The impact of the new onboard technologies on maritime education and training schemes in Europe: some findings from the 'METHAR' project

The paper reports some analyses put forward in the context of the METHAR Project. The purpose is the evaluation of the impact of the new technologies used onboard ships on the Maritime Education and Training systems in Europe and the identification of the future training needs. This issue is tackled by developing an ad-hoc methodology based upon the analysis of the responses to questionnaires sent to a number of operators involved in the maritime sector all over Europe, specifically ship owners, marine equipment manufacturers, pilots and port managers. Results enable the identification of some types of impacts that are named ‘organizational’ and ‘operational’. Moreover, a general evaluation scheme was developed as a tool for highlighting the structure and the characteristics of the impacts considered.     

The gender perspective in maritime education and training

The aim of this article is to show if and how European maritime education and training institutions have met the increasing enrolment of women, and how shipping in general has reacted to gender equality. WMU has partly been the source for finding data related to studies in a multicultural and gender (minority) mixture of students and professors. In addition to a questionnaire to maritime education and training institutions, unstructured conversations with WMU students and professors have contributed to fact findings. Apparently, there is more to be done in order to have women compete on a level playing field in the sphere of shipping. Shipping is historically male dominated and conservative, so it is well understood that there are ropes to be untied. In this article, there are examples on how stakeholders in society have introduced policies on how to meet diversities. It is recommended that universities seriously pursue this trend. I wish to appeal to educational institutions to publish a university policy on the gender perspective and diversity management in general. The policy must be in writing in order for staff and students to understand and remember the content of the policy. This is an issue that should follow the quality assurance aims and goals and should be posted in a public place within the university’s premises for everybody to be reminded.     

The impact of transitional changes on maritime transport in Central and Eastern Europe

At the end of the eighties, fundamental changes took place in Central and Eastern European shipping. Former socialist shipping corporations began offering services under market conditions and left behind the rigid leeway of central planning and regulation. Extensive adjustments in ownership and legislation have transpired, and services and markets, as well as the operations within, have changed significantly. The restructuring of maritime transport is being carried out within the framework of forms that derive from changes in the economic macrosystems as a whole. Careful analysis of the process of corporate transition identifies unique patterns of diminishing, permanent, and incipient components utilized during the reorientation of fleet strategy, market and service changes, and company restructuring. All transition arrangements have been greatly influenced by the integration of Central Eastern European countries with the European Union.     

Changing policies in Eastern Europe and their impact on the maritime field: experiences from Eastern Germany

The political changes that occured in Eastern Europe from the late 1980s coincided in the fromer German Democratic Republic (GDR) with the reunification of Germany. The economic result was the existence of a split economy in Germany. Within the maritime field the problem had to be solved by a change over of the former GDR's maritime industry from the centrally-planned command type economy as its failure was evident. Three economic factors were identified as the main causes for the failure which made, together with some other negatives, the collapse inevitable. The transition of the East German maritime industry started immediately after reunification. In the maritime field, two different forms of economic transition have been applied. Using the examples of the main shipping company and the seaports the economic transition process has been analyzed and some basic conclusions regarding the substance and methods of economic transition have been drawn.     

Game-based learning for maritime education and training: the case of Trader of the World

For educational and/or training purposes, games are often described as multimodal texts, where signs, gestures, images, habits, behaviors, sounds, etc. have different meanings according to the way and the context they are represented. During their execution, a large variety of strategies can be employed; images, words, sounds, music, movement, and even bodily sensations can provide the necessary factors. More importantly, when games are integrated in an educational (or training) activity, it is essential to record solid evidence that the targeted learning outcome is achieved. Game-based learning (GBL) for seafarers is a multifactor domain combining educational psychology, learning theories, instructional design, computer game technology, and last but not least, research in the maritime field. In order to create the appropriate framework, there is a need to combine three different scientific areas (education design, computer science, and maritime education and training (MET)) towards the proper game design. In these types of games, the design process includes an extremely important task: embedding suitable educational approaches and instructional techniques for specific learning outcomes and student profiles into the scenario, so that the game will be played without losing the fun and attractive part of it. In the current analysis, a framework for GBL that is applicable for 200 maritime professionals is presented; the specific application is related to navigational safety training, and the respective framework is a 3D real-time strategy game called “Trader of the World” (TotW-alpha version). The game is designed for already competent adult seafarers as well as undergraduate students of maritime academies/institutions and it is applied in nonformal educational settings. A demonstration of this game has already taken place at the undergraduate level; results, evaluations, and opinions provided by the participants were used as the basis for discussion.     

