浅析《船员条例》对国际劳工组织公约国内化的立法实践（上）

作为《船员条例》的主要起草人之一,通过对《船员条例》在与国际公约和国际惯例接轨方面的立法思考和立法实践的分析,介绍分析现行《船员条例》与国际劳工组织（ILO）《2006年海事劳工公约》关联的内容、在实施《船员条例》时需要注意的问题并提出了今后进一步将国际劳工组织公约转化为本国法律的立法展望和建议。     

Analysis and Potential Alternatives for the Disputed South China Sea from Ocean Governance in the Polar Regions

Sovereignty claims over insular features and maritime jurisdiction in the South China Sea have been disputed for decades, and a governance regime to address ocean-related issues is urgently needed. This article first introduces the notion of a regime, and examines details of cooperation mechanisms in the Polar Regions. Lessons that can be applied to the South China Sea include that both soft and hard law regimes work to bring States concerned together to cooperate on the “commons” issues even when military conflicts or sovereignty disputes still exist. Consensus among bordering States would be necessary to make the South China Sea a “zone of peace.” Mechanisms that accommodate the various sovereignty claims and freeze existing and new claims to, as well as to prohibit military activities in, the South China Sea are recommended. Lastly, if a cooperative mechanism were to be established in the future, the Arctic regime would be more applicable to the South China Sea than the Antarctic regime due to their geographic nature. Thus, only States bordering the South China Sea should have voting and decision-making rights in the cooperative mechanism. As always, the political will of all parties is paramount to the success of such an endeavor.     

一种无触点补偿式交流稳压器的设计

针对可控硅的缺点,提出了一种采用IGBT的无触点补偿式交流稳压器的设计。为了提高补偿精度,采用了3个独立的补偿变压器,通过单片机控制IGBT来调节变压器的绕组组合,从而实现输出电压的稳定。最后给出系统的硬件、软件实现。搭建了三相30kVA的无触点交流稳压器试验平台,试验表明,该方案是切实有效的。     

对我国建设工程索赔机制运行有关问题的探讨

索赔机制及其运行是实现索赔的重要保证。文章通过对索赔机制的定义及构成分析,阐释了索赔机制的本质及运行影响因素。据此,对我国索赔机制运行中的困境及原因做了剖析,提出了完善我国索赔机制、改善索赔环境的具体措施和建议。     

我国船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度构想

随着船舶油污损害的加剧,我国正酝酿制订船舶油污损害赔偿专门立法。本文提出我国船舶油污损害赔偿立法应由四大基本制度构成,即适用范围制度、赔偿主体制度、赔偿范围制度、赔偿限制制度。     

基于质量管理体系的海事履约机制建设思考

文中总结了《海事履约体系管理标准》的特点,结合过程方法阐述了履约体系建设思路,并提出了海事履约体系建设展望。     

船舶油污损害赔偿评估的模糊类比分析法

根据油污事故损害赔偿案例之间所具有的类比性,以及事故产生损害程度与溢油种类、数量、油膜扩散面积、受污海岸类型和长度等指标密切相关的特点,提出油污损害赔偿评估的多指标模糊类比分析方法,通过等评估的油污事故与历史赔偿案例之间的多指标综合类比进行关于损害程度的模糊排序,从而分析得到的此次油污事故的损害程度大小及应赔偿索赔的范围和具体数值,与直接统计评估法相比,分析方法所需要的数据和资料较少而且易得,评估     

沉船、沉物打捞清除费用海事赔偿责任限制的研究

文章目的是探讨如何解决沉船,沉物打捞的清除费用不能享受海事赔偿责任限制的问题,并结合目前我国解决强制打捞清除费用的途径,提出针对性建议措施。     

论我国船舶油污损害赔偿基金制度的完善

文中结合中国国情及国际相关做法,提出了建立我国船舶油污损害赔偿基金制度的相关建议,以期对该制度进一步完善     

谈海上钻井平台油污损害赔偿责任限制

文中通过分析美国关于海上钻井平台的油污损害赔偿规定责任限额及丧失的条件,提出中国应该建立独立的海上钻井平台油污损害赔偿的责任限制,同时提出建立责任限制制度的配套措施,规定责任限制丧失的条件和相应的经济责任制度。     

The place of the ISPS Code in the legal international regime

The adoption of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is the latest response of the international shipping community to the increasing threat posed by acts of terrorism at sea. The ACHILLE LAURO incident of 1985 showed that the traditional law against piracy was not adequate to deal with new types of unlawful acts against international shipping, especially those involving acts of terrorism. The 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention) and the technical and administrative measures adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of IMO in 1986 and 1996 attempted to develop a broader regime to deal with unlawful acts against international shipping.However, the events of September 11, 2001 showed that additional measures were still needed to prevent terrorist attacks against ships.     

International regulation of liability for multimodal transport

The establishment of a widely acceptable uniform international legal framework for multimodal transport has proven to be extremely difficult. In spite of attempts by various international organizations, following the advent of container revolution, there is still no uniform international legal regime in force to govern liability for loss, damage or delay arising from multimodal transportation. In 2002 the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) embarked on the elaboration of a draft instrument to cover contracts for the international carriage of goods. The Draft Instrument, which had been prepared to govern sea transport, is proposed also to cover multimodal transport involving a sea leg.     

