CFD validation studies for a high-speed foil-assisted semi-planing catamaran

This paper details the CFD validation studies carried out as a prerequisite for multi-fidelity CFD-based design optimization of high-speed passenger-only ferries aimed at reducing far-field wake energy that causes beach erosion. A potential flow program (WARP) and a URANS program (CFDSHIP) were validated using full-scale measurements of resistance, sinkage, trim, and far-field wake train obtained over a wide range of speeds for two high-speed semi-planing foil-assisted catamarans: Spirit (LOA-22 m) and 1060 (LOA-17 m). This study posed a unique combination of challenges for CFD modeling: the foil appended geometry required complicated surface overset grids, the effect of the waterjet and wind resistance had to be modeled, and a method had to be devised to extrapolate the calculated near-field elevation to get the far-field wake train using Havelock sources. A more concentrated effort was applied to the URANS verification and validation which forms the focus of this paper. The results show that URANS is able to accurately predict the resistance and motions for both vessels when coupled with models that account for the propulsors and air resistance. The overall accuracy of URANS for the performance analysis of the foil-assisted, semi-planing catamarans was adequate to warrant its use as a tool for subsequent design and optimization of a new vessel with significantly reduced wakes.     

Single- and multiobjective design optimization of a fast multihull ship: numerical and experimental results

Numerical optimization of the initial design of a fast catamaran (high-speed sealift research model B, HSSL-B) has been carried out through a simulation-based design (SBD) framework, based on an advanced free-surface unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) solver and a potential flow solver, and global optimization (GO) algorithms. The potential flow computational fluid dynamics (CFD) SBD was used to guide the more expensive URANS CFD SBD. The fluid-dynamic analysis of the flow past the catamaran proved that the use of the URANS solver was fundamental in dealing with the multihull interference problem. In the case investigated, the separation distance was small and the viscous flow quite distorted by the proximity of the hulls, so that only viscous solvers could correctly capture the flow details. Sinkage and trim effects, due to the high speed range and again to the small separation distance investigated, are also relevant. The initial HSSL-B geometry and three optimization problems, including single- and multiobjective optimization problems, proposed by designers from Bath Iron Works, were successfully optimized/solved, and finally an experimental campaign was carried out to validate the optimal design. A new verification and validation methodology for assessing uncertainties and errors in simulation-based optimization was used based on the trends, i.e., the differences between the numerically predicted improvement of the objective function and the actual improvement measured in a dedicated experimental campaign, including consideration of numerical and experimental uncertainties. Finally, the success of the optimization processes was confirmed by the experimental measurements, and trends for total resistance, sinkage, and trim between the original and optimal designs were numerically and experimentally verified and validated.     

采用遗传算法进行球鼻艏优化的流体动力计算(英文)

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) plays a major role in predicting the flow behavior of a ship.With the development of fast computers and robust CFD software,CFD has become an important tool for designers and engineers in the ship industry.In this paper,the hull form of a ship was optimized for total resistance using CFD as a calculation tool and a genetic algorithm as an optimization tool.CFD based optimization consists of major steps involving automatic generation of geometry based on design parameters,automatic generation of mesh,automatic analysis of fluid flow to calculate the required objective/cost function,and finally an optimization tool to evaluate the cost for optimization.In this paper,integration of a genetic algorithm program,written in MATLAB,was carried out with the geometry and meshing software GAMBIT and CFD analysis software FLUENT.Different geometries of additive bulbous bow were incorporated in the original hull based on design parameters.These design variables were optimized to achieve a minimum cost function of "total resistance".Integration of a genetic algorithm with CFD tools proves to be effective for hull form optimization.     

