波激振动和砰击颤振对大型油船疲劳强度影响研究

文章给出线性波激振动和砰击颤振引起的大型油船结构疲劳贡献度的计算方法。基于三维线性水弹性理论可计算得到包括刚体和2节点的振动模态下的垂向弯矩的传递函数,采用谱分析法对某30万吨油船进行结构疲劳强度计算,分析波激振动对船体结构疲劳损伤影响;基于二维非线性波浪载荷程序（含砰击颤振的波浪载荷）,采用时域方法对该油船进行船体梁弯矩计算,分析砰击颤振对船体梁弯矩及疲劳载荷的影响;结果表明对于该类大型油船波激振动和砰击颤振对船体的结构疲劳损伤的影响不可忽略。     

船舶波浪载荷短期极值的经验公式

对散货船、油船、集装箱船的多艘实船进行了短期波浪载荷直接计算,分析了这三种船型的船舯垂向弯矩、L/4(L为船长)处垂向剪力、3L/4处垂向剪力的若干规律,以及集装箱船型的扭矩、船舯水平弯矩的若干规律.根据这些规律,总结出一套针对特定船型的短期波浪载荷极值的完整计算公式.     

Hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tankers

A series of new generation oil tankers is presently under construction. These ships differ from traditional oil tankers by their unusual form and therefore direct hydrodynamic analysis is used to determine design vertical wave bending moments instead of adopting IACS rule values. The purpose of the paper is to quantify changes in hull-girder reliability resulting from the new design features. To achieve this, first-order reliability analysis is carried out with respect to ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section of a new generation oil tanker and of a conventional “rule” designed oil tanker. The stochastic model of wave-induced bending moment is derived from direct hydrodynamic analysis performed according to IACS Recommendation No. 34 Standard Wave Data, Rev 1, 2000. The probability distribution of the still water bending moment is assumed based on the data from loading manuals. The model uncertainties of linear wave loads, non-linearity of the response as well as load combination factors are included in the reliability formulation. The reliability analysis is performed for three relevant loading conditions: full load, ballast and partial load and for two states of the hull: the “as-built” hull and “corroded” hull according to anticipated 20-year corrosion. One of the most interesting conclusions from the study is that the annual hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tanker is increased considerably compared to the conventional oil tanker. Sensitivity and parametric studies are performed with respect to random variables representing modelling uncertainties. The results of a sensitivity study enable sorting of pertinent variables according to their relative importance, while parametric study is used to quantify changes in the reliability indices for moderate variation of input parameters. Furthermore, some other results and discussions are presented pointing out the benefits of introducing the ship reliability methods in design practice, especially if this refers to new designs.     

在非线性波浪载荷作用下计及多种应力组合时船体总纵弯曲累积损伤计算

在时域内计算计及非线性时的船体总纵弯曲应力,与船体局部弯曲应力迭加后,可得纵向构件中合成应力的时历.对该应力时历进行雨流计数,经统计分析获得应力范围的长期分布,进而算出船体总纵弯曲时纵向构件在多种应力成份组合下的疲劳损伤.为方便此时的计算,本文提出了基于等效规则波概念的简化方法.数例表明按严格方法与按简化方法所得的结果比较接近.     

基于雨流计数法的高低频复合疲劳试验研究

船体固有频率与遭遇波浪频率及其倍频相接近时,波浪载荷极易引起船体结构产生持续的波激振动现象,对大型船舶结构疲劳损伤的影响达到40 %以上。因此,有必要针对波激振动引起的非线性垂向弯矩载荷特点,开展高低频复合工况下典型切口试件疲劳试验及累计损伤分析研究。基于非线性随机载荷的分析方法,采用闭合雨流计数法提取叠加应力历程中的多级循环载荷,并结合平均应力修正方法和疲劳极限以下SN曲线局部修正法,对叠加应力历程中小载荷的损伤效应展开研究。分析结果表明,高低频载荷叠加产生的附加损伤效应对疲劳寿命的影响显著,在恒定应力比下随平均应力的变化近似成二次函数关系。考虑高频小载荷的叠加应力历程疲劳寿命明显降低,可以通过修正累计损伤临界值或引入应力放大因子,近似的利用线性累积损伤理论预测实际叠加应力历程的寿命范围。     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads part 1: Nonlinear finite element analysis

This paper is the first of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. In the midship part of container ships, upward bottom local loads are usually larger than the downward ones. This leads to the increase of biaxial compression in the outer bottom plating and the reduction of the ultimate hull girder strength in the hogging condition. In this Part 1, the collapse behavior and ultimate strength of container ships under combined hogging moment and bottom local loads are analyzed using nonlinear finite element method. Buckling collapse behavior of bottom stiffened panels during the progressive collapse of a hull girder is closely investigated. It has been found that major factors of the reduction of ultimate hogging strength due to bottom local loads are (1) the increase of the longitudinal compression in the outer bottom and (2) the reduction of the effectiveness of the inner bottom, which is on the tension side of local bending of the double bottom. The obtained results will be utilized in the Part 2 paper to develop a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of container ships under combined hogging moment and bottom local loads.     