The limited scope of seaborne cargo liability regime: new political–economic environments in the 21st century

ABSTRACT

Since the 1920s, seaborne cargo liability regimes have introduced a small number of mandatory rules into international carriage of goods by sea, through the Hague–Visby Rules, to restrict freedom of contract. These rules worked within a limited scope to offset imperfect competition in the shipping markets. However, the recent Hamburg and Rotterdam Rules attempted to extend this scope of seaborne cargo liability regime, which seems to be more extensive than is desirable. This article compares and examines the shipping sub-sectors’ environment and maritime economics over the past century up to date. The new business patterns of the shipping sub-sectors, the rising influence of developing countries, and the containerisation are creating new shipping environments for this area of law. Compared with previous decades, imperfect competition is only found in a smaller number of areas within the shipping markets nowadays. This article argues that only a limited scope of application is needed for international seaborne cargo liability regime. Thus, these new economic and political realities call for innovative modifications to the recent rules regarding the scope of application, and future regime should refocus international uniformity on a limited scope.     

“桑吉”轮油污损害赔偿法律适用问题探析

“桑吉”轮所载货物凝析油,不属于《1992年责任公约》所调整的“持久性油类”范畴,此外其还装载有1900余吨船用燃料油。该案作为世界上首例“凝析油”油船海难事故,因此导致油污损害赔偿法律适用问题并不明朗,适用不同法律可能导致相关方赔偿责任限制差异巨大。探究“桑吉”轮案油污损害赔偿法律适用问题,不仅有助于满足我国现实司法需要,更可为我国乃至世界处理此类油污损害问题提供有益借鉴。文中将从国际公约及国内法角度,对“桑吉”轮油污损害赔偿问题可能涉及的法律适用问题进行探析。     

The Arctic Shipping and Environmental Management Agreement: A Regime for Marine Pollution

Climate change is predicted to have particularly challenging impacts throughout the Arctic. For instance, there is a great probability of sea ice melting, leading to increased vessel traffic and oil pollution. Eight major nation-states have vested concerns in the potential opening of Arctic sea routes. They each have pledged to take protective action through the Arctic Council. However, there is still a need to develop an international institution to simultaneously address Arctic marine pollution and protect the needs of these states. This article seeks to design a legally binding regime for oil pollution control in the Arctic. In creating this new regime, we shall utilize several shared design elements of historically effective international regimes and take advantage of the legal innovations of these agreements. Our new regime, entitled the Arctic Shipping and Environmental Management Agreement (ASEMA), will take into account both the economic and environmental interests of the parties involved.     

关于建立我国船舶油污损害赔偿机制问题研究

船舶一旦发生溢油事故,往往给受害人带来巨额的经济损失。为了减少该损失,世界上几乎所有的石油进出口大国都建立了船舶油污损害赔偿机制。然而我国目前并没有专门的油污损害赔偿立法,种种弊端突显。因此,我国亟待建立适合我国国情的油污损害赔偿机制,借鉴国际上的成熟经验,逐步与国际接轨。     

Compensation issues under the Bunkers Convention

Oil tankers are not the only vessels that cause oil pollution damage at sea. Numerous spills at sea have been of heavy fuel oil from non-tankers. The international system of civil liability and compensation established after the Torrey Canyon incident covers only oil pollution damage caused by oil tankers. There was thus a need to bring the law on marine oil pollution up-to-date by extending liability and compensation to all sea-going vessels. In March 2001, the Bunkers Convention was adopted at a Diplomatic Conference at the IMO; it has not yet come into force. This paper focuses on the discussion of compensation issues under the Bunkers Convention. It analyses the relevant provisions, the impacts of components such as compulsory insurance on the availability of compensation under the Bunkers Convention. Suggestions on other compensation sources are also given in this paper.     

国家应急力量强制清污费用索赔的法律依据

文中通过分析我国现行法律中的相关规定,结合近年来司法审判实践中的具体情况,并借鉴其他国家、国际组织的做法和经验,对海事主管机关是否有权向肇事船东索赔强制清污费用的问题进行研究和探讨。     

STCW马尼拉修正案生效后船员休息时间的PSC检查

STCW公约马尼拉修正案即将于2012年1月1日生效,并将对PSC检查产生重大影响。文中以船员休息时间的PSC检查为切入点,总结了STCW公约以及ILO相关公约对船员休息时间的要求及修正,分析了相关滞留案例与检查要点,为STCW公约马尼拉修正案生效后船员体息时间的PSC检查提供了参考。     

超大型油船溢油防护结构设计研究

介绍了超大型油船设置溢油防护结构的重要性,详述了溢油防护结构涉及的入级规范、国际公约、规则及其他相关要求,列举了油船常见的几种溢油防护结构型式,分析了它们的优缺点,总结了首、中、尾各区域溢油防护结构设计的相关细节和要求,验证了甲板面上被圈围起来的液体形成的自由液面对船舶初稳性高影响甚微,得出了溢油防护结构的设计需要在总体布置时有所考虑,在结构设计时进行细化的结论。