一种用于蒙乃尔400材料制造的U形管束工艺方案

蒙乃尔400材料是一种价格昂贵的镍基耐腐蚀材料,属于贵重的容器用材,因此有必要研究出一套经济可行的工艺方案。文中以1台用于烷基化装置的该材质U形管束为例,针对制造所涉及主要难点问题,详细论述了制造该设备主要工艺方案,如焊工考试和焊接工艺评定、材料复验、弯管、机械加工、表面处理等需要特别注意的细节问题;重点给出了热处理、组装、焊接及压力试验等难点问题的具体解决措施。按以上的工艺方案,制造出了符合用户质量要求的产品。     

航空用新型压力传感器敏感元件研制

为解决航空涡轴发动机防冰报警系统经常误报警的技术问题,提出了一种内真空式沉积波纹管与弹簧组合敏感元件的设计方案。以该设计方案为基础,运用有限元法实现产品的参数设计。为解决产品的制造瓶颈,设计了沉积波纹管的稳定热处理工艺方法、沉积波纹管与弹簧匹配工艺方法及极薄壁波纹管焊接工艺方法。以某项目的研制需求为出发点,设计的压力传感器敏感元件满足用户的使用要求。     

压力管道工程焊接技术与质量控制

焊接技术是压力管道质量控制的核心技术。介绍了压力管道的焊接工艺、如何提高生产率、降低焊接成本以及使焊接质量可靠、焊缝成形美观 ,提出了焊接质量控制的方法和要求     

双相不锈钢在GIS波纹管补偿器中的应用

文中介绍了GIS波纹管补偿器的设计及制造工艺。依据双相不锈钢的性能特点,分析探讨了用其设计制造GIS波纹管补偿器的可行性,并介绍了双相不锈钢波纹管管坯的焊接技术。产品检验和型式试验证明:双相不锈钢波纹管能够满足设计参数要求,与奥氏体不锈钢波纹管相比,同样的性能指标,双相不锈钢波纹管层数可大幅减少,在保证产品质量的同时,可明显降低制造成本。     

管线钢焊接近缝区低温韧性的研究

针对国内两种新研制生产的Ｘ６０级管线钢，采用焊接热模拟技术，研究了峰值温度为１３００℃单道热循环及１３００＋８００℃和８００＋１３００℃二次热循环三种热模拟参数下，模拟焊接近缝区的冲击韧性和断裂韧性，结果表明，两种Ｘ６０级线钢及其焊接近缝区的韧性均满足国际管纡标准和我国西部长输管线标准，从而为我国西部长输管线的设计提供了基本数据。     

严寒地区油库压力管道选材研究

根据工业管道安全技术监察规程,严寒地区油库压力管道设计温度低于-20℃,超出了20号碳素钢管的使用温度下限,按照压力管道设计规范中关于低温低应力工况的定义,进行管道应力计算。分析表明：油库压力管道的设计压力低于0.7 MPa时,油库管道正常操作的轴向拉应力低于材料标准规定的20号钢管的最小抗拉强度值的10%,管道操作工况处于低温低应力工况,管道材料可以使用20号钢。     

316Lmod尿素级超低碳不锈钢焊接技术

介绍了在高温、高压、高腐蚀性介质中工作的尿素装置采用的316Lmod尿素级超低碳不锈钢材料及其焊接技术要求。焊接接头具有优良的抗焊接热裂纹性能和抗晶间腐蚀性能是焊接技术的关键。在焊接工艺评定基础上,制定了合理的产品现场焊接工艺,包括焊接材料的选择、坡口形式及尺寸设计、焊接规范参数以及焊接过程中出现的问题及解决方法。实践证明:对产品焊接的全过程进行严格控制,能够获得优良的焊接质量。     

征稿范围

1.设计与研究包括管道系统的规划设计、研究与实验、工艺流程、线路选择、配套设施的选择、介质输送等方面的新工艺新技术及相应的研究成果。2.管件与设备包括管道系统工程中使用的连接件、阀门、补偿器件、换热器件、执行器件、密封件等的设计原理、生产工艺、应用技术、安装与维修技术等新工艺、新技术;与管道计量、控制、检测、清管、防腐、保温等有关的仪器、设备及其新工艺.制造技术和应用技术。3.施工与焊接有关管路及储存设施在铺设安装过程中采用的新技术、新工艺以及为维护管道的正常使用,对储存和运输不同的介质而采用的集输工艺及生产措施等方面的新工艺技术;焊接材料、焊接工艺及设备、焊接过程自动化及控制、焊接机器人应用、切割工艺及设备、焊接检验技术。     

U型管式换热器的质量控制

U型管式换热器属于列管换热器的一种,被广泛应用在循环水冷却高温气体装置中。根据U型管式换热器的结构特点和技术原理,针对设备在使用过程中可能出现的问题,在整个材料采购和制造过程中,对换热器中管板制造加工、U型管成形及换热管与管板的焊接等制造的关键和难点予以质量控制,保证产品质量,使设备按设计要求制造完毕后安全有效地运行。     

