Experimental research on spray and combustion characteristics of the third generation conical spray

A new generation conical spray system for conventional diesel engines or premixed combustion diesel engines is introduced. By means of oriented impingement method, flexible spray penetration in design is realized. High-speed photograph was used to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the new spray for cases of different impingement angles and needle valve opening pressures. The results show that, by applying spray impingement orientation, fuel jets spread along the cone surface as shape of sectors, so the dispersion of jets is increased obviously. Changing on impingement angle leads to variation of penetration, which is critical in homogeneous mixture preparation. Due to the flexibility of spray penetration in design, the spray impingement on liner is avoided in a great extent. The results also indicate that higher needle valve opening pressure results in longer penetration and larger spray angle after impingement. Combustion characteristics of the impinged conical spray were studied in the 1135 type diesel engine. The new impinged conical spray system work smoothly in full load range with better fuel economy and lower emissions of NOx and soot than the original test engine.     

Research on the impact of CeO2-based solid solution metal oxide on combustion performance of diesel engine and emissions

This paper mainly studies on the performance of high-speed diesel engines and emission reduction when the engine uses heavy oil mixed with nanometer-sized additives Ce0.9 Cu0.1 O2 and Ce0.9 Zr0.1 O2.During the test,Indiset 620 combustion analyzer made by AVL,was used to make a real-time survey on the cylinder pressure,the fuel ignition moment,and establish a relation between the change trend of temperature in cylinder and the crank angle.For the engine burning heavy oil and heavy oil mixed with additives,combustion analysis software Indicom and Concerto were used to analyze its combustion process and emission conditions.Experimental investigation shows that nano-sized complex oxide can improve the performance of diesel engine fueled with heavy oil,and reduce the emission of pollutants like NOx and CO,comparing it with the pure heavy oil.According to the consequences of this experiment,the additives improve the overall performance in the use of heavy oil.     

基于鳍片式热电模组的船舶柴油机废气余热利用及其影响因素分析

摘 要：设计了一种鳍片式热电转换模组,并将其应用在船舶柴油机废气余热回收系统中,通过理论和实验,分析鳍片式热电转换系统的影响因素。结果表明：当柴油机负荷为75%,热电晶片总数为1428,排气温度550K 时,设计的鳍片式热电模组发电功率为6.72kW,热电转换效率可达5.42%。排气温度、冷却水温度以及柴油机负荷都会影响热电转换系统性能。随着柴油机负荷的提高,热电转换系统发电功率和转换效率也随之增大,但负荷在75%之前增大的幅度大于从75%~100%的负荷。热电模组鳍片数量会影响转换系统的热端温度和传热量,在条件允许范围内,可通过增加鳍片数目,提高废热回收效率。     

富氮空气对柴油机NOx排放影响研究

利用分子筛技术制备富氮空气(NEA),在YC4112发动机上研究了利用NEA改变进气成分对柴油发动机NOx排放的影响.结果表明,富氮空气对降低柴油发动机NOx排放效果显著.改变进气成分可以作为降低柴油机NOx排放的有效途径之一.     

柴油机烟气排放状况及减排技术

基于国际海事组织对船舶柴油机烟气中NOx、SOx等有害成份的排放控制要求,文章对这些要求以及目前正在研发和应用的技术进行了归纳和分析。SCR和EGR是2种有效降低船用柴油机氮化物的手段,根据柴油机的功率大小来选取SCR或EGR能有效平衡投资金额和解决机舱的安装问题。船舶安装脱硫装置将受到低硫燃油价格的影响,从长远看,燃用低硫燃油和各种清洁燃料将是今后的发展趋势。     

节能减排环保背景下的船用双燃料柴油机发展研究

船用天然气/柴油双燃料柴油机是一种具有良好发展前景的节能减排环保船用动力设备。从船用双燃料柴油机发展的时代背景,发展趋势及天然气燃料的优势,包括国内外船用柴油机发展趋势、船用双燃料柴油机的发展前景、船用天然气燃料的优势;船用双燃料柴油机及其子系统研究;船用双燃料柴油机的国内发展现状等方面,对节能减排环保背景下的船用双燃料柴油机发展进行了研究。     

