基于模糊综合评价的农村公路建设项目绩效评价研究

文章根据农村公路的特点和绩效评价要求,建立了农村公路建设项目绩效评价指标体系,并以HW农村公路建设项目为实例,采用模糊综合法对该农村公路建设项目管理绩效进行了评价,其结果可为农村公路建设项目投资与管理提供参考依据。     

A highway capacity function in Korea: Measurement and calibration

Capacity functions are important in the model that accounts for the user's route choice behavior based on the traveller's perception of the travel time. This is because a capacity function represents the relationship between the traffic volume and the travel time on the link. The capacity function developed by the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) has been used in many countries, including Korea, without much effort to calibrate the parameters for its own transportation environment. Countries other than the United States, however, have distinctive demographic, economic, cultural, and behavioral characteristics; and they might need unique capacity functions for their own environments. Thus, it is important for Korea to have its own capacity function that can appropriately represent the Korea highway environment. Any attempt to model the Korean highway system without using a suitable capacity function might result in inappropriate solutions, because most modeling activities are crucially based on link travel time, and it is the capacity function that furnishes those link travel time. A link capacity function for Korea is calibrated based on a BPR type formula utilizing an alternative method. The alternative method is developed in a bilevel programming framework that uses link volume counts instead of link flow and travel time data. Detailed calibration results are reported.     

A multiple criteria approach for the evaluation of the rail transit networks in Istanbul

The deficiencies in the Istanbul transportation system have led the local authorities to plan several alternative transportation projects. In this paper three alternative rail transit network proposals are evaluated by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multiple criteria decision support system. The AHP facilitates decision-making by organizing perceptions, experiences, knowledge and judgments, the forces that influence the decision, into a hierarchical framework with a goal, scenarios, criteria and alternatives of choice. Based on this analysis, the decision makers have developed a new alternative as a combination of the most closely competing two alternative rail transit networks. This combination rail transit network is currently under construction.     

公路预防性养护技术综述与效果提高策略

公路运输作为我国主要的运输方式,促进了社会经济迅速发展和提升人们出行幸福感。公路养护不仅保障了公路通畅,也能有效延长公路的使用寿命。其中预防性养护作为一种"补小洞"的养护方式,具有明显的经济效益、交通效益和路面性能效益。本文介绍了公路预防性养护的定义,较详细地总结了预防性养护面临的三大问题,并提出了提高预防性养护效果的策略,以期为公路养护事业理论研究发展做出一番贡献。     

桥梁检测与加固技术

近年来，随着桥梁建设事业的飞速发展，桥梁结构的使用荷载日益增大，大批既有桥梁结构也进入了老化期，桥梁检测与加固由此越发显得重要。 多年来，西部交通建设科技项目管理中心进行了大量桥梁检测评定与加固技术的研究，所取得的系列成果及积累的经验表明：公路旧桥检测评定与加固技术的研究及推广不仅对规范公路旧桥加固改造市场、提升旧桥加固技术水平和质量品质是十分必要的，而且具有可观的经济效益和社会效应。本篇针对西部地区在桥梁检测与加固技术研究方面取得的部分成果进行介绍，以期推广应用。     

基于国省道沥青路面的施工技术相关思考与分析

本文主要针对国省道公路沥青道路的施工技术进行分析,从而及时改进现有的道路工程施工工艺,有效提高道路工程施工效率。道路工程作为当前城市建设中的重要内容,对于城市发展有着极为重要的作用。这就需要有关部门能够对此有着足够的重视,确保道路工程可以充分满足城市发展的需要。通过对公路沥青道路相关施工技术的分析,不仅可以实现道路工程施工工艺的改进,还可以提高道路的通过性,进一步减少国省道的拥堵情况。同时,对公路沥青道路施工技术进行分析,还能实现对于道路工程施工质量的控制,有利于道路使用寿命的提高。沥青道路施工技术的改进,对于当前交通运营及物流有着极为重要的作用。     

Analytic hierarchy process application in selecting the mode of transport for a logistics company

