Relationships between near-bottom dissolved oxygen and sediment profile camera measures

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and other environmental authorities regulate concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) as a measure of nutrient-related eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters. However, in situ DO concentrations are extremely variable, and their characterization requires an extensive sampling program to provide data over meaningful scales of time and space. In contrast, benthic faunal communities integrate the impacts of low DO over time, and can be rapidly assessed using benthic imaging. The goal of this study was to quantify the relationships between near-bottom dissolved oxygen and measures derived from benthic imaging with a sediment profile camera. We monitored three stations in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA) for DO and other water quality parameters 15–20 cm above the sediment surface on 15-minute intervals between July and November 2002, and regularly sampled these stations with a sediment profile camera throughout this time period. These soft-sediment stations encompassed several DO environments. We tested for relationships between near-bottom DO and several camera measures, including Nilsson and Rosenberg's Benthic Habitat Quality (BHQ) index, the apparent Redox Potential Discontinuity (aRPD) depth, and various faunal features that can be identified in sediment profile images. Camera measures were examined against a variety of methods of characterizing DO (including mean DO, and the percent of time under various DO thresholds), over a span of time scales from 1 day to 49 days. The best relationship (highest r²) between near-bottom DO and BHQ was found when DO was evaluated as the percent of time under a hypoxic threshold of 2.6 mg l^− 1 over a 28-day time scale (by examining DO records over the 28 days preceding each camera deployment). We found that, over several benthic settings, the BHQ index was successful at identifying environments that had experienced relatively high or low DO over the preceding four weeks. Our sediment profile data showed more variability with DO in the intermediate values of BHQ. We conclude that sediment profile camera measures correlate to DO in areas where low DO is the primary stressor, integrate DO over ecologically relevant time scales, and enable sampling over spatial scales that are meaningful for mapping by virtue of rapid deployment and analysis. We submit that sediment profile camera imagery is a useful assessment and mapping tool for environmental managers interested in benthic condition and in first-order quantitative estimates of near-bottom DO regimes in areas where low DO is the primary benthic stressor.     

Benthic habitat quality assessment of an oxygen stressed fjord by surface and sediment profile images

In May and October 1994 the benthic habitats in Havstensfjord (26 km²), a seasonally oxygen stressed stratified fjord, were classified by taking sediment surface and sediment profile images (SPI) at 90 stations, randomized into nine strata. Qualitative grab samples for faunal inspection were taken at about of the stations in both May and October to help to identify objects in the images. The images give information on sediment characteristics (texture, oxic/anoxic conditions, lamination) which often can be related to functional properties of the macrofauna (burrows, tubes, feeding voids, reworked sediment) or to observations on benthic epifauna. In combination, such variables mirror the quality of the benthic habitat. Analysis of sediment profile images was done with multivariate methods [Benthic Habitat Quality (BHQ) index] and univariate statistical methods to describe differences between areas and depths. Variance analysis of BHQ indices indicated a significant interaction between area and depth. In both the northeast and northwest strata the oxygen stress had induced a habitat degradation at depths deeper than 25 m compared to shallower northwest and northeast strata and all south depth strata. No significant difference in mean BHQ index was found between May and October. We discuss the potential application of the SPI technique for efficient monitoring oxygen stressed marine coastal areas.     

Ground truthing sediment profile imagery with traditional benthic survey data along an established disturbance gradient

