Comparison of different structural stress approaches for fatigue assessment of welded ship structures

The structural stress approach, which considers the stress increase due to the structural configuration, allows the fatigue strength assessment of welded ship structures with various geometries on the basis of an S–N curve depending only on the type of weld. However, a unique definition and the numerical calculation of the structural stresses are problematic, which has resulted in the development of different variants of the approach. These are discussed and compared with each other in the present paper. The application to three examples shows the variation and differences in the analysed stresses and predicted fatigue lives, which are compared with those derived from fatigue tests.     

A computational approach for fatigue crack propagation in ship structures under random sequence of clustered loading

The authors have developed a simulation program, CP-System, for multiple cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where through-the-thickness crack propagation is formulated as a two-dimensional in-plane problem, and the crack propagation behavior is simulated by step-by-step finite element analyses. In order to evaluate the fatigue lives of marine structures accurately, it is necessary to take into account the load histories induced by sea waves, which may be composed of a random sequence of certain clustered loads with variable stress range. In the proposed crack growth model, the crack opening and closure behavior is simulated by using the modified strip yielding model, and the effective tensile plastic stress intensity range, ΔK _RP, is calculated by considering the contact of plastic wake along the crack surfaces. The adequacy of the proposed crack growth model is examined by comparison with fatigue tests under non-constant-amplitude loading. The usefulness of the developed method is demonstrated for a ship structural detail under certain simulated load sequences. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth of a ship structure is significantly retarded due to the load interaction effects, so that the conventional method for fatigue life assessment may predict a relatively conservative fatigue life of a structure.     

船舶结构疲劳评估设计波法

以散货船船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处节点为例,对船舶结构疲劳评估的设计波法进行研究.论述了设计波法的基本原理,给出了确定设计波的流程。通过分析该节点的受力情况,确定5个控制载荷参数及设计波参数。以谱分析法得到的参考应力范围为目标值,对5个控制载荷参数对应的设计波作用下的节点应力范围结果进行回归分析,从而得到了用于疲劳评估的设计波组合,并利用该方法对1艘散货船的船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处的节点进行了计算。结果显示,设计波法与谱分析法的结果吻合较好,计算量大幅减少。     

Fatigue damage calculation for oil tanker and container ship structures

The fatigue behaviour of longitudinal stiffeners of oil tankers and container ships, subjected to dynamic loads, is analysed. The following dynamic load components are considered: hull girder vertical wave bending moment, alone and combined with the horizontal wave bending moment, hydrodynamic pressure and inertial forces caused by cargo acceleration.

The spectral method was selected to calculate the fatigue damage, based on S—N curves and Miner's rule. Following this approach, the fatigue damage may be calculated as a function of a stress parameter Ω_p, which represents the cumulative effect of wave induced loads in the unit of time and incorporates the combined effects of stress level and its occurring frequency.

Simple formulas for Ω_p of oil tankers and container ships are given, obtained from the results of hydrodynamic analyses performed on several ships, in different wave environments.

Several examples show the applicability of the methods to real ship structures. The method, however, still needs to be calibrated because of the simplifying hypotheses introduced in the loading conditions.     

Reliability-based design of subsea light weight pipeline against lateral stability

The application of non-metallic light weight pipeline (LWP) in subsea oil/gas transmission system is subject to subsea pipeline on-bottom stability problem because of their light weight. Additional weight required for the stabilization of subsea LWP is a critical item to consider when decreasing the cost of the pipeline system. This paper presents an effective approach to determine the additional weight by utilizing a reliability-based assessment of subsea LWP against on-bottom stability. In the approach, a dynamic non-linear finite element model (FEM), including a model of fluids-pipe-soil interaction for the subsea pipeline, is used to study the pipeline displacement response. In-place analysis of a flexible pipe is presented as an example of the authors' methodology. Results show that displacements are largely affected with and without considering the lift force. Additionally, the uncertainties of all parameters used in the model are considered. With 145 cases of FEM calculations being the samples, a response surface model (RSM) is developed to predict the pipeline lateral displacement using the software Design-Expert. Combing with the RSM equation, the Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to estimate the probability of exceeding pipeline stability. To calculate the reliability of LWP for different submerged weights, the method introduces a calibrated factor into the serviceability limit state (SLS) function. The proposed approach can be used to determine the additional weight required for the on-bottom stability of subsea pipelines while considering the uncertainties of all relevant parameters.     