As a multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used considerably to solve hierarchical or network‐based decision problems in socio‐economic fields. Following an in‐depth explanation of the transport function in logistics and an overview of the MCDM methods, the AHP model is employed in the paper for a logistics company in selecting the most suitable way of transportation between two given locations in Turkey. The criteria used in the selection of transportation modes are identified as the cost, speed, safety, accessibility, reliability, environmental friendliness, and flexibility. Several cost parameters (transportation, storage, handling, bosphorus crossover) are incorporated into the decision‐making process. The application is carried out in instructional character. The results of the study indicate that the railway transportation, which is not widely used in Turkey, is also an alternative and suitable means of transportation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Managing transportation during highway reconstruction: A recommended process

Major highway reconstruction can cause significant disruptions to existing travel patterns and economic activity. Reducing these impacts on travelers, shippers, businesses and residents requires that innovative and effective transportation management actions be developed and implemented. This paper reports the major findings and recommendations of a research study on managing transportation during highway, reconstruction. The primary objectives of the study were

An artificial neural network approach for evaluating transportation network improvements

As demand increases over time, new links or improvements in existing links may be considered for increasing a network's capacity. The selection and timing of improvement projects is an especially challenging problem when the benefits or costs of those projects are interdependent. Most existing models neglect the interdependence of projects and their impacts during intermediate periods of a planning horizon, thus failing to identify the optimal improvement program. A multiperiod network design model is proposed to select the best combination of improvement projects and schedules. This model requires the evaluation of numerous network improvement alternatives in several time periods. To facilitate efficient solution methods for the network design model, an artificial neural network approach is proposed for estimating total travel times corresponding to various project selection and scheduling decisions. Efficient procedures for preparing an appropriate training data set and an artificial neural network for this application are discussed. The Calvert County highway system in southern Maryland is used to illustrate these procedures and the resulting performance.     

道路运输达标车辆核查数据挖掘应用探索

道路运输达标车辆核查系统作为车辆核查信息化手段,有效地提高了道路运输达标车辆核查效率。本文首先选取达标客车核查数据进行了统计分析,探索利用数据关联规则算法试验研究数据规律,最后对核查数据质量管理提出了一些建议,对更科学合理地管理道路运输车辆生产和核查具有重要的意义,也为完善相关法律法规提供决策支持。     

The role of transportation sectors in the Korean national economy: An input-output analysis

The transportation industry has been playing an important role in the economic development of Korea and, thus, has become a critical factor in sustaining the well-being of the Korean people. This paper attempts to analyze the economic impacts of four transportation modes using input-output (I-O) analysis, with specific application to Korea. To this end, we apply the I-O models to the Korean I-O tables generated by the Bank of Korea, paying particular attention to the four transportation sectors in Korea (rail, road, water, and air transportations), considering them as exogenous, and then determining their impacts. Specifically, the production-inducing effects, supply shortage effects, sectoral price effects, forward linkage effects, and backward linkage effects of the four transportation modes are quantitatively derived over the period 2000–2010. For example, the production-inducing effect of a KRW 1.0 production or investment in transportation is larger in the petroleum and transportation equipment sectors than in other sectors. Furthermore, the rail and road transportation sectors have greater supply shortage effects than the other transportation sectors. Finally, the potential uses of the results of this analysis are presented from the perspective of policy instruments, and policy implications are discussed.     

Measuring post-disaster transportation system performance: the 1995 Kobe earthquake in comparative perspective

Recent earthquake disasters have caused major damage to transportation networks, leading to significant economic disruption. While this suggests the need to evaluate total system performance in transportation risk assessment, in addition to examining the vulnerability of individual components such as bridges, no appropriate measures currently exist. This paper develops post-disaster system performance measures and applies them to the urban rail and highway transportation systems in the Kobe, Japan, region devastated by the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake. Performance is evaluated in terms of network coverage and transport accessibility. Performance degradation was much more severe for highways and railways than for other lifeline infrastructure systems. Both transportation systems fared poorly in the disaster but service restoration proceeded much more rapidly for rail. The restoration of highway system performance correlated closely with the recovery of highway traffic volumes. The paper further develops a measure of subarea transport accessibility and applies this to Kobe’s constituent city wards. Results indicate substantial spatial disparity that is maintained throughout the restoration period. Comparisons with the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes in the US show that although these disasters caused notable damage to highway bridges, system performance degradation was small in comparison with the Kobe experience. The paper argues that explicitly measuring transportation system performance can greatly facilitate both understanding the effects of historic disasters and preparing for future hazard events.     

