西部原油管道注入支线投产与运行分析

以西部原油管道三塘湖注入支线投产工程为例,运用实验方法,分析注入油品对干线运行产生的影响。认为在2~50℃的范围内,向兰成油中掺入小于等于40%的三塘湖原油,不会对西部原油管道的安全运行产生影响。通过进一步研究制定并实施管道投产及注入方案,确保注入支线及干线管道安全平稳运行。三塘湖注入支线投产为同类管道注入支线投产工作提供借鉴。     

含气塞管路扫水过程的水力学分析

在新建长输天然气管道水压试验后的通球扫线过程中,由于地形变化剧烈、泄漏等原因,使得清管器下游的水流中包含气塞。为了评估气塞对扫水过程的影响,耦合考虑了清管器、气塞段和液塞段的运动,建立通球扫水过程的力学模型,研究扫水过程中气塞的状态及其对清管器运行速度的影响。结果表明：清管器运行速度的变化主要与管线的高程相关,气塞的长度在高程剧烈变化区段产生很大的变化,对清管器的运行产生冲击,气塞的存在是扫水过程不稳定的重要原因。     

日渐完善的云南铁路网

昆明铁路局地处祖国西南边陲的云南省，管辖范围为贵昆线凤凰山至昆明、成昆线攀枝花（不含）至昆明、南昆线威舍至昆明、昆河米轨铁路、蒙宝米轨铁路及8条准轨支线、5条米轨支线，还代管昆明至玉溪的地方铁路，线路总延长3732公里，运营里程2015公里。大多数铁路线坡陡、弯急、隧道密集，是典型的山区铁路，有桥梁1137座，隧道599座，涵渠7800条。全局有205个车站（准轨130个，米轨75个）。为了提高国家路网重要通道的运输能力，逐步改变云南省铁路网稀少的状况，促进云南省经济的发展，带动沿线地区脱贫致富，昆明铁路局对“十五”时期铁…     

改变热油管道埋深对土壤温度场的影响

由于长输管道沿线地质、水文、地形等条件的差异,管道埋深在管道沿线不同的地方往往不同。在热油管道的正常运行过程中,管道埋深对管道的热力特性及管道周围的温度场有重要影响。分析了不同气候、不同埋深条件下热油管道对温度场分布的影响,为实际工程中满足工艺条件下,通过改变管埋深度减少能源消耗提供借鉴。     

环境条件变化对热油管道停输降温过程的影响分析

建立了热油管道停输降温过程的数学模型、使用数值方法,模拟了长距离埋地热油管道的停输降温过程,分析了环境条件变化（季节、天气降温、管道沿线大范围突降暴雨）对降温过程的影响。     

带体积型缺陷压力管道极限载荷的有限元分析

管道在使用过程中会出现各种缺陷,主要以腐蚀造成的体积型缺陷为主。采用有限元弹塑性分析方法,基于Von—Mise屈服准则,对含体积型缺陷的压力管道进行非线性分析,研究腐蚀缺陷的长度、宽度和深度对压力管道极限载荷的影响。与含腐蚀缺陷管道的水压试验结果及ASME B31G计算的结果进行对比,证明有限元方法在分析腐蚀缺陷管道的可行性。     

靖咸大落差成品油管道顺序输送的特点

运行中的顺序输送管道沿线压力的变化主要是由管路特性的变化和不同密度油品在管道中交替产生的,管道的落差越大,对压力的影响越明显。由于靖成输油管道具有落差大、翻越点多、地形复杂及进出油点多等特点,所以在成品油顺序输送时,随着混油段位置的变化,其管输量、各站进出口压力等均在变化。针对靖咸成品油顺序输送管道通过大落差地段的压力变化进行研究,对不同油品在大落差管道中交替时压力变化规律做了定性和定量的分析,并提出了危险点的压力控制措施。     

原油管道内腐蚀检测技术研究

某输油站内原油管道过路埋地段在使用过程中,发生了内腐蚀穿孔泄漏.文中针对该条原油管道内腐蚀泄漏情况,通过使用超声相控阵内腐蚀检测技术对该条管线进行内腐蚀缺陷扫查,并结合管段相对高程和管内原油介质成分分析结果,对该条原油管道内腐蚀穿孔现象进行原因分析.结果表明,该条管道属于典型的静置管道,管内原油含水量大,氯含量较高,油...     

