data at ferry terminals, a prediction approach is proposed to decompose vehicle waiting queue length into two components: a periodic part and a dynamic part. A trigonometric regression function is introduced to capture the periodic component, and the dynamic part is modeled by SVM and ANN models. Moreover, an assembly technique for combining SVM and ANN models is proposed to aggregate multiple prediction models and in turn achieve better results than could be attained from a lone predictive method. The prediction results suggest that for multi-step ahead vehicle queue length prediction at ferry terminals, the ensemble model outperforms the separate prediction models and the hybrid models, especially as prediction step size increases. This research has important practical significance to both traffic service management interests and the travelers in cities along waterfront areas.     

Optimal filtering correction for marine dynamical positioning control system

The paper focuses on the problem of control law optimization for marine vessels working in a dynamical positioning (DP) regime. The approach proposed here is based on the use of a special unified multipurpose control law structure constructed on the basis of nonlinear asymptotic observers, that allows the decoupling of a synthesis into simpler particular optimization problems. The primary reason for the observers is to restore deficient information concerning the unmeasured velocities of the vessel. Using a number of separate items in addition to the observers, it is possible to achieve desirable dynamical features of the closed loop connection. The most important feature is the so-called dynamical corrector, and this paper is therefore devoted to solving its optimal synthesis in marine vessels controlled by DP systems under the action of sea wave disturbances. The problem involves the need for minimal intensity of the control action determined by high frequency sea wave components. A specialized approach for designing the dynamical corrector is proposed and the applicability and effectiveness of the approach are illustrated using a practical example of underwater DP system synthesis.     

双闭环控制对Buck类变换器动态响应的影响

Buck类变换器最基本的控制方式包括单电压闭环控制以及电压电流双闭环控制.相较于单电压闭环控制,基于输出电压外环、电感电流内环的双闭环控制方式具有稳态性能好、动态响应速度快、抗干扰能力强等优势.本文从阻抗的角度揭示闭环控制对Buck类变换器动态响应特性的影响机理,并进行了比较分析.最后,通过仿真验证了本文提出的阻抗分析...     

浅析海洋工程平台供应船动力定位系统

提要动力定位系统（Dynamic Positioning System,简称DP系统）是一种闭环的控制系统,通过采用推力器和传感器的配合来提供抵抗风、浪、流等作用在船上的环境力,从而使船尽可能地保持在海平面要求的位置上,其定位成本不会随着水深增加而增加,并且操作也较方便.随着船舶电力推进的成熟和自动控制理论的发展,DP系统的性能也不断提高.本文以动力定位2级的海洋工程平台供应船为例,对其DP系统冗余性进行分析.     

海上动力定位控制系统的最优滤波校正研究（英文）

This paper focuses on the problem of control law optimization for marine vessels working in a dynamical positioning(DP) regime. The approach proposed here is based on the use of a special unified multipurpose control law structure constructed on the basis of nonlinear asymptotic observers, that allows the decoupling of a synthesis into simpler particular optimization problems. The primary reason for the observers is to restore deficient information concerning the unmeasured velocities of the vessel. Using a number of separate items in addition to the observers, it is possible to achieve desirable dynamical features of the closed loop connection. The most important feature is the so-called dynamical corrector, and this paper is therefore devoted to solving its optimal synthesis in marine vessels controlled by DP systems under the action of sea wave disturbances. The problem involves the need for minimal intensity of the control action determined by high frequency sea wave components. A specialized approach for designing the dynamical corrector is proposed and the applicability and effectiveness of the approach are illustrated using a practical example of underwater DP system synthesis.     

Global robust and adaptive output feedback dynamic positioning of surface ships

A constructive method was presented to design a global robust and adaptive output feedback controller for dynamic positioning of surface ships under environmental disturbances induced by waves, wind, and ocean currents. The ship’s parameters were not required to be known. An adaptive observer was first designed to estimate the ship’s velocities and parameters. The ship position measurements were also passed through the adaptive observer to reduce high frequency measurement noise from entering the control system. Using these estimate signals, the control was then designed based on Lyapunov’s direct method to force the ship’s position and orientation to globally asymptotically converge to desired values. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control system. In conclusion, the paper presented a new method to design an effective control system for dynamic positioning of surface ships.     

跨域无人平台水面垂直起飞动态特性数值模拟

[目的]旨在研究跨域无人平台从水面垂直起飞过程中平台的运动及动力学特性.[方法]采用黏流CFD方法结合重叠网格技术和多自由度DFBI(dynamic fluid body interaction)运动模型,针对跨域无人平台在水面垂直起飞至空中的跨域过程的动态特性,开展数值模拟研究.[结果]模拟结果显示:在垂直起飞过程中...     

未知时变扰动和输入饱和下的智能船舶鲁棒非线性控制

复杂海况下环境多变并且船舶具有多耦合、强非线性的特点,针对智能船舶定位控制问题,考虑在未知时变扰动和输入饱和约束之下船舶的定位控制问题,结合非线性扰动观测器提出一种带辅助动态系统的鲁棒非线性控制算法。通过Lyapunov理论证明了所提出的非线性扰动观测器与控制器结合后闭环系统的稳定性和信号的一致最终有界性。利用非线性扰动观测器对环境中存在的海浪扰动进行有效的估计处理。最后,通过仿真验证了所提出的控制算法不仅能保证船舶期望的位置和艏向,而且提高了控制速度,具有较好的控制性能。     

复杂外形潜水器的动力学建模

为建立复杂外形潜水器精确的动力学模型,并基于模型设计控制算法,本文以DOE HD2+2无人遥控潜水器(ROV)为对象,应用计算流体力学(CFD)粘流方法与面元法预测水动力系数.为提高计算速度,在保证计算精度的前提下,采用多面体网格,进行网格优化,减少了流体域的网格总数.由于ROV几何外形不对称,基于最小二乘法分段拟合了阻尼力/力矩与速度的曲线,建立了耦合的阻尼矩阵和附加质量矩阵.最后,基于CFD计算的水动力系数建立了Matlab Simulink动力学仿真模型,并通过水池操控实验对所建动力学模型进行了有效性验证.