A dynamic modeling approach to investigate impacts to protected and low-income populations in highway planning

Environmental justice (EJ) assessment has traditionally focused on identifying distributive effects to protected populations. Federal and State highway improvement programs have been established to stimulate economic development for these populations. While this issue has long been recognized as part of EJ initiatives, no quantitative comparisons of highway construction impacts on protected populations have been reported in the literature. This paper presents a dynamic modeling approach to investigate impacts to protected and low-Income populations in highway planning using an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) optimization framework. Using census and county level parcel data, the model integrates various socioeconomic factors into a GIS while generating highway alignments using GAs. Examples using county level census data from North Carolina are demonstrated to test the sensitivity of generated highway alignments with constrained distances from protected populations. The results indicate that it is important to consider local social and economic effects, in addition to regional planning objectives when measuring the effectiveness of feasibility studies associated with highway construction. Within the proposed modeling framework attention is directed on various EJ initiatives, such as environmental health and safety laws in minority and low-income areas. The model would help planners, designers, and policy-makers understand the intricate interrelationships among local communities, while facilitating more scientific and economically equitable planning for highway construction projects.     

Congestion relief toll tunnels

Changing urban land-use patterns have reduced the importance of traditional downtowns as the origin and destination of numerous vehicular trips. Much traffic on downtown-area freeways seeks merely to get past downtown, thereby worsening the level of congestion for those seeking access to downtown.A number of European cities have begun to develop a new type of transportation facility: congestion-relief toll tunnels in downtown areas. These projects appear to be economically feasible largely or entirely from premium-price tolls paid by users. Hence, they are being developed by private consortia, operating under long-term franchises from government. Other keys to the feasibility of such projects are peak/off-peak pricing structures (congestion pricing), nonstop electronic toll collection, and restriction of use to auto-size vehicles only (to reduce tunnel dimensions and therefore capital investment).Preliminary analysis indicates that congestion-telief bypass runnels for downtown Los Angeles and San Francisco would be economically feasible as private business ventures, if developed along European lines. Similar approaches might be applied to other controversial freeway projects in both cities, and to restructuring Boston's huge and controversial Central Artery/Tunnel project.Congress has already authorized public-private partnerships of this type, permitting private capital and private owner/operation to be used, both for new projects and to rebuild existing highway, bridge, and tunnel facilities. Six states and Puerto Rico have enacted private-tollway legislation under which such projects could be developed and operated.This type of project should be politically feasible, since it offers a way to make significant transportation improvements in impacted downtowns with little or no public funding. While transit proponents may oppose the construction of toll tunnels, highway users are likely to support such projects, and some environmental groups may support this method of implementing congestion pricing in urban areas, because of its potential for reducing air emissions.     

Reaching decisions about technological projects with social consequences: A normative model