基于潜艇模型尾流湍流强度和耗散率的CFD模拟

优良的隐身性能使得潜艇具有强大的突防能力,因此,控制潜艇尾流信号特征对于提高潜艇隐身性能意义重大,这些信号特征主要包括尾部湍流强度、湍动能、湍流耗散率等。同时,优良的艇型对于抑制尾流信号特征、提高潜艇快速性和隐身性也具有重要意义。基于此,采用RANS方法计算SUBOFF潜艇主艇体艇型及6种改良艇型的艇体粘性绕流,将CFD方法用于分析艇体半径、艇艏长度、艇艉长度等参数对潜艇尾流信号特征的影响。计算结果显示：在SUBOFF潜艇主艇体艇型及其6种改良艇型的尾流场中,增加艇体半径有利于抑制远尾流场湍流信号特征,在近场则不利;增加艇艏长度能降低近尾流场湍流信号特征,在远场影响较小;增加艇艉长度在近、远尾流场均有利于降低其信号特征。     

Verification and validation study of URANS simulations for an axial waterjet propelled large high-speed ship

The accurate prediction of waterjet propulsion using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is of interest for performance analyses of existing waterjet designs as well as for improvement and design optimization of new waterjet propulsion systems for high-speed marine vehicles. The present work is performed for three main purposes: (1) to investigate the capability of a URANS flow solver, CFDSHIP-IOWA, for the accurate simulation of waterjet propelled ships, including waterjet–hull interactions; (2) to carry out detailed verification and validation (V&V) analysis; and (3) to identify optimization opportunities for intake duct shape design. A concentrated effort is applied to V&V work and performance analysis of waterjet propelled simulations which form the focus of this paper. The joint high speed sealift design (JHSS), which is a design concept for very large high-speed ships operating at transit speeds of at least 36 knots using four axial flow waterjets, is selected as the initial geometry for the current work and subsequent optimization study. For self-propelled simulations, the ship accelerates until the resistance equals the prescribed thrust and added tow force, and converges to the self propulsion point (SPP). Quantitative V&V studies are performed on both barehull and waterjet appended designs, with corresponding experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) data from 1/34 scale model testing. Uncertainty assessments are performed on iterative convergence and grid size. As a result, the total resistance coefficient for the barehull case and SPP for the waterjet propelled case are validated at the average uncertainty intervals of 7.0 and 1.1%D, respectively. Predictions of CFD computations capture the general trend of resistance over the speed range of 18–42 knots, and show reasonable agreement with EFD with average errors of 1.8 and 8.0%D for the barehull and waterjet cases, respectively. Furthermore, results show that URANS is able to accurately predict the major propulsion related features such as volume flow rate, inlet wake fraction, and net jet thrust with an accuracy of ~9%D. The flow feature details inside the duct and interference of the exit jets are qualitatively well-predicted as well. It is found that there are significant losses in inlet efficiency over the speed range; hence, one objective for subsequent optimization studies could be maximizing the inlet efficiency. Overall, the V&V work indicates that the present approach is an efficient tool for predicting the performance of waterjet propelled JHSS ships and paves the way for future optimization work. The main objective of the optimization will be reduction of powering requirements by increasing the inlet efficiency through modification of intake duct shape.     

Design practice for the stern hull form of a twin-skeg ship

Hydrodynamic standards have been derived for the improvement of propulsive performance of twin-skeg hull forms. Three important physical observations were used in the optimization of design practice for the stern hull form of twin-skeg ships: limiting streamline pattern on the inner and outer skeg surface of a stern skeg, the balance between the flow intensity over the inner and outer skeg surface of a stern skeg and nominal wake distribution in the propeller plane. Numerical calculations and model tests have been compared to validate a CFD code used in the current work. Based on the stern flow analysis for the evaluation of self-propulsion performance, effects of stern skeg arrangement on the propulsion efficiency, i.e. the distance between skegs and the angle of the skeg with respect to shaft centerline, were intensively investigated. An optimized hull form design for a twin-skeg ship was developed using the design practice derived in this work.     

