营运大客车正面碰撞乘员伤害的研究

客车发生正面碰撞事故约占客车碰撞事故的50%~60%。利用LS-DYNA软件,建立了包括假人、安全带和安全气囊在内的大客车车体有限元模型,对不同速度下营运大客车的正面碰撞特性进行了模拟仿真计算,分析了无任何保护措施、佩戴安全带及佩戴安全带且安全气囊起爆三种事故形态下乘员头部HPC值、胸部压缩量和大腿骨轴向接触力等伤害值。研究结果表明,安全带对于驾驶员的保护意义重大,为营运大客车乘员保护设计以及合理制定营运大客车正面碰撞法规提供数据参考。     

汽车碰撞模拟现状及发展趋势研究

分析了汽车安全标准,国内外汽车碰撞计算机模拟研究与发展状况,提出了通过对汽车碰撞进行模拟计算来部分地取代与改进汽车碰撞试验工作.     

公路护栏碰撞分析及探讨

随着我国公路里程数和车辆保有量日益增长,道路交通事故中的公路护栏碰撞问题也层出不穷,迫切需要对交通安全设施工程进行专项研究。文章通过分析公路护栏问题存在的现状,研究国内外护栏规范水平差异、设计原则及影响因素,分析了护栏碰撞问题囊括的运动学、动量定理、质量及能量守恒法公式,并对车辆碰撞公路护栏的数值模拟进行研究,得出评价及建议,研究成果可为交安工程设计和施工提供参考。     

客车正面碰撞的乘员约束系统和损伤仿真研究

本文通过模拟仿真和理论分析的方法,对客车正面碰撞中不同乘坐位置和不同约束条件下乘员损伤情况进行了对比分析。针对客车上三种典型的乘员约束条件:无安全带约束、两点式安全带约束和三点式安全带约束,详细阐明了约束条件和座位位置对客车正面碰撞事故中乘员损伤部位的影响,以及不同约束条件下约束系统对乘员的保护效果,有利于提出合理的客车乘员约束系统性能要求。     

冰撞载荷作用下船舶夹芯抗冲击舷侧结构设计

伴随着"冰上丝绸之路"口号的提出,也为开发北极航道带来了空前的机遇。而北极航区有大量的浮冰存在,船舶航行时难免会遇到船与冰碰撞的问题。在查阅相关文献和掌握理论知识的基础上,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立船舶--浮冰碰撞模型,分别对不同船舶夹芯式舷侧结构与普通结构和浮冰碰撞的损伤情况进行数值模拟计算,根据对数据结果的比较分析选取出一种较优的抗冰载荷作用的结构形式。     

F型与直壁型护栏在客车撞击下的仿真研究

为了对比研究A类防撞等级中F型混凝土护栏和直壁型混凝土护栏的防护性能,建立两种护栏与客车的有限元模型,运用ANSYS Workbench软件中显式动力学模块,控制仿真碰撞的试验参数,将大客车模型以规定的初速度和碰撞角度进行计算机仿真碰撞试验,从车辆的加速度、车辆运行轨迹、护栏的最大动态变形量等方面综合对比两种护栏的防护性能。结果表明:相比直壁式护栏,F型混凝土护栏防撞性能、安全性能、导向性能较好。     

碰撞单元阻尼对桥梁碰撞效应的影响

城市桥梁的抗震防灾问题日益受到学术界和工程界的高度重视。近几十年的几次大地震表明,地震时桥梁大多因发生碰撞而引发破坏、落梁甚至坍塌等严重灾害。本文以南山路T605主线南段第二联的(20+20+20)三跨简支梁桥为工程背景,借鉴相关规范和桥梁建设过程中的相关经验,采用Kelvin接触单元模型,建立三跨简支梁桥的全桥有限元模型,分析了纵梁间的碰撞单元阻尼对全桥地震响应的影响。     

多相流颗粒碰撞磨损的研究

多相流碰撞磨损在工业上具有广泛的背景,是材料破坏或设备失效的重要原因之一。对国内外多相流碰撞磨损的研究进行了回顾和总结,影响碰撞磨损的因素有颗粒碰撞壁面速度、碰撞角度、颗粒浓度等方面;对多相流磨损的研究由实验方法向数值计算方面发展。颗粒碰撞对多相流防、除垢技术的工程设计具有一定的指导作用,为进一步的研究提供了方向。     

输气管道泄漏率计算与扩散模拟方法述评

分析了研究输气管道泄漏率计算与扩散模拟对管道泄漏事故后果评价和事故处理的重要意义,综述了国内外输气管道泄漏率的稳态、瞬态计算模型,指出其适用范围;总结了输气管道泄漏扩散模拟的各种方法及其优缺点,建议建立较简单的气体扩散模型,应用三维计算模型及湍流统计、模式理论模拟输气管道泄漏情形.     