Macrobenthic surveys are an expensive, slow and labour intensive means to establish the health of benthic communities. Sediment profile imagery (SPI) is a means of rapid reconnaissance for monitoring large areas of the benthos. SPI has often been used to monitor gross anthropogenic disturbance. The aim of this study is to determine if SPI can be used as a tool to reliably map change in communities along natural estuarine gradients. Macrobenthic sampling was carried out at five stations along an established estuarine gradient. This faunal data was analysed using standard multivariate techniques and to ground truth a concurrent SPI survey. Faunal analysis showed that habitat quality in Inner Galway Bay was generally good, with some localised disturbance from the River Corrib and the sewage out flow exterior to the city dock. Four distinct groups were identified with a degree of overlap occurring between stations 3 and 4. While existing SPI indices mapped habitat quality in the same manner as the faunal data for end member stations, the level of distinction between the habitats of an intermediate staging was found to be poor. This lack of distinction amongst the stage 2 and 3 stations was overcome by developing a tailored index, the Galway Bay index of habitat quality (GBHQ). This index was derived from the 5 observed variables in the SPI data that were determined to best match the faunal distribution by permutative mantel testing. The 5 observed variables from the SPI data were the depth of the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD), the depth of penetration by the prism, and the presence/absence of infauna, surface faecal pellet layer and biogenic mounding. The GBHQ was able to distinguish between the 5 stations to a greater extent than previously described indices, showing clearly the separate groupings defined by the faunal data. The index was tested on a follow up SPI survey and shown to be applicable in mapping a broader range of habitats in Galway Bay. Indices generated for localised mapping of estuarine gradients should be derived from observed features and be ground truthed using faunal data. Some aspects of the GBHQ should be generally applicable to fine grained boreal estuarine sediments (aRPD/penetration), while others may be of limited utility in other locations depending on the digging characteristics of the particular SPI camera, and local factors influencing the persistence of biogenic features in the profile. This derivation technique provides a simple way to optimise SPI to particular studies and localities.     

数据挖掘在无人船舶目标图像识别中的应用

为了缩短无人船舶目标图像的识别时间,提高目标图像的质量,提出了数据挖掘在无人船舶目标图像识别中的应用。利用数据挖掘技术确定无人船舶目标图像的阈值,根据目标图像的阈值误差分割了目标图像,采用图像边缘点提取公式将图像边缘点连接成线,提取出目标图像的外轮廓,完成无人船舶目标图像的预处理;通过目标图像识别算法的改进设计,得到了目标图像的识别流程,实现了数据挖掘在无人船舶目标图像的识别中的应用研究。仿真实验结果表明,数据挖掘在无人船舶目标图像识别方法与基于航拍技术的目标图像识别方法相比,目标图像的识别时间缩短了35.1%。     

基于计算机大数据的船舶视频图像类型辨识分析

传统船舶视频图像类型识别算法在图像类型识别计算过程中,存在视频图像高频尺度空间像素子带系数计算精度较低,导致图像画面差异辨识度降低,无法高精度对比图像特征参量的问题。因此,提出计算机大数据船舶视频图像类型辩识分析。通过神经网络算法,建立视频图像特征的神经网络模型;根据特征模型推导建立辨识模型。在辨识模型的基础上,通过导入大数据高频子带尺度算法,对图像特征尺度空间内的高频子带系数进行优化计算,从而提升视频图像类型的辨识精度。通过实验数据对比表明:提出的视频图像辨识算法,能够有效改善图像类型识别环境,提升图像类型辨识精度,解决了传统辨识算法辨识精度低的问题。     

Quality control of ocean temperature and salinity profiles — Historical and real-time data

A new automated quality control system for oceanic temperature and temperature–salinity profiles is presented. Substantial development was needed for some of the quality control algorithms although the checks were based on documented procedures used elsewhere where appropriate. A new automated ship track check was developed: the results of an undetected position error can be very damaging to ocean analyses. Also important is a check against a gridded background, this can be a climatology but near the surface it is advantageous to use an estimate that is evolving over time. Bayesian probability theory is used in the background check and the associated check against nearby observations (buddy check). The system was used to process archive data for 1956–2004. As a by-product monthly model-free objective analyses for this period were produced. Versions of the system are used for near-real time ocean analysis and for initialising both short-range ocean forecasts and seasonal atmosphere–ocean forecasts. The main features of the oceanic observing systems are presented along with quality control statistics, examples of errors that can occur and some additional problematic cases.     

Distribution of suspended sediment in the coastal sea off the Ganges–Brahmaputra River mouth: observation from TM data