舵桨相互作用下现代船舶绕流数值研究（英文）

Reducing the fuel consumption of ships presents both economic and environmental gains. Although in the past decades,extensive studies were carried out on the flow around ship hull, it is still difficult to calculate the flow around the hull while considering propeller interaction. In this paper, the viscous flow around modern ship hulls is computed considering propeller action. In this analysis, the numerical investigation of flow around the ship is combined with propeller theory to simulate the hull-propeller interaction. Various longitudinal positions of the rudder are also analyzed to determine the effect of rudder position on propeller efficiency. First, a numerical study was performed around a bare hull using Shipflow computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code to determine free-surface wave elevation and resistance components.A zonal approach was applied to successively incorporate Bpotential flow solver^ in the region outside the boundary layer and wake, Bboundary layer solver^ in the thin boundary layer region near the ship hull, and BNavier-Stokes solver^in the wake region. Propeller open water characteristics were determined using an open-source MATLAB code Open Prop, which is based on the lifting line theory, for the moderately loaded propeller. The obtained open water test results were specified in the flow module of Shipflow for self-propulsion tests. The velocity field behind the ship was recalculated into an effective wake and given to the propeller code that calculates the propeller load. Once the load was known, it was transferred to the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) solver to simulate the propeller action. The interaction between the hull and propeller with different rudder positions was then predicted to improve the propulsive efficiency.     

Wakes from Large High-Speed Ferries in Confined Coastal Waters: Management Approaches with Examples from New Zealand and Denmark

Large high-speed craft carrying passengers and vehicles produce wake waves that are different from both conventional vessels and smaller fast vessels. Wakes from these high-speed craft can cause environmental problems (such as beach change, ecological disturbance, and damage to structures and archaeological sites) and safety problems (for navigation and for users of the beach and nearshore) in confined waters. As a consequence of the higher speed, the vessel wakes also have a longer period than wakes caused by conventional ships and may lead to substantial wave action in shallow water environments. In both New Zealand and Denmark, issues relating to high-speed craft wakes were not addressed until after the vessels had begun operation, and complex coastal management issues with possibly broader application have had to be addressed. Emerging management strategies have involved regulation using speed and wave height criteria.     

URANS prediction of roll damping for a ship hull section at shallow draft

It is analytically difficult to calculate roll damping of ships due to the effects of viscosity. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool in predicting roll damping recently. The unsteady flow around a forced rolling hull section with bilge keels can be calculated using a commercial URANS code which includes the viscous effects. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) roll damping calculations for a S60 midsection with bilge keels including free surface effects are performed for shallow draft case. The first objective of the study is to show whether the URANS code can be used to predict roll damping coefficient correctly. The second one is to show why Ikeda’s estimation method is insufficient at shallow draft case. Sinusoidal forced roll motion calculation method of roll damping moment with the help of a sliding interface and a fixed roll axis is successfully applied to predict roll damping coefficient. The calculations are carried out for different roll motion periods and amplitudes to validate the accuracy of the URANS code for different cases. Numerical results are compared with experiments, which were carried out at the towing tank facility of Osaka Prefecture University (OPU), and Ikeda’s estimation method. The results show that the URANS code is capable of predicting roll damping coefficients in a good agreement with experimental results and can be used further to develop a better model for prediction of roll damping.     

基于CFD的三体船侧体布局优化

三体船构型复杂,侧体布局对其阻力性能有很大的影响。基于计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)理论,利用SHIPMDO-WUT软件平台构建一种侧体布局自动优化方法。以某高速三体船为例,进行侧体布局的优化,结果表明:在4个不同弗劳德数下,优化船较母型船的兴波阻力均有所下降,总阻力也相应减小。得出在4个不同弗劳德数下总阻力最小的侧体布局方案,表明该方法的可行性与有效性。研究内容可为三体船减阻优化设计提供参考依据。     

Computational fluid dynamics-based multiobjective optimization of a surface combatant using a global optimization method