车辆撞击城市跨线桥桥墩的损伤机理分析

文章采用有限元分析模型,研究城市跨线桥桥墩在普通车辆撞击下的受力状态及车-桥的碰撞机理,并模拟分析了在车辆不同的撞击角度下桥墩的应力及位移变化状态。     

山区公路路侧护栏等级选择方法

路侧护栏是高速公路、山区公路和桥梁路段最常用的安全保障措施。文章针对路侧安全防撞护栏等级设计中常出现的问题,提出护栏设置的六个参考准则,进而研究层次分析法(The analytic hierarchy process,AHP)在路侧护栏安全等级选择中的应用。     

Validation of an agent-based microscopic pedestrian simulation model in a crowded pedestrian walking environment

This study validates a recently developed agent-based pedestrian micro-simulation model in a crowded walking environment. The model is applied to simulate pedestrian movements at a major street in the downtown Vancouver area. The street was closed for traffic to allow people attending a social event to leave the area safely. The calibration of model parameters is conducted using a Genetic Algorithm that minimizes the error between simulated and actual trajectories, acquired by means of computer vision. Validation results confirm the accuracy of the simulated trajectories, as the average error between the actual and simulated trajectories is found to be 0.28?m, and the average error in walking speed is just 0.06 m/s. Furthermore, results show that the model is capable of reproducing the actual behavior of pedestrians during different interactions with high accuracy (more than 94% for most interactions).     

Development of simulated driving cycles for light,medium, and heavy duty trucks: Case of the Toronto Waterfront Area

Driving cycles are an important input for state-of-the-art vehicle emission models. Development of a driving cycle requires second-by-second vehicle speed for a representative set of vehicles. Current standard driving cycles cannot reflect or forecast changes in traffic conditions. This paper introduces a method to develop representative driving cycles using simulated data from a calibrated microscopic traffic simulation model of the Toronto Waterfront Area. The simulation model is calibrated to reflect road counts, link speeds, and accelerations using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The simulation is validated by comparing simulated vs. observed passenger freeway cycles. The simulation method is applied to develop AM peak hour driving cycles for light, medium and heavy duty trucks. The demonstration reveals differences in speed, acceleration, and driver aggressiveness between driving cycles for different vehicle types. These driving cycles are compared against a range of available driving cycles, showing different traffic conditions and driving behaviors, and suggesting a need for city-specific driving cycles. Emissions from the simulated driving cycles are also compared with EPA’s Heavy Duty Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule showing higher emission factors for the Toronto Waterfront cycles.     

A comparison between PARAMICS and VISSIM in estimating automated field‐measured traffic conflicts at signalized intersections

The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between field‐measured conflicts and simulated conflicts estimated from microsimulation model (PARAMICS) using the surrogate safety assessment model. An urban signalized intersection was selected for analysis. Automated video‐based computer vision techniques were used to identify field conflicts. The applicability of a two‐step model calibration procedure applied to VISSIM in a recent study was investigated using PARAMICS. In the first calibration step, the PARAMICS model was calibrated to ensure that the simulation gives reasonable results of average delay times. The second calibration step used a genetic algorithm procedure to calibrate PARAMICS parameters to enhance the correlation between simulated and field‐measured conflicts. Finally, the results obtained from PARAMICS were compared with results obtained from VISSIM. The comparison included three aspects: (i) the car‐following model and safety‐related parameters; (ii) the correlation between simulated and field‐measured conflicts; and (iii) the conflict spatial distributions. The results show that the default simulation model parameters give poor correlation with the field‐measured data, and therefore, using simulation models without a proper calibration should be avoided. Overall, good correlation between field‐measured and simulated conflicts was obtained after calibration for both models, especially at higher time‐to‐collision (TTC) values. At TTC threshold of 1.5 s, PARAMICS overestimates the number of conflicts and VISSIM underestimates it. Both models overestimated the number of conflicts at TTC threshold of 3.00 s. There were major differences between field‐measured and simulated conflicts spatial distributions for both simulation models. This indicates that despite the good correlation obtained from the calibration process, both PARAMICS and VISSIM do not capture the actual conflict occurrence mechanism. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