Overview of past, present and future marine power plants

In efforts to overcome an foreseeable energy crisis predicated on limited oil and gas supplies, reserves; economic variations facing the world, and of course the environmental side effects of fossil fuels, an urgent need for energy sources that provide sustainable, safe and economic supplies for the world is imperative. The current fossil fuel energy system must be improved to ensure a better and cleaner transportation future for the world. Despite the fact that the marine transportation sector consumes only 5% of global petroleum production; it is responsible for 15% of the world NO _x and SO _x emissions. These figures must be the engine that powers the scientific research worldwide to develop new solutions for a very old energy problem. In this paper, the most effective types of marine power plants were discussed. The history of the development of each type was presented first and the technical aspects were discussed second. Also, the fuel cells as a new type of power plants used in marine sector were briefed to give a complete overview of the past, present and future of the marine power plants development. Based on the increased worldwide concerns regarding harmful emissions, many researchers have introduced solutions to this problem, including the adoption of new cleaner fuels. This paper was guided using the same trend and by implementing the hydrogen as fuel for marine internal combustion engine, gas turbines, and fuel cells.     

波浪载荷对船舶柴油机振动的影响研究

为避免波浪载荷对柴油机运行造成安全性的影响,本文利用 AQWA软件计算波浪的动压力,采用APDL语言编写加载程序实行波浪载荷对船体的自动施加,研究在不同波浪高的情况下,柴油机受波浪载荷的谐响应作用。研究结果表明,如果激励频率过小,柴油机的振幅和应力都较大,发生共振作用,柴油机动力特性就会减弱,导致柴油机运行不稳定;如果激励频率过大,柴油机的振幅和应力会在极小值附近来回摆动,这样容易对柴油机整体造成简谐力的作用,柴油机会发生疲劳破坏。     

Air pollution from ships: Recent developments

All developments on air pollution by ships are fairly recent. Annex VI of the international Marpol-convention, regulating the emissions of CFCs, Halons, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from cargoes, emissions from incinerators and exhaust gas emissions from engines (NO_x and SO_x) entered into force in May 2005. The International Maritime Organization is currently discussing an upgrade of the air pollution issues covered by Annex VI and some that are not in Annex VI, such as greenhouse gas emissions. CO₂ is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by ship. Fuel consumption by the world merchant fleet is expected to grow to between 250–300 million tons per year with corresponding CO₂ emissions of 800–960 million tons per year. In Western Europe land based measures have reduced sulphur emissions substantially, leaving shipping as an important remaining source of these emissions. Average sulphur content of heavy fuel oils is 3%, with a limit of 4.5% imposed by Annex VI. Both the Baltic- and the North Sea have the status of SO_x emission control area, limiting sulphur content to 1.5%.     

中速柴油-甲醇双燃料发动机试验

在未对原机燃油系统进行改动的情况下,为一台中速柴油机加装甲醇喷射装置,组成了柴油-甲醇双燃料系统,分析了该发动机在变速和恒速工况下的甲醇替代特性,以及个别工况下喷油正时对上述特性的影响。试验数据显示,随着甲醇替代率的增加,NO_x排放和热效率会出现拐点;发动机HC排放的增长在低负荷时可控制在原机的2.3倍,中高负荷时普遍在10倍以上,最大时达22.4倍;推迟喷油在热效率上的负面影响会随着甲醇替代率的增加而逐步减少,而其在NOx排放方面的优势却能得以保持;在恒速发电工况下,中低负荷时甲醇的部分燃烧倾向增加,限制了甲醇替代率的提高;变速变载的运用形式下,柴油-甲醇双燃料系更容易取得较高的热效率,而恒速变载的运用方式下,双燃料系统更容易获得较低的NOx排放。     

Incremental costs for reduction of air pollution from ships: a case study on North European emission control area