Among the crises facing our society is the public's loss of confidence in technical professionals and their ability to make decisions about large-scale projects (such as highways) in the public interest. To overcome this crisis of confidence, this paper hypothesizes a model for the role of the technical professional in the process of reaching decisions about public actions.In evaluating technological projects with social consequences, one key issue is the differential incidence of impacts. Typically, some groups are hurt in order that others may benefit. Social equity must be considered explicitly. Such presently-used techniques as benefit-cost analysis and point-rating schemes are unsatisfactory. New techniques are needed, reflecting a more comprehensive model for the role of the technical team in the political process.A normative model is outlined. First, the objective of the technical process is defined: to achieve substantial effective community agreement on a course of action which is feasible, equitable, and desirable. Second, a process for achieving this objective is proposed. A key element of this process is a four-phase strategy of technical and community interaction activities to achieve the objective. The basic premise of this approach is that the role of the technical team is to clarify the issues of choice, to assist the community in determining what is best for itself.This theoretical model has resulted in several practical products. A procedural guide for use by highway and transportation agencies has been prepared, and a number of specific operational techniques have been developed and are included in the guide. The procedural guide is now being field-tested in several state highway departments. The theoretical model has already been useful in identifying, in one highway department, opportunities for significant changes in the agency's mission, organization and procedures to enable it to be more responsive to public concerns. The theoretical model also has served as the basis for the development of federal guidelines for consideration of social, economic and environmental factors in highway planning and decision-making, in all of the state highway departments in the U.S.This is a revised version of a paper presented to the Seventeenth North American Meeting, Regional Science Association, November 6–8, 1970.     

Challenges and opportunities for transportation: Implementation of the clean air act amendments of 1990 and the intermodal surface transportation efficiency act of 1991

The Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) may be the most powerful of all environmental laws affecting transportation. They are intended to significantly affect transportation decision-making, not only to achieve air quality goals but also to affect broader environmental goals related to land use, travel mode choice, and reductions in vehicle miles traveled. The CAAA require greater integration of transportation and air quality planning, and assign a greater responsibility to transportation plans and programs for reducing mobile source emissions. By expanding the requirements for determining the conformity of transportation plans, programs, and projects with State Implementation Plans for air quality, and by expanding the use of highway funding sanctions to enforce those requirements, the CAAA ensure a continuing linkage between transportation and environmental goals.While the CAAA give transportation and air quality decision-makers the mandate to better coordinate their respective planning processes, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 offers the tools to help carry out that mandate. Consequently, this paper summarizes the transportation and air quality provisions of both of these Acts and their relationships.     

Distribution of vehicle operating costs/benefits to a rural population

Assessment of economic benefits resulting from the provision of transportation projects are standard practice. However, the procedures seldom consider detailed distribution of benefits amongst the study area population. Distribution of vehicle operating cost benefits to rural population is presented for a road sealing project.     

高频地震反射法在大坪隧道施工中的应用

随着西部大开发战略的实施,我国西部地区公路隧道工程的数量越来越多,工程等级也不断提高。然而在隧道施工中难免会遇到诸如岩溶突水、岩爆、围岩大变形、塌方等地质灾害问题,为了将地质灾害影响程度降到最低,在隧道施工前进行地质超前预报是十分必要的。文章以大坪隧道为例,介绍了TGP12(高频地震反射法)探测系统的原理、数据处理、解译技术,通过对比分析验证了预报结果的准确性,并总结了应用TGP12进行地质超前预报的体会,展示了TGP12探测系统在隧道施工地质超前预报中的广阔应用前景。     

高等级沥青公路路面水损害及防治措施分析

沥青路面作为我国高等级公路中最常见的路面形式,具有施工速度快、行车舒适度高、噪音小等优点,但在公路的使用过程中,极易产生水损害现象,尤其是在南方降雨量多的季节。本文通过分析沥青公路路面产生水损害的主要原因,针对具体原因提出了相应的防治措施,希望为公路工程的建设和维护提供参考,以提高高等级沥青公路的建设质量和使用年限。     

交通基础设施对西部社会经济发展的影响评价

《交通基础设施对西部社会经济发展的影响评价》项目在借鉴国内外研究成果和广泛资料调研的基础上,结合专家群组咨询、理论分析、数理统计与检验等手段,构建了交通科技项目评价指标体系,从微观和宏观层面分析了"十五"西部交通建设科技项目的实施效果,完成了交通基础设施对西部社会经济发展的综合影响评价。本篇对项目的主要研究成果和创新点进行了介绍,提出了相应的建议,为我国西部地区交通基础设施建设提供参考依据。