X80管线钢在鄯善土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

利用失重法、电化学测试、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法,研究X80管线钢在鄯善土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明：X80钢在3个测试点模拟土壤溶液中以全面腐蚀为主,局部位置发生点蚀;60 d浸泡期内,其在不同模拟溶液中的腐蚀速率大小依次为：AN000〉AN065〉AN016;随着浸泡时间的增加,Ca2＋吸附在X80钢表面并形成Ca的产物层,有效地减缓了X80钢在AN016模拟溶液中的腐蚀。在含盐量较高的土壤环境中,富集在钢基表面的结晶盐对钢的腐蚀具有一定的减缓作用。     

Comparing the impact of future airline network change on emissions in India and the United States

In this paper we use simulation to analyze how flight routing network structure may change in different world regions, and how this might impact future traffic growth and emissions. We compare models of the domestic Indian and US air transportation systems, representing developing and mature air transportation systems respectively. We explicitly model passenger and airline decision-making, capturing passenger demand effects and airline operational responses, including airline network change. The models are applied to simulate air transportation system growth for networks of 49 airports in each country from 2005 to 2050. In India, the percentage of connecting passengers simulated decreases significantly (from over 40% in 2005 to under 10% in 2050), indicating that a shift in network structure towards increased point-to-point routing can be expected. In contrast, very little network change is simulated for the US airport set modeled. The simulated impact of network change on system CO₂ emissions is very small, although in the case of India it could enable a large increase in demand, and therefore a significant reduction in emissions per passenger (by nearly 25%). NO_x emissions at major hub airports are also estimated, and could initially reduce relative to a case in which network change is not simulated (by nearly 25% in the case of Mumbai in 2025). This effect, however, is significantly reduced by 2050 because of frequency competition effects. We conclude that network effects are important when estimating CO₂ emissions per passenger and local air quality effects at hub airports in developing air transportation systems.     

基于SPS软件的埋地热油管道停输温降分析

为了进一步认识埋地热油管道的停输再启动过程,首先利用管道仿真软件SPS进行管道分析。在软件中建立了1个埋地热油管道模型,结合软件自身功能实现管道的停输再启动过程的仿真,记录分析停输温降数据,对影响停输温降的一些因素进行了探讨。另外,使用软件TLNET和公式法对该管道进行了停输温降分析,并将其结果与SPS软件得到的结果进行比较。3种方法计算结果有差别。文中分析了造成差别的原因。     

Orchestration of driving simulator scenarios based on dynamic actor preparation and automated action planning

In driving simulation, a scenario includes definitions of the road environment, the traffic situation, simulated vehicles’ interactions with the participant’s vehicle and measurements that need to be collected. The scenarios need to be designed in such a way that the research questions to be studied can be answered, which commonly imply exposing the participant for a couple of predefined specific situations that has to be both realistic and repeatable. This article presents an integrated algorithm based on Dynamic Actor Preparation and Automated Action Planning to control autonomous simulated vehicles in the simulation in order to generate predefined situations. This algorithm is thus able to plan driving actions for autonomous vehicles based on specific tasks with relevant contextual information as well as handling longitudinal transportation of simulated vehicles based on the contextual information in an automated manner. The conducted experiment shows that the algorithm is able to guarantee repeatability under autonomous traffic flow. The presented algorithm can benefit not only the driving simulation community, but also relevant areas, such as autonomous vehicle and in-vehicle device design by providing them with an algorithm for target pursue and driving task accomplishment, which can be used to design a human-vehicle cooperation system in the coming era of autonomous driving.     

X100管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂行为的研究

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)试验和SEM研究了SRB+IOB对X100管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果表明:X100管线钢母材和焊缝试样在无菌环境下的断口颈缩程度均明显小于有菌(SRB+IOB)环境;母材和焊缝断口在无菌环境下均为韧性+脆性混合型断口,呈现准解理形貌,具有较高的SCC敏感性。在有菌(SRB+IOB)环境下均为韧性断口,呈现韧窝形貌,具有较低的SCC敏感性,且低于无菌环境;无菌环境下断口侧面的SCC裂纹明显多于有菌(SRB+IOB)环境;SRB+IOB的存在导致X100管线钢SCC敏感性降低。     

油田采出液管道内壁流动腐蚀行为研究

采用循环流动腐蚀试验装置,研究了16Mn钢在三元复合驱采出液流动介质中的电化学腐蚀行为.通过试验得出温度、流速对腐蚀电流密度的影响规律.结果表明:在流动的三元复合驱溶液中,16Mn钢的腐蚀速度因溶液温度、流速不同而变化.通过X射线衍射分析确定腐蚀产物的相结构,并对腐蚀产物膜的保护性进行了分析,以此就温度、流速对腐蚀速度的影响规律进行了探讨.