The main objective of this article is to describe the development of two advanced multiobjective optimization methods based on derivative-free techniques and complex computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Alternatives for the geometry and mesh manipulation techniques are also described. Emphasis is on advanced strategies for the use of computer resource-intensive CFD solvers in the optimization process: indeed, two up-to-date free surface-fitting Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation solvers are used as analysis tools for the evaluation of the objective function and functional constraints. The two optimization methods are realized and demonstrated on a real design problem: the optimization of the entire hull form of a surface combatant, the David Taylor Model Basin—Model 5415. Realistic functional and geometrical constraints for preventing unfeasible results and to get a final meaningful design are enforced and discussed. Finally, a recently proposed verification and validation methodology is applied to assess uncertainties and errors in simulation-based optimization, based on the differences between the numerically predicted improvement of the objective function and the actual improvement measured in a dedicated experimental campaign. The optimized model demonstrates improved characteristics beyond the numerical and experimental uncertainty, confirming the validity of the simulation-based design frameworks.     

On the role played by turbulence closures in hull shape optimization at model and full scale

 The practical use of automated computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based design tools in the ship-building industry requires powerful flow solvers which are able to take into account realistic geometries as well as complex physical phenomena, such as turbulence. A shape optimization tool is developed in this framework. A derivative-free optimizer, yielding both flexibility and robustness, is preferred to the classical gradient-based method, which is more difficult to implement and is still limited to only moderately complex problems. The flow solver included in the design procedure solves the incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids using a finite-volume formulation involving several near-wall low-Reynolds-number turbulence models. The design tool is used to optimize the stern of a modern hull shape at model and full scale, with different purposes being considered. More precisely, the drag reduction and the homogenization of the flow in the wake are expected by controlling the longitudinal vortex generated. Our interest is particularly focused on the influence of turbulence modeling in the design process. The effects of a two-equation model based on the eddy-viscosity assumption and a second-order closure relying on the Reynolds stress transport equations are compared. Received: September 24, 2002 / Accepted: April 14, 2003 RID="*" Acknowledgment. The authors thank the scientific committee of CINES (project dmn2050) for the attribution of CPU time.     

螺旋桨/船体粘性流场的整体数值求解

螺旋桨和船体是相互作用的,孤立地对螺旋桨或船体流场进行数值模拟均无法有效地对它们的相互影响进行研究.本文采用周向平均的混合面处理方法,实现了螺旋桨/船体流场的整体计算,计算结果和试验数据进行了比较,表明该方法能很好地模拟螺旋桨和船体之间的相互影响,从而揭示了真实螺旋桨和船体之间相互干扰的内在规律.本文研究结果为研究螺旋桨和船体相互影响提供了更加精确和实用的研究手段.     

Numerical study of viscous wave-making resistance of ship navigation in still water

The prediction of a ship＇s resistance especially the viscous wave-making resistance is an important issue in CFD applications. In this paper, the resistances of six ships from hull 1 to hull 6 with different hull forms advancing in still water are numerically studied using the solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU, which was developed based on the open source code package OpenFOAM. Different components of the resistances are computed and compared while considering two speed conditions （12 kn and 16 kn）. The resistance of hull 3 is the smallest while that of hull 5 is the largest at the same speed. The results show hull 3 is a good reference for the design of similar ships, which can provide some valuable guidelines for hull form optimization.     

基于参数化建模的优化设计方法

传统的线型设计方法较多地依赖母型船性能和设计者长期积累的经验。现阶段,一种新型的结合CAD参数化建模技术和CFD数值计算技术的设计方法突破了传统方法的些许限制。以一型5000TEU集装箱船为例详细阐述了该方法的首次运用。该船线型的成功研发表明基于参数化建模的设计方法有助于提升船体线型的研发能力和设计效率,同时也降低了研发人员对母型船和设计经验的依赖程度。     

静水航行船舶粘性兴波阻力计算分析(英文)

The prediction of a ship's resistance especially the viscous wave-making resistance is an important issue in CFD applications. In this paper, the resistances of six ships from hull 1 to hull 6 with different hull forms advancing in still water are numerically studied using the solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU, which was developed based on the open source code package OpenFOAM. Different components of the resistances are computed and compared while considering two speed conditions(12 kn and 16 kn). The resistance of hull 3 is the smallest while that of hull 5 is the largest at the same speed. The results show hull 3 is a good reference for the design of similar ships, which can provide some valuable guidelines for hull form optimization.     