湿气管道内腐蚀直接评价方法

湿气管道内腐蚀直接评价方法(WG-ICDA)是独立的内腐蚀评价方法,不依赖智能检测器、水压试验和在线检测。在美国腐蚀工程师协会2010年颁布的"湿性天然气管道内腐蚀直接评价"标准的基础上,阐述了该方法的4个步骤,对影响WG-ICDA的关键因素进行定性分析。建议加强湿气管道内腐蚀直接评价方法的工程实际应用,有利于补充内检测方法,完善管道完整性管理,提高湿气管道内腐蚀的预防和维修水平。     

输气管道手动阀室数据远传系统改造

由于川气东送管道沿线手动阀室较多,无法对阀室内运行参数和阀门状态进行监控。为提高管道整体的自动化控制水平,掌握沿线管道的运行状态,对系统进行改造。在阀室内增设远程采集控制单元、供电单元及无线通讯系统;采用公共无线通讯,实现与调控中心后台服务器的连接,后台服务器对收集到的数据进行解包处理,以图形界面形式显示,并记录相关运行数据,同时将相关数据通过网络传输到调控中心SCADA系统进行显示及控制,从而实现调控中心对沿线阀室的数据采集和远程控制。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Seaport performance analysis using robust non-parametric efficiency estimators

Abstract

Seaport services have been developing year on year, playing an increasingly important role in the economy and the transportation markets of each country. This increases interest in measuring their performance. This paper evaluates the performance of a set of European seaports by means of robust non-parametric approaches. Using order-m and bootstrap procedures, the major problems of traditional data envelopment analysis and free disposal hull methods – concerning noise, presence of outliers and the ‘curse of dimensionality’ – are overcome. With this study considerable levels of inefficiency were found in the European seaports sector.     

Bicycle parking: a systematic review of scientific literature on parking behaviour,parking preferences,and their influence on cycling and travel behaviour

ABSTRACT

Cycling is experiencing a revival in many cities. Research has focused on the determinants of cycling – in particular the role of the built environment and road infrastructure. Bicycle parking has received little attention – even though bicycles are parked most of the time. This article reviews the scientific literature on bicycle parking and identifies existing gaps in research and knowledge. The review analyses 94 peer-reviewed papers identified through a search in Scopus and Web of Science, in December 2017. The annual number of papers increased 15-fold between 1995 and 2017. Overall, the level of evidence on the importance of bicycle parking is limited. The majority of studies are based on cross-sectional data with the presence of parking as a binary independent variable. Most studies focus on bicycle parking at public transport stops and at work places. Few studies report on bicycle parking throughout cities, and hardly any on parking at residential locations. Bicycle parking supply and quality appears to be a determinant of cycling for current and potential cyclists. Our findings can serve as input for an evidence-based debate on the role of bicycle parking. For practitioners, our research supports investment in bicycle parking, but acknowledges that a proper evaluation of such initiatives needs to be conducted to increase the level of evidence.     

Multilevel analysis of daily time use and time allocation to activity types accounting for complex covariance structures using correlated random effects

In this paper multilevel analysis is used to study individual choices of time allocation to maintenance, subsistence, leisure, and travel time exploiting the nested data hierarchy of households, persons, and occasions of measurement. The multilevel models in this paper examine the joint and multivariate correlation structure of four dependent variables in a cross-sectional and longitudinal way. In this way, observed and unobserved heterogeneity are estimated using random effects at the household, person, and temporal levels. In addition, random coefficients associated with explanatory variables are also estimated and correlated with these random effects. Using the wide spectrum of options offered by multilevel models to account for individual and group heterogeneity, complex interdependencies among individuals within their households, within themselves over time, and within themselves but across different indicators of behavior, are analyzed. Findings in this analysis include large variance contribution by each level considered, clear evidence of non-linear dynamic behavior in time-allocation, different trajectories of change in time allocation for each of the four dependent variables used, and lack of symmetry in change over time characterized by different trajectories in the longitudinal evolution of each dependent variable. In addition, the multivariate correlation structure among the four dependent variables is different at each of the three levels of analysis.     

从"神经末梢"到"国际枢纽"——十六大以来广西交通发展综述

文章总结了党的十六大以来广西交通发展取得的成绩,指出广西交通正在从"神经末梢"发展为"国际枢纽",为广西经济社会发展提供了重要支撑。     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.