船体结构典型节点疲劳模型试验

船体结构建造过程中存在一定程度的不确定性,同时在实际应用中可选择的S-N曲线是有限的,假设都采用规范推荐的S-N曲线计算疲劳寿命,其计算值必将与真实值产生一定程度的差异,因此有必要对船体结构典型节点进行疲劳模型试验。本文采用模型试验的方法对船体结构2种典型节点形式的疲劳特性,以及试验模型的设计、试验数据的处理方式及试验结果进行研究,得出的方法和结论对船体结构典型节点的疲劳模型试验具有参考意义。     

一种小型船舶上排维修装置设计

船舶上排方式很多,根据吨位的不同一般采取不同的上排方式,文章主要针对小型船舶维修保养需要,设计了一种能够减少人工工时,又能够使船舶快捷安全上排的装置,完成船舶后续维修保养工作。     

A unified fatigue life prediction method for marine structures

Marine structures such as ships and offshore platforms are mostly designed with damage tolerance and this design philosophy requires accurate prediction of fatigue crack propagation process. Now more and more people have realized that only a fatigue life prediction method based on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) theory has the potential to satisfy the accuracy requirement and to explain various fatigue phenomena observed. In the past several years, the authors’ group has made some efforts in developing a unified fatigue life prediction (UFLP) method for marine structures. The key issue for this development is to establish a “correct” crack growth rate relation. In this paper the improvement of the crack growth rate model is dealt with first. A new crack growth rate model based on the concept of partial crack closure is presented. The capability of the model is demonstrated. Secondly, studies on the engineering approaches to determine the parameters in the new crack growth rate model are carried out and validated by comparing with the experimental results on a wide range of alloys. Thirdly, the preliminary studies on some significant problems such as load sequence effect are presented. Finally, further studies for the application of the UFLP method to the fatigue strength assessment of marine structures are pointed out.     

A state-of-the-art review on fatigue life prediction methods for metal structures

 Metals are the most widely used materials in engineering structures, and one of the most common failure modes of metal structures is fatigue failure. Although metal fatigue has been studied for more than 160 years, many problems still remain unsolved. In this article, a state-of-the-art review of metal fatigue is carried out, with particular emphasis on the latest developments in fatigue life prediction methods. All factors which affect the fatigue life of metal structures are grouped into four categories: material, structure, loading, and environment. The effects of these factors on fatigue behavior are also addressed. Finally, potential problems to be resolved in the near future are pointed out. Received: January 7, 2002 / Accepted: March 25, 2002     

船舶与海洋结构物设计中的关键技术之一(结构强度)

该文主要论及了船舶与海洋结构物的设计中关键技术－结构强度。在基本理论概述、船舶结构强度分类,波浪载荷预报、结构分析技术、结构强度安全性的衡准、疲劳强度、可靠性分析及结构强度研究的展望等内容作了全面的论述,文章以通欲易懂的语句,描述了该学科20世纪进展的回顾和总结,包括国内外的进展及提出了亟待加强研究问题,并对该学科在21世纪的发展趋势进行了一定预测。     

基于疲劳强度的超大型集装船角隅优化设计

对于集装箱船而言,货舱角隅处一般存在结构形式的突变,在船体梁发生弯曲、扭转变形时,角隅承受着较大的弯曲正应力及翘曲应力,存在较严重的疲劳问题。本文以MARIC设计的某20000 TEU级超大型集装箱船为例,介绍了货舱内20 ft角隅、箱角角隅及舱口角隅的优化设计思路,通过有限元方法验证了优化方案的有效性。     

建立船舶疲劳设计的P-S-N曲线的双加权最小二乘法

疲劳设计在船舶安全、船舶维护等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文提出建立船舶疲劳设计的P-S-N曲线的双加权最小二乘法。首先利用成组疲劳试验数据,导出数据分布p分位点及其置信区间,并完成首次加权拟合;然后再利用疲劳强度数据,完成第二次加权拟合;最后得到任意可靠度下的P-S-N曲线。     

不同数值积分方式对海洋结构物疲劳裂纹扩展模拟结果的影响

海洋结构物的疲劳寿命预报是当前的研究热点,文章根据第二作者率领的课题组提出的海洋结构物疲劳寿命预报统一方法比较了疲劳裂纹扩展模拟的三种数值积分方法：逐周数值积分法、△N积分法和△a积分法,并分析了每种方法的适用条件。随后,以中心表面裂纹承受单向交变拉伸载荷的平板为例,分别运用三种方法计算了裂纹扩展寿命和最终裂纹尺寸。同时,研究了△N和△a取值不同对结果的影响。最后,综合考虑计算耗时和计算结果精度,给出了△N积分法和△a积分法的建议值,即△N/N≤1.0%,△a≤0.1 mm。     

On stress concentration factors for tubular Y- and T-Joints in frame structures

This paper is written as a result of some years experience with fatigue analysis of offshore jacket structures where the connections are made as tubular joints. The hot spot stresses at the tubular joints in such analysis are normally derived based on parametric equations for stress concentration factors. These stress concentration factors are normally related to the axial force in the brace. It is observed that the hot spot stresses at the crown positions of the tubular joint in some cases are significantly affected by the local loading on the chord and the bending moment in the chord. In order to use the existing formulae in these cases some engineering effort is required to derive correct hot spot stress. This work can be avoided by using the nominal stress in the chord as the basis for calculating the hot spot stress at the crown position instead of using the axial force in the brace as basis for the analysis. This also extends the validity of the equations for stress concentration factors for T- and Y- joints in design standards. The proposed modification makes it also simpler to include the effect of joint flexibility in a proper way. The basis for a proposed revision of the equations for stress concentration factors for these joints is presented in this paper. It is considered that this modification leads to minor changes of the computer code, but that it will save analysis work for engineers and reduce the possibility of calculating incorrect fatigue lives in tubular frame structures.     

