船舶气体减排的春秋之变

由于船舶排放气体中NOx、SOx等空气污染物和CO：温室气体对全球环境和气候带来影响，伴随着各种利益冲突，对船舶气体减排的讨论一直在激烈进行中。目前，讨论最为激烈的，并对航运、制造业将产生重要影响的有NOx、SOX、C02以及排放交易的部分。其中，NOx是针对柴油机的，SOx是针对燃油的，而CO2则是针对所有消耗能源的动力设备的，市场机制／排放交易是针对温室气体（GHG）的。     

全球碳排放市场机制现状及发展动向

正建立碳排放交易市场被认为是最有效的温室气体减排方式之一。"碳排放权交易"通常被简称为"碳交易",这一概念最早出现于1997年12月在日本东京签订的《京都议定书》中。《京都议定书》提出二氧化碳的排放权可以像普通商品一样交易。《京都议定书》把氧化亚氮、氢氟碳化物、二氧化碳、甲烷、全氟化物、六氟化硫六种气体确定为温室气体。因此,碳排放权交易被泛化为各类温室气体排放权的交易;从另外一方面来说,在所有的温室气体中,二氧化碳占据了绝对主导地位,因此温室气体排放权的交易被简称为"碳交易",而从事这种排放权交易的市场被称为"碳排放交易市场"。     

国际海运温室气体减排措施概述

文中分析了国际海运温室气体排放的特征，介绍了国际海运温室气体减排措施，并对未来发展趋势作出了预测。     

海运温室气体排放MRV规则对我国海运业影响与对策研究

近年来,国际海运业温室气体排量与日俱增,日益严峻的气候问题随之而来。结合全球海运温室气体排放现状,介绍欧盟海运温室气体排放的MRV规则,对比国内温室气体排放的监测手段,探究欧盟海运温室气体排放MRV规则对我国航运业的影响,针对国内温室气体排放监测体系提出意见和建议。     

中国国际海运船队温室气体排放测算研究

为估算中国国际海运船队温室气体的排放状况,对联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）提出的“自下而上”以及“自上而下”排放量估测方法进行分析,表明海运温室气体排放量取决于海运业燃油消耗量以及燃油的排放因子,燃油消耗量与海运船舶的活动频率以及船舶能效有关。提出基于船舶装机总量以及基于船舶活动强度的两种估算方法。结果表明,1990~2007年间,中国国际海运船队二氧化碳排放量平均年递增7.6%,而同期全球国际海运温室气体排放平均年递增3.7%。中国应积极研究相关措施以控制中国国际海运船队二氧化碳排放量的不断增长。     

航运减排国际法新动向

针对航运业减少温室气体排放这一国际海事组织内部目前讨论的热点问题,分析了航运业减少温室气体排放的现行国际法律框架、已提出的减排方案、国际法的新动向(欧盟对航运业减少温室气体排放可能采取的单边主义措施),以及中国的谈判立场。最后提出中国应当提早研究,在国际海事组织进行的减排谈判中寻求对中国航运业影响最小的航运减排方案。     

船舶温室气体减排现状和我国航运企业对策建议

全面回顾IMO船舶温室气体减排工作进程,分析船舶温室气体减排面临的挑战和进展及其对我国海运业的影响,建议我国航运企业摸清自身船舶CO2排放情况,研究各种减排措施,设置新船CO2设计指数,建立排放交易机制等。     

船舶岸电温室气体自愿减排方法学研究

温室气体自愿减排对于减少二氧化碳排放具有重要的作用,通过实施船舶岸电项目并参与温室气体自愿减排,能够实现以电力替代燃油消耗,显著降低船舶靠泊期间温室气体排放。充分研究分析现有温室气体减排方法学,结合港口船舶岸基供电项目特点,明确了岸基供电项目基线确定、额外性论证、减排量计算、监测计划制定等要求,为港口船舶岸电项目参与碳排放交易提供了量化计算的依据。对某港口岸电项目进行了案例分析,研究提出的方法学具有针对性和可操作性,有利于推动船舶岸电项目参与碳排放交易,促进岸电项目的推广使用。     