中国海员资源以及航海教育的对策分析

面临国际市场新形势对中国船员的挑战,从而对中国航海教育提出了新的要求。航海院校与航运企业“订单式”培养和合作办学是培养航海人才重要的途径和教育模式。文章从船员市场资源现状入手,对我国航海教育的现状、内容、对策和值得注意的问题作了简扼的分析。     

The impact of port and trade security initiatives on maritime supply-chain management

The fundamental objective of the Container Security Initiative (CSI) is to engage both so-called 'mega-ports' (ports sending the highest volume of ocean going container traffic into the US) and the national governments where these ports are located in a way that will facilitate the pre-screening of outbound containers destined to the US. The emerging issue of security as a key factor in global supply chains can be perceived as inconsistent with the objective of facilitating international trade (Dulbecco and Laporte, 2003). However, this perception does not stand up to analysis. Security is an evident part of the mainstream supply-chain paradigm while security can also become a driver for trade facilitation. The purpose of this paper is therefore to discuss the impact of the US CSI on maritime supply chains. The first section will mostly be related to the issue of security and supply chains while the second section will investigate CSI and its impact while exploring some of the financing implications of the security initiative.     

The economic impact study of maritime policy issues: application to the German case

Input-output analysis basically provides an estimation of a sector's economic impact by taking into account the indirect effects on all other sectors. For purposes of policy making, however, this may produce rather rigid and inaccurate results. This paper, therefore, introduces some extensions to the basic impact analysis. These extensions secure flexibility, completeness and accurateness of the outcomes. First, an accurate cost structure is determined in a bottom-up approach, i.e. by using data from a sample of representative companies. This allows for reliable outcomes and a flexible definition of sub-sectors. Secondly, the analysis is made in an intercountry context. Thirdly, the expenditure effects of generated income are determined by a macroeconomic module. Fourthly, company-level responses to alternative policy scenarios are investigated and translated into changing model parameters. These four basic elements are applied in a case study concerning the shipping sector of Germany. The scenarios are a continuation of the present policy, a laissez-faire policy, and two framework policies in which the government creates a favourable environment for shipping companies. For each scenario, the effects on value added, employment, tax revenues and expenditures are analysed and evaluated. This paper, thus, shows the relevance of accordingly amplified input-output analysis for policy purposes.     

The economic impact study of maritime policy issues: application to the German case

Input-output analysis basically provides an estimation of a sector's economic impact by taking into account the indirect effects on all other sectors. For purposes of policy making, however, this may produce rather rigid and inaccurate results. This paper, therefore, introduces some extensions to the basic impact analysis. These extensions secure flexibility, completeness and accurateness of the outcomes. First, an accurate cost structure is determined in a bottom-up approach, i.e. by using data from a sample of representative companies. This allows for reliable outcomes and a flexible definition of sub-sectors. Secondly, the analysis is made in an intercountry context. Thirdly, the expenditure effects of generated income are determined by a macroeconomic module. Fourthly, company-level responses to alternative policy scenarios are investigated and translated into changing model parameters. These four basic elements are applied in a case study concerning the shipping sector of Germany. The scenarios are a continuation of the present policy, a laissez-faire policy, and two framework policies in which the government creates a favourable environment for shipping companies. For each scenario, the effects on value added, employment, tax revenues and expenditures are analysed and evaluated. This paper, thus, shows the relevance of accordingly amplified input-output analysis for policy purposes.     

校企命运共同体背景下,航海国际化卓越人才培养路径研究

文章主要研究在校企合作背景下,借鉴英国航海类“三明治”人才培养模式,结合国内航海类专业院校办学特点,破解学生上船实践的难题,构建政、行、企、校多元协同命运共同体,探索出一条适合中国高职院校海员教育模式的新路径.     

