漠大线多年冻土灾害风险分析及管理措施探讨

漠大线途径国内纬度最高、极端温度-52.3℃的高寒地带,是国内第一条完全意义上穿越永冻土区域的大口径长输管道,所经过的漠河至加格达奇大杨树段共计440 km的管道穿越大兴安岭多年冻土区域,包括连续冻土、不连续冻土和岛状冻土。管道沿线地势北高南低,北部地形起伏较大,沿线为大兴安岭低山、丘陵及河谷地貌,南部为松嫩平原,地形平坦开阔,地理环境复杂,极易发生冻胀融沉、崩塌、热融滑坡、水毁冲蚀（坍岸）等地质灾害。文中首先对漠大线的具体情况进行了简单介绍,并结合地质勘察和运营情况详细地分析了穿越冻土区域管道所面临的热融滑坡、冻胀、融沉以及弯曲翘曲等特有地质灾害,最后结合管道管理实际情况和工作经验提出了详细的灾害管理和应对措施。     

西部地区公路地质灾害监测预报技术研究

“西部地区公路地质灾害监测预报技术研究”项目针对西部地区公路地质灾害危险性区划、滑坡、崩塌与泥石流监测预报及地质灾害安全管理等关键技术问题进行深入系统研究,形成了公路滑坡、崩塌与泥石流监测预报成套技术,建立了公路地质灾害数据标准,构建了“基于GIS的公路地质灾害监测预报信息系统”平台,实现了公路地质灾害监测实时分析处理和动态预报,为地质灾害综合管理提供技术支撑。     

公路边坡岩质崩塌地质灾害危险性预测评估

基于广西建设项目地质灾害危险性评估规程,文章采用层次分析-模糊数学评判方法,对广西贺州市某二级公路边坡岩质崩塌地质灾害危险性进行预测评估。评估结果表明:该公路遭受岩质崩塌地质灾害危险性大的有3个路段,占线路总长的20%;岩质崩塌危险性大的区域不仅分布在地形起伏大的深挖路段,还与线路走向和边坡岩体结构面的组合关系密切相关。     

三部联合发文通知加强公路铁路沿线地质灾害防范

受特大地震、极端天气事件等因素影响，我国部分地区在建和已建公路、铁路沿线崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害仍呈多发频发趋势。日前，国土资源部、交通运输部、铁道部三部门联合下发《关于加强公路和铁路沿线地质灾害防范工作的通知》，     

基于空间统计学的长输管道地质灾害分布模式研究

针对管道沿线的地质灾害分布模式,采用空间统计学中的自相关系数进行研究,并应用该方法评价实际管道地质灾害整体聚集程度,识别局部地质灾害高发聚集区.与传统的管道地质灾害统计分析方法相比,自相关系数基于空间位置进行属性关联关系分析,能够在总体和局部两个层面量化计算地质灾害的空间聚集程度,其计算结果易于排序使用,可以为管道地质...     

长距离天然气管道地质灾害风险区划

地质灾害引起的天然气管道失效和破坏非常严重,对地质灾害情况下天然气管道进行安全可靠性和风险性评价是一项非常重要的工作.由于地质灾害具有区域性,因此地质灾害评价的任务之一是划分地质灾害危险区.文中综述了天然气管道地质灾害风险区划的研究现状,分析了区划的目的及流程、区划的主要内容,提出了按地质灾害种类、按风险程度值和按地质...     

延长气田集输干线管道水害及治理方法

延长气田集输干线输气管道主要敷设于黄土高原地区,地形起伏较大,延河及支流、支沟纵横交错。管道在该类地区易遭受沟头前进、崩塌、岸坡冲毁等灾害的威胁,严重影响管道安全运行。文中在分析该类地区常见水害的基础上,结合近年来水害治理的经验,提出了针对黄土冲沟、黄土崾岘、高陡坎、河流侵蚀等特殊地段的水害治理方法,供其他黄土地区管道的设计、建设借鉴和参考。     

兰成渝成品油管道滑坡地质灾害失效概率预测模型

分析了兰成渝成品油管道受地质影响的形式和原因以及灾害发生的严重后果,突出了对地质灾害危险地段进行检测和安全评价的重要性.通过对管道滑坡地质灾害失效影响因素(如坡度、土壤稳定性和滑坡的卫星监控等)的分析,建立了管道滑坡地质灾害失效概率预测模型,最后将该失效概率模型运用于兰成渝管道1#滑坡体稳定性分析得结果进行对比分析,以验证模型的正确性,进而建立一种长输管道滑坡地质灾害风险评价模型.     