国际海事动态

<正>欧盟就海运业温室气体排放监测达成一致欧盟理事会就温室气体排放的监测、报告和核实的相关规定达成了政治协定。新的机制将成为2030年框架实施的基础。新规对所有进出欧盟港口的5000GT以上的营运船舶CO2排放提出了新的要求。规则不适用于军舰、渔船、构造简陋的木船、非机械动力船以及政府公务船。如果国际层面海运业温室气体减排的协议一经达成,欧委会将对该规则进行复审,以与国际协定保持一致。该规则一经通过将于2015年7月1日生效。(大连海事大学国际公约研究中心韩佳霖编译)     

我国能否征收碳税

在众多的CO2减排方法中,较为常用的是征收碳税(Carbon taxes)和碳交易(温室气体排放权交易、tradable permits).碳交易(即温室气体排放权交易)源于实体之间的减排成本以及排放信用额差异.拥有排放权的公司,如果其排放量已经降低到法律规定的排放水平以下,这个公司可以得到"排放信贷",用以"支付"其他地方高于标准的排放量.显然,碳交易不同于传统的政府需求管制,其调节权掌握在能以更低成本削减排放量的厂商手中,因此排放权证的公平性问题一直得不到很好解决.在这种情况下,征收碳税的呼声越来越高.     

Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: the case of the Greek shipping industry

One of the most urgent environmental problems facing the shipping industry today is the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from its operations and the possible cost-effective ways in which this reduction could be accomplished. Various technical and operational measures have been proposed as well as market-based instruments for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with these measures. This paper investigates the levels of environmental awareness of the Greek shipping companies and their views and practices on the proposed policies for the reduction of GHG emissions from their ships. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to Greek shipping companies of different sizes, involved in different segments of the marine industry, so that the survey's results not only represent a large part of the Greek shipping industry but also reveal the different environmental attitudes and practices on maritime GHG emissions among the shipping companies. Given the size and the importance of the Greek shipping industry in the international maritime field, this paper's results present a special significance as they could be further analyzed and taken into account for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with any future policy instrument for the reduction of maritime GHG emissions.     

EEDI给中国造船业带来的挑战

基于国际海事组织（IMO）限制温室气体排放（GHG）条约,阐述了船舶能效设计指数（EEDI）的概念,其计算公式中各项参数的含义及降低EEDI值的途径,重点指出EEDI的出现对我国造船业带来的影响及挑战。船舶采用经济航速是最为有效的节能减排的方式,但对营运商不是最佳选择,故而研发低碳燃油等优化技术成为当下最为重要的任务。船舶能效设计指数的强制实施在短期内对我国造船业造成了一定的冲击,但是长远看会进一步推进我国造船业进行深入的技术改造,从而提高中国船舶企业的综合竞争实力。     

The effects of slow steaming on the environmental performance in liner shipping

The environment issue is one of the significant challenges that the liner shipping industry has to face. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing vessels by 20–50% by 2050 and develop the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as a measure for energy efficiency. To achieve this goal, IMO has suggested three basic approaches: the enlargement of vessel size, the reduction of voyage speed, and the application of new technologies. In recent times, liners have adopted slow steaming and decelerated the voyage speed to 15–18 knots on major routes. This is because slow steaming is helpful in reducing operating costs and GHG emissions. However, it also creates negative effects that influence the operating costs and the amount of GHG emissions at the same time.

This study started with the basic question: Is it true that as voyage speed reduces, the operating costs and CO₂ emissions can be reduced at the same time? If this is true, liners will definitely decelerate their voyage speed themselves as much as possible so that they can increase their profits and improve the level of environmental performance. However, if this is not true, then liners will concentrate just on increasing their profits by not considering environmental factors. This led the authors to set out three objectives: (1) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the amount of CO₂ emissions and to estimate the changes by slow steaming in liner shipping; (2) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the operating costs on a loop; and (3) to find the optimal voyage speed as a solution to maximize the reduction of CO₂ emissions at the lowest operating cost, thus satisfying the reduction target of IMO.     