Least-weight topology and size optimization of high speed vehicle-passenger catamaran structure by genetic algorithm

Selection of the “best” or “optimum” engineering design has always been a major concern of designers. Reduction of hull weight is the most important aim in the structural design of many ship types. But the ability of designers to produce optimal designs of ship structures is severely limited by the calculation techniques available for this task. Complete definition of the optimal structural design requires formulation of size–topology–shape–material optimization task unifying optimization problems from four areas and effective solution of the problem. So far a significant progress towards solution of this problem has not been achieved. In other hand in recent years attempts have been made to apply genetic algorithm (GA) optimization techniques to design of ship structures. An objective of the paper was to create a computer code and investigate a possibility of simultaneous optimization of both topology and scantlings of structural elements of large spatial sections of ships using GA. In the paper GA is applied to solve the problem of weight minimization of a high speed vehicle-passenger catamaran structure with several design variables as dimensions of the plate thickness, longitudinal stiffeners and transverse frames and spacing between longitudinals and transversal members. Results of numerical experiments obtained using the code are presented. They show that GA can be an efficient optimization tool for simultaneous design of topology and sizing high speed craft structures.     

Uncertainty quantification of Delft catamaran resistance,sinkage and trim for variable Froude number and geometry using metamodels,quadrature and Karhunen–Loève expansion

A framework for assessing convergence and validation of non-intrusive uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods is studied and applied to a complex industrial problem in ship design, namely the high-speed Delft Catamaran advancing in calm water, with variable Froude number and geometry. Relationship between UQ studies and deterministic verification and validation is discussed. Computations are performed using high- (URANS) and low- (potential flow) fidelity simulations. Froude number has expected value and standard deviation equal to 0.5 and 0.05, respectively, on a truncated normal distribution. Geometric uncertainty is related to the research space of a simulation-based design optimization, and assessed through the Karhunen–Loève expansion (KLE). Monte Carlo method with Latin hypercube sampling (MC-LHS) is used to compute expected value, standard deviation, distribution and uncertainty intervals for resistance, sinkage and trim. MC-LHS with CFD is used as a benchmark for validating less costly UQ methods, including MC-LHS with metamodels and standard quadrature formulas. Gaussian quadrature is found the most efficient method; however, MC-LHS with metamodels is preferred since provides with confidence intervals and distributions in a straightforward way and at reasonably small computational cost. UQ results are compared to earlier deterministic single- and multi-objective optimization; reduced-dimensional KLE studies for geometric variability indicate that stochastic optimization would not be of great benefit for the present problem.     

基于高分辨图像声呐的舰船声尾流实测研究

利用基于高分辨图像声呐对水面船的尾流散射特性进行海试测量,测得水面船的船体亮点和尾流空间分布图像。对尾流数据进行分析,获得水面船声尾流散射强度随时间变化特性和对应舰船的声尾流时间长度数据。     

船桨干扰定常空化性能数值模拟

文章采用CFD技术计算了船桨干扰定常空化性能。首先计算了不同空化数下的NACA66(MOD)水翼和DTRC4381螺旋桨的定常空化性能,同时预报了KCS船的伴流场、阻力性能和船体表面压力分布。为了验证计算船后螺旋桨空化流的可行性,文中对KCS船和KP505螺旋桨进行了整体考虑,并计算了不同空化数下的船后螺旋桨的空化覆盖面积。计算表明,文中采用的计算方法合理,计算结果与试验结果吻合。