Remote sensing technique was applied to estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and to understand transportation, distribution and deposition of suspended sediment in the estuary and throughout the coastal sea, off the Ganges–Brahmaputra River mouth. During low river discharge period, zone of turbidity maximum is inferred in the estuary near the shore. SSC map shows that maximum SSC reaches 1050 mg/l in this period. Magnitude of SSC is mainly owing to resuspension of the bottom surface sediments induced by tidal currents flowing over shallow water depths. The influence of depth on resuspension is farther revealed from the distribution and magnitude of SSC along the head of Swatch of No Ground (SNG) submarine canyon. During high river discharge period, huge river outflow pushed the salt wedge and flashes away the suspended sediments in the coastal sea off the river mouth. Zone of turbidity maximum is inferred in the coastal water approximately within 5–10 m depth of water, where the maximum SSC reaches 1700 mg/l. In this period, huge fluvial input of the suspended sediments including the resuspended bottom sediments and the particles remaining in suspension for longer period of time since their initial entry control mainly the magnitude of SSC. In the estuary near the shore, seasonal variation in the magnitude of SSC is not evident. In the coastal sea (>5 m water depth), seasonal influence in the magnitude of SSC could be concluded from the discrepancy between SSC values of two different seasons. Transportation and deposition of suspended sediments also experiences seasonal variations. At present, suspended sediments are being accumulated on the shallow shelf (between 5 and 10 m water depth) in low discharge period and on the mid-shelf (between 10 and 75 m water depth) during high discharge period. An empirical (exponential) relationship was found between gradual settle down of suspended sediments in the coastal sea and its lateral distance from the turbidity maximum.     

高含沙高水流海区工程布置对泥沙运动的影响

根据现场实测资料,分析了洋山深水港区的水文泥沙特征,提出了封堵汊道、平顺水流、安全靠泊、减小淤积等建设深水大港的基本原则。论述了水流强弱是港口建成后,维护要求水深的关键,也是随工程布置唯一可变的因素。从而得出如下主要结论:工程方案布置应尽量保持现有水流条件,特别是港池和航道水域;在岸线开发利用上,应视自然水深大小而定;小洋山汊道全部封堵后,势必造成主通道涨、落潮量的减小。适当缩窄西口门宽度,确保主通道水流单宽流量维持现有水平,应是今后进一步研究的课题之一。     

Lagrangian data in a high-resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic: I. Comparison with in situ drifter data

A model/data comparison was performed between simulated drifters from a high-resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic and a data set from in situ surface drifters. The comparison makes use of pseudo-Eulerian statistics such as mean velocity and eddy kinetic energy, and Lagrangian statistics such as integral time scales. The space and time distribution of the two data sets differ in the sense that the in situ drifters were released inhomogeneously in space and time while the simulated drifters were homogeneously seeded at the same time over a regular 1° grid. Despite this difference, the total data distributions computed over the complete data sets show some similarities that are mostly related to the large-scale pattern of Ekman divergence/convergence.Comparisons of eddy kinetic energy and root mean square velocity indicate that the numerical model underestimates the eddy kinetic energy in the Gulf Stream extension and in the ocean interior. In addition, the model Lagrangian time scales are longer in the interior than the in situ time scales by approximately a factor of 2. It is suggested that this is primarily due to the lack of high-frequency winds in the model forcing, which causes an underestimation of the directly forced eddy variability. Regarding the mean flow, the comparison has been performed both qualitatively and quantitatively using James' statistical test. The results indicate that over most of the domain, the differences between model and in situ estimates are not significant. However, some areas of significant differences exist, close to high-energy regions, notably around the Gulf Stream path, which in the model lies slightly north of the observed path, although its strength and structure are well represented overall. Mean currents close to the buffer zones, primarily the Azores Current, also exhibit significant differences between model results and in situ estimates. Possibilities for model improvement are discussed in terms of forcings, buffer zone implementations, turbulence and mixed layer parameterizations, in light of our model/data comparison.     

基于大数据的舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪方法

舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪具有重要的研究意义,针对当前舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪算法存在的易丢失跟踪目标、目标跟踪精度低、计算时间少等缺陷,为了改善舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪效果,设计了基于大数据的舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪方法。首先分析了目前一些经典舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪方法的缺陷,找到引起它们不足的原因,然后提取舰船红外图像目标跟踪特征,并采用大数据分析技术根据特征实现舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪,最后对舰船红外图像目标跟踪误差和实时性进行实例分析,结果表明,本文方法的舰船红外图像目标跟踪精度高,跟踪误差处于实际应用要求的最小区间内,且舰船红外图像目标跟踪计算时间短,可以对目标进行实时有效的跟踪,获得比其它方法更优的舰船红外图像目标实时跟踪结果。     