船员条例对海事工作的影响

2007年9月1日生效的《中华人民共和国船员条例》是我国第一部专门针对船员进行系统规范管理的重要行政法规,文章对《中华人民共和国船员条例》出台的背景和主要内容作了阐述,最后还就《中华人民共和国船员条例》的施行对海事管理工作的影响提出了一些看法。     

金融危机对中国航运业及中国海事的影响之追踪

文中以广州南沙港区为例,通过大量的数据分析,讨论了金融危机对中国航运业所带来的冲击,以及对中国海事监管造成的影响。建议在当前形势下,中国航运业和中国海事都要紧紧抓住危机中蕴含的机遇,谋发展、求提升。     

推进航海教育发展的适时之举——孟祥武教授谈STCW公约马尼拉修正案对航海教育的影响

2012年1月1日,STCW公约马尼拉修正案及其附属规则生效,这为今后一个时期的海员培训和发证建立了更为严格和统一的标准。为了更好地了解修正案对海员培训的影响,本刊记者专访了我国履行STCW公约马尼拉修正案解读组成员、青岛远洋船员职业学院航海系主任孟祥武。     

全球电子航海战略对海员教育培训的影响

随着现代科技在航海技术上的应用,给传统的航海设备和技术带来了深刻变化,尤其电子航海战略的全面实施势必对未来航海运输业产生进步而深远的影响。文中通过对电子航海战略实施给船舶、船员带来新变化的分析,从海事主管部门、航海院校和航运企业等不同角度提出了应对措施。     

方便旗船中国籍船员保险保障现状及海事监管对策

文中通过对方便旗船中国籍船员保险保障现状的调查分析,找出涉及外派船员权益方面存在的问题,提出相应海事监管对策。     

The relationship between maritime education and employer trust: the structural equation modelling (SEM) perspective

The research is aimed to identify factors in the maritime education and training (MET) system and its relationship on maritime labour employers’ (MLEs) trust based on current practice in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was used, and the respondents were the participants of a related conference in Malaysia. The structural equation modelling technique was used to explain the relationships in the stipulated research model. The test of structural model confirms that the model is adequate in explaining the MLEs’ trust. The results reveal that the perceived MET institutions’ efficiency has significant direct effects on the MLEs’ trust and the perceived seafarers’ competency. In addition, the perceived implementation of International Convention was found to significantly affect the seafarers’ competency. However, the perceived seafarers’ competency was not found to directly affect the MLEs’ trust. This study suggests that the MLEs’ trust is an important indicator and feedback on it can be used to further enhance the current MET system and its policies. Thus, one of the strategies is to develop a policy in order to achieve an effective maritime education and training. This is to support the maritime communities in progressing towards a more sustainable development in the MET in the context of enhancing the maritime safety.     

The growth of fleets registered in the newly-emerging maritime countries and maritime crises

This paper suggests the existence of a feedback relationship between the dynamic entrance of less-developed countries in shipping and the prolongation and deepening of maritime crises. The duration and extent of the transitional period of crisis depends also on the specific terms of the 'succession' procedure between fleets with different cost levels. During the last major maritime crisis, nations at a less advanced stage of development entered the maritime industry producing a service that had become—more or less—'standardized', following the Vernon product cycle more than all other cycles. The distribution of world tonnage among the different groups of countries underwent major changes as the effects of the economic crisis after 1973, which coincided with developments in the supply of tonnage, created favourable conditions for the rise of the lower cost fleets of developing countries, in a feedback relationship. The restoration of freight levels during the late 80s and early 90s, which was accompanied by a certain stabilization in the various groups of countries' shares in the world fleet, corroborates from the opposite direction the hypothesis of a close interrelationship between maritime crisis and changes in the international hierarchy in shipping.     

基于校企合作视角的航海类人才培养模式分析及启示

随着全球一体化进程日益加快,世界海运业亦呈不断发展态势：据日本造船工业协会（SAJ）预测,世界海运量于2015年前将保持年均增速1．8％。中国作为海洋大国,海运业已经成为国家支柱性产业,而对海运发展至关重要的船员队伍建设问题便成为我国发展海运事业的关注焦点、亦是中国航海教育的工作重点。     

新时代航海类院校工匠精神培育研究

文章在分析航海类专业“工匠精神”培养必要性的前提下,提出工匠精神培养的有效途径,并将工匠精神养成贯穿于人才培养的全过程,培育学生对航海事业的认同感,培养学生爱岗敬业的精神.     

全力推进新时期海（水）上搜救工作

2008年5月15至16日,2008年全国海上搜救中心办公室工作会议在上海召开。中国海上搜救中心常务副主任刘功臣、副主任宋家慧出席会议并作重要指示。直属海事、救捞系统和地方海事负责搜救工作的负责同志参加会议,并进行了经验交流。