Ultimate strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads,Part 2: An extension of Smith's method

This paper is the second of two companion papers concerning the ultimate hull girder strength of container ships subjected to combined hogging moment and bottom local loads. The nonlinear finite element analysis in Part 1 has shown that local bending deformation of a double bottom due to bottom lateral loads significantly decreases the ultimate hogging strength of container ships. In this Part 2, extending Smith's method for pure bending collapse analysis of a ship's hull girder, a simplified method of progressive collapse analysis of ultimate hogging strength of container ships considering bottom local loads is developed. The double bottom is idealized as a plane grillage and the rest part of the cross section as a prismatic beam. An average stress-average strain relationship of plate/stiffened plate elements employed in Smith's method is transformed into an average stress-average plastic strain relationship, and implemented in the conventional beam finite element as a pseudo strain hardening/softening behaviors. The extended Smith's method is validated through a comparison with nonlinear finite element analysis.     

圆筒型FPSO上部模块支撑结构疲劳分析

与船型FPSO相比,圆筒型FPSO没有明显的总纵弯曲,上部模块与船体结构之间通常采用刚性支墩来连接,水平运动所产生的弯矩和装/卸载引起的船体垂向变形对模块支撑结构的影响较为显著。因此,以“希望6号”圆筒型FPSO上部模块支撑结构为研究对象,基于DNVGL船级社规范,介绍一种简化疲劳分析方法。以FPSO运动加速度和船体变形载荷作为载荷输入条件,利用SESAM/GeniE软件进行有限元分析,得到结构在所有组合工况下应力的扫描计算结果。根据作业海域各个方向波浪发生的概率,运用简化疲劳分析方法计算得到所关注节点的疲劳损伤和各个工况对结构节点疲劳损伤度的贡献。结果表明,所关注节点的疲劳强度均满足设计疲劳强度要求;同一节点的疲劳损伤对不同浪向的敏感度不一样。该简化疲劳分析方法同样适用于承受周期性载荷的FPSO上部模块主结构和其他型式海洋结构物的疲劳分析。     

Design safety margin of a 10,000 TEU container ship through ultimate hull girder load combination analysis

Assessment of the ultimate longitudinal strength of hull girders under combined waveloads can be of particular importance especially for ships with large deck openings and low torsional rigidity. In such cases the horizontal and torsional moments may approach or exceed the vertical bending moment when a vessel progresses in oblique seas. This paper presents a direct calculation methodology for the evaluation of the ultimate strength of a 10,000 TEU container ship by considering the combined effects of structural non-linearities and steady state wave induced dynamic loads on a mid ship section cargo hold. The strength is evaluated deterministically using non-linear nite element analysis. The design extreme values of principal global wave-induced load components and their combinations in irregular seaways are predicted using a cross-spectral method together with short-term and long-term statistical formulations. Consequently, the margin of safety between the ultimate capacity and the maximum expected moment is established.     

波浪引起破损船的垂向运动和弯矩（英文）

The wave-induced vertical ship motions and bending moments of a double hull-oil tanker in realistic flooding conditions are studied. The scenarios investigated are represented by water ingress into the starboard ballast tanks for collision damage cases and both starboard and portside ballast tanks for grounding situations. Seakeeping computations are performed for eight damage scenarios and for the intact condition, each corresponding to different changes in displacement, trim, and heel. For each of the damage conditions, transfer functions of vertical motions and loads are calculated using a potential linear 3 D panel hydrodynamic code in the frequency domain that includes effect of the motion of the water in flooded tanks. A MATLAB code is developed to facilitate automated hydrodynamic simulation of many damage scenarios. Verification of seakeeping results is performed by comparing transfer functions with results of the previous study. Wave-induced vertical responses of damaged ship are then compared to those of intact ship using two spectral-based methods originating from uncertainty analysis of wave loads, which are convenient tools to assess consequences of damage on short-term ship responses. Generally, observed trend is that vertical wave-induced responses of damaged ship converge toward those of intact ship with increasing wave period. Fairly small differences between responses of asymmetrically damaged ship with respect to the symmetrical incoming wave directions are found. The results of the study are an efficient method for seakeeping assessment of damaged oil tankers and the framework for evaluating consequences of damage scenarios, heading angles, and sea conditions on seakeeping responses of damaged ships.The results can be used to decide if the intact ship model can be used instead of the damaged one for the emergency response procedure or for the risk assessment studies when modeling and computational time represent important limitations.     