In addition to sulphur oxides control, the North and the Baltic Seas have recently been designated as nitrogen oxides control area. Amidst ongoing developments in energy markets and international trade, shipowners have to develop cost-efficient strategies to comply with the new regulation. This study creates and tests a model calculating the incremental costs of abating NO_x and SO_x emissions under MARPOL Annex VI regulations for the following methods: SCR, HAM and internal engine modifications, marine gas oil, wet scrubbers, and liquefied natural gas propulsion. The model is tested empirically on a broad sample of 244 ships from the Swedish Commercial Fleet database for different operating contexts and fuel prices. Individual ship emission reductions and incremental abatement costs are calculated and the results are presented for the entire studied sample and per ship type class.

The study also explores the sensitivity of the chosen abatement methods to cost determinants and to main engine time operation under the light of economic performance and cost-efficiency. The results of the study aim to contribute to company abatement strategy.     

Characterization of fall–winter upwelling recurrence along the Galician western coast (NW Spain) from 2000 to 2005: Dependence on atmospheric forcing

Upwelling events driving ENACW (Eastern North Atlantic Coastal Water) into the Galician western coast rias had been considered typical spring–summer processes, according to the research developed in this area. However, they can also be observed in fall or winter under northerly winds blowing at shelf. Six different upwelling events were analyzed in the Ria of Pontevedra during the wet season (NDJF) from 2000 to 2005. These events were characterized by means of the zonal Ekman transport (Q_x) at four control points in front of the western rias (locally known as Rias Baixas) and thermohaline variables measured at a fixed station in the main mouth of the Ria of Pontevedra. The duration of the upwelling events ranged from 27 days (during February and March 2002) to 69 days (during November–December 2004 and January 2005). Upwelling events studied in the Ria of Pontevedra from 2000 to 2005 showed the similarity in upwelling features during both seasons (similar wind forcing and upwelled water). Finally, Q_x was correlated with the most representative atmospheric patterns in the Northern Hemisphere (EA, NAO, EA/WR, POL and SCA) from 1966 to 2005. The winter EA pattern has the most influence on Q_x showing an annual evolution with a prevalence of the positive phase from 1976 on. This positive phase is directly correlated with a prevalence of positive values of Q_x which are upwelling unfavorable in the Rias Baixas.     

舰船柴油机的模块化建模与仿真

在柴燃联合动力装置半物理仿真平台的研究中，要求建立的柴油机模型能够较准确地反映瞬态过程中各主要参数的变化，满足进行实时仿真对模型的要求，同时具有通用性，以提高仿真模型的重复利用率。使用容积法建立涡轮增压柴油机模型，可以避免准稳态法中流量和压力关系的迭代计算，同时对计算量的要求又在合理的范围内。在大型系统仿真软件Easy5的支持下，采用了模块化的建模和仿真方法，利用已建立的舰船柴油机的模块库，可以连接组合模块建立各种配置的舰船柴油机模型。作为应用实例，建立了相继增压柴油机模型，并进行动态仿真。     

船舶柴油机转速的线性自抗扰控制

船舶柴油机推进系统包含非线性、时变参数以及柴油机-推进轴系-螺旋桨之间的强耦合作用,难以建立精确的数学模型,且易受到螺旋桨负载扰动的影响,不利于船舶柴油机转速的实时准确控制。针对此问题,将线性自抗扰控制（Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control,LADRC）技术应用于船舶柴油机的转速控制系统。首先,基于平均值建模方法建立了某大型低速二冲程船舶柴油机的模型,并分析了转速控制中的不确定因素;然后,针对柴油机的转速控制问题设计了二阶LADRC控制器;最后,以船舶柴油机平均值模型为载体对LADRC的控制性能进行仿真测试,并与经过遗传算法优化的PI控制器进行对比。仿真结果表明,在负载扰动及模型参数改变的情况下LADRC表现出良好的控制性能,并且比PI控制具有更优的扰动抑制能力和鲁棒性。     