长输油气管道山区陡坡地段施工技术

长输管道沿途穿越戈壁、沙漠、沼泽、高山、冲沟、峡谷、河流等多种复杂地形 ,其中山区陡坡 (坡度大于 15°)地段由于纵横坡度大、易受滑坡、塌方、泥石流等地质灾害的威胁 ,因而成为施工过程中的关键控制难点之一。本文通过归纳国内外长输油气管道山地陡坡施工经验 ,结合陡坡地理特点 ,介绍了陡坡地带管道施工的主要流程 ,详细说明了施工便道及作业带修筑、防腐管运输与摆布、管沟开挖、管道组焊、防腐补口补伤等关键工序的主要施工方法以及施工中的安全保障措施。     

库区岸坡稳定性分析及整治措施研究

库区地质灾害的形成主要是由于大气降雨、工程建设以及水利工程分级蓄水后可能诱发滑坡、崩塌、泥石流及地面塌陷、沉降等造成的。为了探究库区的地质灾害及其成因、破坏机理,保证库岸地区的安全及经济需要,本文以重庆市区域内某库区为研究背景,(1)按照岸坡岩土类型、破坏模式及塌岸强烈程度等特征,结合现场调查及勘探揭示的情况将该勘察区库分为Ⅰ段～Ⅵ段,并对该库区地质灾害体基本特征及变形机制进行了分析;(2)以库岸区段Ⅱ段为例,通过选取区段具有代表性的3个剖面,按照三种不同的工况对选取的剖面进行稳定安全系数及剩余下滑力进行计算,结合计算结果,评价该库岸边坡稳定性;(3)根据塌岸稳定性的计算结果,结合调查的实际情况等,提出库岸塌岸的整治措施与方案,并对方案进行经济社会效益分析,以期为以后库区的地质灾害体预防与治理工作提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

交通与土地利用一体化的主要内容与实现途径

本文在分析现代城市病产生原因的基础上,从交通的角度提出了解决现代城市病的对策思路。在此基础上,阐述了交通一体化的内容、交通与土地利用一体化的关键和实现途径。作者提出防止现代城市病的关键是混合土地使用、严格控制通勤圈半径和建立公交主导的绿色交通系统。     

铁路隧道防排水现状与思考

文章针对铁路隧道的防排水现状,指出了目前在防排水设计与施工中存在的问题和难点,并进行了具体分析,在防水类型的选择、地下水处理、衬砌外围结构防水、内衬砌防水等方面提出了铁路隧道防排水的措施和建议。     

材料节约与循环利用专项行动计划技术成果简介

当前,加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会已提升为国家战略。交通运输部为加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型交通,组织开展了“材料节约与循环利用专项行动计划”。通过专项行动大力推广路面再生技术、废胎胶粉筑路应用技术、机制砂混凝土技术以及聚合物改性水泥混凝土技术等西部交通建设科技项目成果,以为交通建设资源的高效利用和循环使用提供示范。本刊现以专栏形式介绍上述成果的相关内容,以飨读者。     

Resilience and accessibility of Swedish and Dutch municipalities

Recent years have shown a rising popularity of the concept of resilience—both theoretically and empirically—in complex systems analysis. There is also a rising literature on resilience in the transport and spatial-economic field. The pluriform interpretation of resilience (e.g., engineering vs. ecological resilience) is related to methodological differences (e.g., stability in dynamics vs. evolutionary adaptivity). But in all cases the fundamental question is whether a complex system that is subjected to an external shock is able to recover, and if so, to which extent. The present paper [Based on presentation from cluster 6 (Accessibility) of the Nectar 2015 conference in Ann Arbour, USA.] aims to add a new dimension to resilience analysis in spatial systems, by addressing in particular the relationship between spatial accessibility at a municipality level and the resilience outcomes of the spatial system concerned. It does so by investigating to which extent accessibility of Swedish and Dutch municipalities has mitigated the local shock absorption from the recent economic recession. In our study the shock absorption capacity of municipal accessibility is estimated by analysing the relevant resilience indicators for the period concerned. In this context, conventional resilience indicators based on either multivariate complex data (in particular, the Foster Resilience Capacity Index) or employment data (in particular, the Martin Resilience-Employment Index) are confronted with spatial connectivity data based on local accessibility measures, so that geographical mobility may be regarded as one of the shock-mitigating factors. The empirical analysis is carried out for two countries which have both proven to be rather shock-resistant during the recent economic crisis, viz. Sweden and The Netherlands. Clearly, the geographical structure of these countries forms a sharp mutual contrast, viz. a spatially dispersed economy with a few distinct urban concentrations versus a spatially dense economy with one major metropolitan centre (the Randstad), respectively. Our experiments are carried out for the 290 municipalities in Sweden and 40 COROPs in The Netherlands. Our research findings show relevant and new insights into differences in the local recovery potential in Sweden and The Netherlands.     