潮间带微生物系统对海岸泥沙影响研究进展

潮间带微生物系统对海岸泥沙性质的影响是近年来一个新的研究热点。微生物通过分泌生物膜及自身活动等方式与海岸泥沙发生作用而改变其性质,包括泥沙的物理性质、化学性质、絮凝方式等,并进一步影响泥沙的动力特性及运动规律。文章综合阐述了国内外潮间带微生物系统对海岸泥沙影响的研究进展,包括微生物及其生物膜的研究、生物因子和海岸泥沙的相互作用研究、沉积泥沙的生物稳定性研究、悬浮泥沙的生物絮凝研究。目前相关的结论大多为定性说明,缺少较为系统的理论分析及数学模型模拟,相关工作应是未来研究的重点。     

关联数据分析的船舶航行图像目标检测系统

海上目标检测技术被广泛应用于军事领域的敌船监测、目标侦察等场景,提高海上航行图像的目标检测质量有重要意义。本文的核心是基于关联数据分析技术,对船舶航行图像进行分析和处理。采用一种灰色关联算法,分别针对船舶航行图像的海陆分离、图像平滑处理、图像增强等步骤进行详细介绍,通过软件和硬件开发,搭建了基于Windows 10平台的船舶航行图像目标检测系统,有一定的实际应用价值。     

Comparison of simulation results and field data on currents and density in Tokyo Bay

A multilevel model was applied to the calculation of permanent current and density variation in Tokyo Bay, and the change of the state of stratification and the accompanying current field was simulated. In the numerical simulation, the observed field data such as wind conditions and atmospheric temperature were used as input to the calculation, and the results were compared with the observed values of currents, salinity, and sea temperature. Comparison of simulation results and observed data revealed that the numerical simulation could describe well the current and density field governed by wind under stratified conditions. In particular, the long-term variations of the vertical structure of salinity and temperature from summer to autumn could be predicted qualitatively, as could the long-term variations of the vertical structure of salinity and temperature from summer to autumn. Additionally, the effects of boundary conditions on the results of numerical simulations were examined. As a result, it was clarified that the simulation results of salinity stratification were strongly affected by the boundary conditions such as river discharge and the vertical structure of salinity at the open boundary adjacent to the outer ocean.     

冲击载荷作用下方形蜂窝夹层板塑性动力响应分析

将冲击载荷作用下夹层板的响应分为三个阶段,利用能量守恒和刚塑性材料模型,对矩形的方形蜂窝夹层板在冲击载荷作用下塑性动力响应进行了理论分析,推导出四边固支的方形蜂窝夹层板在冲击载荷作用下最终残余变形的近似计算公式.并与有限元仿真结果进行了比较,两者吻合良好,验证了文中方法的正确性.该方法对方形蜂窝夹层板设计和优化具有较好的参考价值.     

SAR图像舰船目标长宽特征提取技术

SAR图像特征提取是目标识别中的关键步骤,直接影响目标识别的结果。长度类特征因其简单直观、效率高、易于提取等优势,常被作为船只类型的初始判定,针对 SAR图像舰船目标长宽特征提取问题,本文提出一种新的方法。首先通过水平集分割获得目标轮廓,其次采用区域消除方法滤除杂波,获得预处理后的目标图像;其次通过最小外接矩形拟合目标,获取舰船目标切片的长轴、旋转的角度;再次采用最小二乘法椭圆拟合获取舰船目标短轴;最后得到舰船目标的长宽特征。通过实测SAR图像处理结果表明,本文方法能够在背景杂波干扰下,抑制相干斑噪声的影响,提高了长宽提取的精度,是一种有效的舰船目标长宽特征提取方法。     

SAR图像舰船目标长宽特征提取技术

SAR图像特征提取是目标识别中的关键步骤,直接影响目标识别的结果。长度类特征因其简单直观、效率高、易于提取等优势,常被作为船只类型的初始判定,针对SAR图像舰船目标长宽特征提取问题,本文提出一种新的方法。首先通过水平集分割获得目标轮廓,其次采用区域消除方法滤除杂波,获得预处理后的目标图像;其次通过最小外接矩形拟合目标,获取舰船目标切片的长轴、旋转的角度;再次采用最小二乘法椭圆拟合获取舰船目标短轴;最后得到舰船目标的长宽特征。通过实测SAR图像处理结果表明,本文方法能够在背景杂波干扰下,抑制相干斑噪声的影响,提高了长宽提取的精度,是一种有效的舰船目标长宽特征提取方法。     

Biogeochemistry of sulfur in a sediment core from the west-central Baltic Sea: Evidence from stable isotopes and pyrite textures