涡轮增压柴油机在脉冲负载下的瞬态特性仿真与试验研究

基于管内一维非定常流动和缸内容积法,搭建了废气涡轮增压柴油机仿真平台,其中包括气缸模型、进排气管路模型、涡轮增压模型、中冷器模型及喷油控制模型。进行了脉冲负载下废气涡轮增压柴油机瞬态工作过程模拟计算,结果显示,仿真值与试验数据有较好的一致性。同时,得到了涡轮增压柴油机在脉冲负载下的瞬态工作特性,并提出了一些脉冲负载下改进涡轮增压器和柴油机匹配的措施。     

负荷突降工况柴油机曲轴应力多柔体动力学分析

通过仿真试验对负荷突降和转速上升2种工况下曲柄销中心和主轴颈中心处的应力情况进行定量分析,并对应力图谱进行分析。利用Pro E软件对柴油机运动部件进行三维建模,并对其进行组装配置。基于有限元软件ANSYS建立曲轴的三维模型,对曲轴的模态进行分析,进而形成曲轴的多体动力学模型。利用ADAMS平台建立柴油机运动模型,通过施加约束、运动和载荷,最终形成柴油机的虚拟样机试验平台,得到相应工况下的应力图谱,并加以分析。     

船舶SOFC燃料电池与汽轮机联合动力装置能效分析(英文)

Strong restrictions on emissions from marine power plants(particularly SOx,NOx)will probably be adopted in the near future.In this paper,a combined solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)and steam turbine fuelled by natural gas is proposed as an attractive option to limit the environmental impact of the marine sector.The analyzed variant of the combined cycle includes a SOFC operated with natural gas fuel and a steam turbine with a single-pressure waste heat boiler.The calculations were performed for two types of tubular and planar SOFCs,each with an output power of 18 MW.This paper includes a detailed energy analysis of the combined system.Mass and energy balances are performed not only for the whole plant but also for each component in order to evaluate the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.In addition,the effects of using natural gas as a fuel on the fuel cell voltage and performance are investigated.It has been found that a high overall efficiency approaching 60%may be achieved with an optimum configuration using the SOFC system.The hybrid system would also reduce emissions,fuel consumption,and improve the total system efficiency.     

船用高速柴油机多台增压器相继增压计算分析

介绍了多台增压器相继增压系统的工作原理及系统组成,并建立了某船用V型高速柴油机采用四台增压器相继增压的计算模型.计算结果表明,采用多台增压器进行相继增压可以明显地改善柴油机低工况性能,有效地扩大柴油机作为船用主机的低工况运行范围.     

Stress intensity factor measurement of cracks using piezoelectric element

A stress intensity factor (SIF) measurement method for cracks using a piezoelectric element and an electrostatic voltmeter is presented. In this method, an isotropic piezoelectric element is first attached near the tip of the crack. Then surface electrodes are attached to three different positions on the piezoelectric element. The electric potentials of the surface electrodes, which are proportional to the sum of the stress ( _x + _y ) on the structural member, are measured by an electrostatic voltmeter during load cycling. The mode I and mode II SIFs of the crack are estimated using the relationship between the SIF and ( _x + _y ). The applicability of the proposed method is examined through experiments and numerical analysis.     

米勒循环结合可变涡轮增压优化柴油机性能的仿真与试验研究

在开发一款机车柴油机过程中,利用AVL BOOST软件对柴油机工作过程进行了仿真计算,计算了不同米勒强度和不同喷油正时条件下柴油机的性能参数。根据计算结果,排除了弱米勒的方案。针对强米勒和中米勒,开展了试验研究,通过调整喷油定时、增压压力设定、共轨喷射压力,进行了多方案试验研究,试验结果表明,强米勒方案虽然可以有效降低Nox排放,但是带来PM排放升高和涡轮前排气温度升高的问题,中米勒虽然降低Nox排放的效果弱于强米勒,但是能获得比较满意的PM排放,且涡轮前排气温度远低于强米勒,综合各方面性能参数的比较结果,在满足排放要求的前提下,中米勒为优选方案。