Characterisation of and reflections on the synergy of bicycles and public transport

The bicycle is often understood as a disjointed ‘feeder’ mode that provides access to public transport. We argue that combined use of the bicycle and public transport should be understood in a broader perspective, especially where bicycles link to higher speed and higher capacity public transport, such as the train. Cycling and public transport can have a symbiotic relationship forming a hybrid, distinct transport mode, which should be reflected in transport planning. The bicycle is as a way to soften the rigid nature of public transport and thus accommodate diverse individual travel needs and situations. Public transport can be seen as a means to dramatically extend cycling’s speed and spatial reach. We combine a system perspective with conceptual analysis to explore how, why and when this reconsideration is important. We use the Netherlands as illustrative case because of the relative maturity of its bicycle–train connections. The case shows that the synergy between rather opposite yet highly complementary aspects, high speed of the train, high accessibility of the bicycle and flexibility in combining both sub-modes, are the fundamental characteristics to understand the functioning of this system in a wider spatial context. In our conclusion we propose a research agenda, to further explore the relevance of this system for land-use and transport planning and distil wider implications for the international debate.     

Modeling and analysis of mixed flow of cars and powered two wheelers

In modern cities, a rapid increase of motorcycles and other types of Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) is observed as an answer to long commuting in traffic jams and complex urban navigation. Such increasing penetration rate of PTWs creates mixed traffic flow conditions with unique characteristics that are not well understood at present. Our objective is to develop an analytical traffic flow model that reflects the mutual impacts of PTWs and Cars. Unlike cars, PTWs filter between cars, have unique dynamics, and do not respect lane discipline, therefore requiring a different modeling approach than traditional “Passenger Car Equivalent” or “Follow the Leader”. Instead, this work follows an approach that models the flow of PTWs similarly to a fluid in a porous medium, where PTWs “percolate” between cars depending on the gap between them.Our contributions are as follows: (I) a characterization of the distribution of the spacing between vehicles by the densities of PTWs and cars; (II) a definition of the equilibrium speed of each class as a function of the densities of PTWs and cars; (III) a mathematical analysis of the model’s properties (IV) an impact analysis of the gradual penetration of PTWs on cars and on heterogeneous traffic flow characteristics.The proposed model could contribute as an enabler for ‘PTW-aware’ future Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems technologies and traffic regulations.     

油气管道的腐蚀与防护技术研究

国内大多数油田在开采过程中,油井伴生气通常含有成分不等的CO2、H2S等腐蚀性气体,同时由于油气集输系统也不可能完全密闭,造成大气中的O2等腐蚀性气体进入油气生产系统,因此油气生产系统存在的腐蚀类型多种多样。针对油气管道的腐蚀现状,简要综述了CO2腐蚀、H2S腐蚀、氧腐蚀机理及其影响因素。并在此基础上介绍了阴极保护技术、耐蚀材料防腐技术、工程防腐技术、化学防腐技术等几种国内外常用的防腐措施。     

集输管道效率监测及分析

为了更好地采用节能技术以不断降低管道能耗,提高管道效率,文中以集输管道为研究对象,根据集输管道效率计算模型,对11条输油管线进行了效率与能耗监测。监测结果表明:影响输油管道效率的主要因素是管道温降,其次为管道压降。对影响管道温降和压降的相关因素进行分析,提出了合理选择保温材料和保温结构、增加保温层厚度、添加减阻剂及采用管道内涂减阻技术等改进措施,对于集输管道的节能降耗具有借鉴意义。     

公交支付方式及其效率调查分析

智能系统的广泛使用,带来了移动支付的普及。公交支付在传统IC卡和现金支付的基础上,加入了云闪付和二维码支付。为探究移动支付对公交支付效率的影响,基于杭州市公交发展现状,制定了公交支付情况的调查方案。通过对所选10、93、97公交线路的早、晚高峰和平峰的三天实地调查,采集视频数据并使用SPSS进行定量统计分析,发现公交乘客刷卡占62%、二维码占27%、云闪付占6%、现金占5%。当乘客提前做好准备时,刷卡支付时间为1.29 s,低于云闪付的1.42 s和二维码的1.65 s,而未准备好时用时分别为6.74 s、10.94 s、8.54 s。通过相关性和多元线性回归分析得出"提前拿卡"、"上车掏卡"、"提前开二维码"和"上车开二维码"四种支付方式对公交停留时间延长的影响最大。