用于船舶计程仪速度标定的高精度旋转系统研究

研制了一种进行船用计程仪速度标定的高精度旋转系统．系统由旋转机构、直流电机驱动装置和计算机控制系统组成．通过采用高精度的硬件定时器实现转速的准确测量,利用windows平台下的多媒体时钟进行定时采样及实时控制,使旋转系统的转速控制精度达到了1‰FS．     

一种复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

风暴模型是Tomita等提出的用来评估船舶结构疲劳强度的一种随机波浪载荷简化模型,它能表达波浪载荷是与时间相关的随机过程。文中介绍了风暴模型及波浪诱导应力短期分布的基本特征。将风暴模型和裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型及焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨了复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法。并用权函数法计算了给定残余应力分布的表面裂纹应力强度因子。预报了对接焊接接头焊趾处表面裂纹在风暴波浪载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明风暴的大小、顺序,初始裂纹尺寸及残余应力对裂纹扩展行为影响明显。合理的风暴模型参数及初始裂纹尺寸的确定对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的。     

船舶疲劳强度评估等效设计波法研究

在现有船舶疲劳强度评估设计波法基础上,对设计波的选取和应力范围的计算部分进行改进。提出一种更能全面考虑船舶载荷状态的设计波选取方法,同时定义一种更为准确的应力范围选取方法。以1艘散货船为例,根据筛选的设计波,进行疲劳损伤的计算,比较本文提出的改进的设计波法和原有谱分析法得到的疲劳寿命值,验证本文提出方法的可行性和优越性。     

舰船 RCS 测试内外结合定标方法

针对舰船 RCS 测试的定标问题,讨论从接收机前端注入标准微波信号或从发射机耦合发射功率输入接收机前端的2种内定标方法,作为修正外场定标的依据。根据雷达方程分析外场定标 RCS 测量设备、标准体加工、目标跟踪定位、测试区域环境等主要误差因素。讨论发射功率、系统非线性、系统稳定性、极化损耗等引入的误差,提出外场定标对标准体几何尺寸、表面光洁度以及所需信噪比等要求。通过内定标与外定标相结合的方法,解决由于定标与测试间隔时间过长接收机状态出现漂移导致测试误差的问题,保障舰船 RCS 长时间测试的精度和稳定度。     

砰击载荷作用下船底肋骨等效设计压力的确定

通过一个船体二维分段的自由落体试验,测量模型入水速度、砰击压力和结构响应,获得模型底部板架在砰击载荷作用下的响应特征;对结构模型在均布静压力作用下的应力响应进行有限元分析;比较试验和计算得到的应力响应,获得作用在模型肋骨上的砰击压力的折减系数,从而使该结构在设计时仍可按常规的静力计算方法进行强度校核。该折减系数与船体入水速度成线性关系,在已知船体设计入水速度和试验压力分布时,可以获得船体设计均布静压力。     

A regression and beam theory based approach for fatigue assessment of containership structures including bending and torsion contributions

Container shipping has been expanding dramatically during the last decade. Due to their special structural characteristics, such as the wide breadth and large hatch openings, horizontal bending and torsion play an important role to the fatigue safety of containerships. In this study the fatigue contributions from vertical bending, horizontal bending and torsion are investigated using full-scale measurements of strain records on two containerships. Further, these contributions are compared to results from direct calculations where a nonlinear 3D panel method is used to compute wave loads in time domain. It is concluded that both bending and torsion have significant impacts on the fatigue assessment of containerships. The stresses caused by these loads could be correctly computed by full-ship finite element analysis. However, this requires large computational effort, since for fatigue assessment purposes the FE analysis needs to be carried out for all encountered sea states and operational conditions with sufficient time steps for each condition. In this paper, a new procedure is proposed to run the structure finite element analysis under only one sea condition for only a few time steps. Then, these results are used to obtain a relationship between wave loads and structural stresses through a linear regression analysis. This relation can be further used to compute stresses for arbitrary sea states and operational conditions using the computed wave loads (bending and torsion moments) as input. Based on this proposed method for structure stress analysis, an efficient procedure is formulated and found to be in very good agreement with the full-ship finite element analysis. In addition it is several orders of magnitude more time efficient for fatigue assessment of containership structures.