船舶温室气体减排规则的发展与应对

温室气体排放已成为全球关注的热点。文章介绍了船舶温室气体减排规则的发展进程以及新船能效设计指数的出台和影响,并对减排措施进行了探讨,着重阐述了采用气体燃料这一措施的减排效果。     

Cost-effectiveness assessment of CO2 reducing measures in shipping

International shipping is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and is under mounting pressure to contribute to overall GHG emission reductions. There is an ongoing debate regarding how much the sector could be expected to reduce emissions and how the reduction could be achieved. This paper details a methodology for assessing the cost-effectiveness of technical and operational measures for reducing CO₂ emissions from shipping, through the development of an evaluation parameter called the Cost of Averting a Tonne of CO₂-eq Heating, CATCH, and decision criterion, against which the evaluation parameter should be evaluated. The methodology is in line with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and with regulatory work on safety and environmental protection issues at the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

The results of this study suggest that CATCH <50 $/tonne of CO₂-eq should be used as a decision criterion for investment in emission reduction measures for shipping. In total, 13 specific measures for reducing CO₂ emissions have been analysed for two selected case ships to illustrate the methodology. Results from this work shows that several measures are cost effective according to the proposed criterion. The results suggest that cost effective reductions for the fleet may well be in the order of 30% for technical measures, and above 50% when including speed reductions. The results of this study show that the cost effectiveness approach for the regulation of shipping emissions is viable and should be pursued in the ongoing regulatory process.     

Future cost scenarios for reduction of ship CO2 emissions

International shipping is a significant contributor to Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 3% of global CO₂ emissions. The International Maritime Organization is currently working to establish GHG regulations for international shipping and a cost effectiveness approach has been suggested to determine the required emission reductions from shipping. To achieve emission reductions in a cost effective manner, this study has assessed the cost and reduction potential for present and future abatement measures based on new and unpublished data. The model used captures the world fleet up to 2030, and the analysis includes 25 separate measures. A new integrated modelling approach has been used combining fleet projections with activity-based CO₂ emission modelling and projected development of measures for CO₂ emission reduction. The world fleet projections up to 2030 are constructed using a fleet growth model that takes into account assumed ship type specific scrapping and new building rates. A baseline trajectory for CO₂ emission is then established. The reduction potential from the baseline trajectory and the associated marginal cost levels are calculated for 25 different emission reduction measures. The results are given as marginal abatement cost curves, and as future cost scenarios for reduction of world fleet CO₂ emissions. The results show that a scenario in which CO₂ emissions are reduced by 33% from baseline in 2030 is achievable at a marginal cost of USD 0 per tonne reduced. At this cost level, emission in 2010 can be reduced by 19% and by 24% in 2020. A scenario with 49% reduction from baseline in 2030 can be achieved at a marginal cost of USD 100 per tonne (27% in 2010 and 35% in 2020). Furthermore, it is evident that further increasing the cost level beyond USD 100 per tonne yield very little in terms of further emission reduction. The results also indicate that stabilising fleet emissions at current levels is obtainable at moderate costs, compensating for fleet growth up to 2030. However, significant reductions beyond current levels seem difficult to achieve. Marginal abatement costs for the major ship types are also calculated, and the results are shown to be relatively homogenous for all major ship types. The presented data and methodology could be very useful for assisting the industry and policymakers in selecting cost effective solutions for reducing GHG emissions from the world fleet.     

Thermodynamic analysis of alternative marine fuels for marine gas turbine power plants

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.     

船用燃气轮机动力装置替代燃料的热力学分析（英文）

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases(GHGs) from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.