The biogeochemistry of the sulfur cycle in a ca. 5-m-long sediment core from the eastern slope (221 m water depth) of the Landsort Deep in the west-central Baltic Sea was investigated by analyzing the solid phase records of sulfur isotopes and pyrite textures, besides selected main and minor elements. The sediments were deposited during post-glacial history of the Baltic Sea when the basin experienced alteration of brackish (Yoldia Sea, Littorina Sea) and freshwater (Baltic Ice Lake, Ancylus Lake) conditions. The stable isotopic composition of total sulfur was analyzed as a function of depth. In selected samples pyrite (FeS₂), greigite (Fe₃S₄), and barite (BaSO₄) fractions were separated for isotope analyses. Pyrite textures were analyzed by SEM and optical microscopy.Microbial reactions associated with the oxidation of organic matter resulted in assemblages of authigenic sulfide minerals which for the post-Ancylus Lake brackish water environment are dominated by pyrite and for freshwater environments by Fe-monosulfides. The sulfur isotopic composition of the brackish water Littorina Sea sediments (δ³⁴S between −40 and −27‰ vs. V-CDT) is believed to be determined by cellular sulfate reduction rates and reactions involving intermediate sulfur species. The availability of reactive iron and decomposable organic matter as well as sedimentation rate and the chemocline position are important variables upon the δ³⁴S values of sulfides in brackish water environment. The syn-depositional abundance of sulfur and organic matter, and transport of dissolved sulfur species vs. rates of microbial reactions determine δ³⁴S in the freshwater sediments. The upper part of the Ancylus Lake sediments is sulfidized by downward diffusing H₂S and/or sulfate from overlying brackish water sediments. Minor concretionary barite formation in the freshwater sediments is most likely due to the reaction of pore water sulfate diffusing downward from brackish water sediments with barium desorbed from freshwater sediments. The size distribution of pyrite framboids in the brackish sediments indicates that the formation mainly occurred from anoxic pore waters, although some pyrite formation in an anoxic water column cannot be excluded.     

瓯江口水文泥沙特征分析

在大量实测资料的基础上,对瓯江口海区的地貌特征、河道径流特征、河道输沙特征、潮汐特征、潮流特征、余流特征、波浪特征、含沙量特征、泥沙来源、盐度特征、悬沙粒径和底质粒径特征、瓯江南北口的分流和分沙特征、中水道和北水道的分流和分沙特征进行了分析,根据实测资料分析得到了瓯江口挟沙力公式,得到了平衡水深公式,为瓯江河口的工程开发建设和科学研究提供了基础资料。主要研究成果表明:(1)瓯江口的潮汐属正规半日潮类型,平均潮差在4 m以上,属强潮河口;(2)潮流属正规浅海半日潮流类型,呈往复流动,潮流动力强;(3)瓯江为少沙河流,多年平均年悬移质输沙量为205.1万t;(4)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分流比为21%和79%,落潮平均分流比为26%和74%;(5)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分沙比为20%和80%,落潮平均分流沙比为22%和78%。     

三维视觉识别下推进器模糊故障图像清晰化仿真研究

现有推进器生成图像时采用的传统算法存在噪声辨识度低、图像噪声边缘计算精度差的问题。导致生成的故障图像模糊,无法精准对其分析。针对此种问题,提出三维视觉识别下推进器模糊故障图像清晰化仿真研究。首先,通过展开三维视觉高斯差算法对图像噪声粒子进行差分计算,明确有效图像轮廓;其次,引入噪声循环分解算法,对确定的噪声轮廓内噪声点进行弱化计算,提升有效图像锐度,视线清晰图像的效果。最后,通过仿真实验对提出的设计方法进行对比性数据验证,证明提出的三维视觉识别下推进器模糊故障图像清晰化仿真方法能够有效解决推进器故障图像模糊的问题。     

淤泥质港泥沙研究技术创新与实践

文章基于天科院多年来在淤泥质港口工程实践中,所开发出的一些具有创新性的研究成果进行了综合概述。利用现场实测提出了利用风力推算水体含沙量的计算公式;根据细颗粒泥沙的特性研试了中子活化示踪沙技术;在浮泥运动特性的基础上开发了适航水深新技术;依据港口航道实测淤积规律,建立了一系列泥沙回淤计算公式。各项研究成果在各类港口工程的长期实践中得到验证,并结合港口发展形式对泥沙研究的趋势做了展望。