液货晃荡对油船结构性能的影响研究

论文研究了液货晃荡对油船的结构响应影响研究.论文对比研究了考虑液货晃荡与忽略液货晃荡影响的油船结构强度,包括设计波参数对比,最大扭矩、最大垂向弯矩、最大水平弯矩控制参数对应工况下的结构应力分布特征对比.对比研究了考虑液货晃荡与忽略液货晃荡影响的油船疲劳强度,包括满载状态下的疲劳评估结果、疲劳损伤的浪向角分布结果对比.论文针对液货晃荡对油船结构响应影响提出的研究结论,对油船的结构设计及评估具有重要的研究意义.     

船体结构损坏事故案例分析

主要介绍了近年来处理一些集装箱船、散货船、油船、RO/RO船体结构损坏的典型案例,包括纵舱壁、壁墩、甲板、外板处产生的裂缝等。对此,分析与评述了产生的原因。为了避免事故的再次发生,提出了一些有益的建议,供借鉴。     

特定航线江海通航船波浪载荷研究

为了能对江海通航船型的结构强度进行合理评估,根据载荷第一原则,按特定航线所在的E1海区的波浪统计资料,对该海区船舶的波浪载荷进行了系统研究,并给出了航行于该海区江海通航船的波浪附加弯矩、波浪附加剪力、波浪水平弯矩及波浪扭矩的长期预报值.本文的研究结果已纳入中国船级社《特定航线江海通航船检验指南》中,对特定航线江海通航船的发展起到了积极的推进作用.     

长江航运新船型开发与设计

总结长江干线干散货船、集装箱船、油船、化学品船、汽车滚装船、川江载重汽车滚装船、江海直达运输船在系列化、专业化、标准化、大型化方向已有的技术成果,展望长江航运对船型及相应技术的需求,分析发展趋势。     

船舶波浪弯矩短期预报研究

采用两种方法（一是利用WALCS软件，基于三维频域线性水动力理论；二是利用3小时波浪弯矩有义值MS，根据极值I型理论）进行船舶波浪弯矩短期预报，并分别计算得到16艘船舶（6艘散货船、10艘油船）的短期波浪弯矩。经比较发现，根据极值I型理论得到的短期波浪弯矩与WALCS软件短期波浪弯矩偏差较小，在工程实践中具有一定参考价值。     

超大型集装箱船特殊布置结构直接建模计算评估法

目前国内外大量的关于集装箱结构的研究大多集中于如何优化性能,整船波浪载荷预报和整船结构分析,但对超大型集装箱船的特殊布置结构研究甚少,重油舱布置于船中区域就是特殊布置结构的一例。根据某在建10000 TEU集装箱船的相关数据,对布置于船中区域重油舱直接独立建模计算,确定载荷、工况,并对重油舱结构进行应力分析与评估。该方法可为超大型集装箱船特殊布置的结构设计和计算评估提供相应的技术支持与参考。     

万箱集装箱船典型货舱结构极限承载能力计算

随着世界货运量的需求增加,集装箱船的大型化发展从未停止。近十年内,有2艘大型集装箱船先后在海上遭到极端载荷而丧失结构承载能力以致发生灾难性毁坏,给航运界敲响了警钟。为了避免今后大型集装箱船再次遭遇上述严重事故,保证营运中使用的安全性和航行时结构的可靠性,国际船级社协会专门针对集装箱船的规范要求进行修改,提高了载荷设计值,并且要求评估典型货舱结构的极限承载能力。本文针对万箱集装箱船典型货舱结构,基于逐步破坏法和有限元法,计算了垂向和水平方向的极限弯矩。结果表明,在初步设计阶段逐步破坏法有着快速高效的优势,但是考虑到载荷变化的多样性和船体结构的复杂性,还是需要应用非线性有限元法进行建模计算,给出最终评估结果。     

港作拖船拖力配置计算

对比分析了中国、日本、英国规范和《系泊设备指南》、《拖轮使用指南》中作用于船舶上的水流力、风力计算方法;选取典型吨级的油船、矿石船和集装箱船,对水流力和风力进行了计算和对比分析;推荐了基于船舶所受风、浪、流作用力来计算拖船所需拖力的拖船配置方法。     

HCSR疲劳评估中舱壁位移引起的纵骨端部附加应力研究

以3型目标船为样本,通过理论推导和实船计算,对散货船油船协调共同规范(HCSR规范)疲劳简化算法评估中舱壁位移引起纵骨端部附加应力(公式法和系数法)进行分析,结果表明:理论公式法适用于散货船,不适用于油船;油船应采用系数法。     

远洋船舶防海盗实务

无论从安全还是经济角度讲,世界反海盗的形势都非常严峻。从海盗常见的袭击方式入手,针对集装箱船、散杂货船、油船、小型船舶的特点,分别提出防御海盗的对策,建议船舶应坚持"以防为主""拒海盗于船舷以外"的方针。