基于实测数据统计的盾构隧道土压力分布规律研究

盾构管片所受土压力大小与盾构隧道施工过程中同步注浆、盾构机姿态、管片及地层刚度等因素紧密相关,上述问题的复杂性决定了已有理论公式和经验方法并未较好地反映盾构管片实际受力状态。文章通过收集35座盾构隧道的52个典型土压力监测断面实测数据,基于实测数据统计分析了盾构隧道土压力分布规律和影响因素。结果表明:(1)盾构管片所受土压力在0~400 k Pa之间的占样本总量的90%以上,经验注浆压力取0.3~0.4 MPa较为合理;(2)管片所受土压力与埋深近似呈指数关系,最大土压力与稳定土压力差值随埋深增大而减小;(3)侧压力系数λ范围为(0.5,2.3),部分超出了规范推荐的Ⅵ级围岩(0.5,1.0)取值区间,直接沿用规范建议值有失稳妥;(4)管片所受土压力与管-土刚度比近似满足二次函数关系,管-土刚度比ψ=1.0时,管片受力最为合理;(5)粘土地层管片所受土压力时空分布具有典型的4个阶段,即拼装阶段—注浆影响阶段—固结收缩阶段—土压力回升阶段,环向土压力具有不对称分布特性;砂土地层土水压力监测曲线分别呈"弱衰减脉冲式波动"和"双驼峰"分布特征,稳定后环向土压力对称分布特性显著,水压力具有"下大上小"的灯泡型分布形态。其结论可为研究盾构隧道土压力作用机理及管片设计方法的完善提供参考和借鉴。     

Model,process, technique,and the good thing

The paper unpacks the planning process into its component parts: model, process, technique, and goals—the “good thing”. The paper advances the concept that planning, policy-making, and organizational restructuring can be analyzed under the same framework. Each of the four components is described and reductionist examples are presented to clarify the intention and to illustrate the technique that the transport analyst teams employ in their work. The examples cover both successes and failures. They point toward the enormous scientific task ahead for planning to become meaningful and relevant to the problems of today. Finally, in the frame of the willingness to pay, the paper puts forward a case for an institutional framework for a financially autonomous road administration. Similarly organized, administered, and managed entities are relevant also for other transport modes.

Poverty,policy, and public transportation

By all appearances, the circumstances surrounding employment and income distribution in the United States have remained notably the same over the past 30–40 years. At the same time, policies for improving the conditions of low-income persons have remained relatively unchanged. Relevant published accounts continue to cite poorly integrated residential and employment location patterns and poor public transportation service as critical obstacles to improving the economic and social conditions of low-income persons. The relationship between poverty and public transportation was researched extensively during the late 1960s and the early 1970s; however, little recognition has been given to these efforts by more recent research efforts. To learn from the past we should review public transportation policies from 1960 to 2000 to highlight federal policies that affected urban areas during this time period, especially in relation to low-income transportation mobility.     

Walking frequency, cars, dogs, and the built environment

To explain walking propensity or frequency, empirical studies have generally used two sets of explanatory variables, namely, socio-demographic variables and built environment variables. They have generally shown that both socio-demographic characteristics and built environment characteristics are associated with walking propensity. We examine the traditional walkability variables that encompass density, mix of uses, and network connectivity in New Jersey, using a statewide sample including an oversample of Jersey City. We estimate a two-stage least squares model using a conditional mixed process that combines an ordered probit model of walking frequency in the second stage based on a truncated regression of car ownership in the first stage. Our results show that built environment variables have some small effects, mainly from better network connectivity associated with increased walking frequency. One of our key findings is that built environment features also work indirectly via how they influence car ownership. In general, we find sufficient evidence that suggests fewer cars are owned in areas with more walkable built environment features. The other key variable that we control for is whether a household owns a dog. This also proved to be strongly associated with walking suggesting that dog ownership is a necessary control variable to understand the frequency of walking.     

Space,money, life-stage,and the allocation of time

Demographic, socioeconomic, seasonal, and scheduling factors affect the allocation of time to various activities. This paper examines those variables through exploration of the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, which has been inverted to track activity duration. Two key issues are considered. First, how much can activity duration and frequency explain travel duration? The analysis shows activity duration has positive and significant effects on travel duration, supporting recent arguments in favor of activity based models. Second, which recent trend is the main culprit in the rise in travel: suburbanization, rising personal incomes, or female labor force participation? This paper examines the share of time within a 24-hour budget allocated to several primary activities: home, work, shop, and other. The data suggest that income and location have modest effects on time allocation compared with the loss of discretionary time due to working.

     

Integrated scheduling of m-truck,m-drone,and m-depot constrained by time-window,drop-pickup,and m-visit using constraint programming

The idea of deploying unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, for final-mile delivery in logistics operations has vitalized this new research stream. One conceivable scenario of using a drone in conjunction with a traditional delivery truck to distribute parcels is discussed in earlier literature and termed the parallel drone scheduling traveling salesman problem (PDSTSP). This study extends the problem by considering two different types of drone tasks: drop and pickup. After a drone completes a drop, the drone can either fly back to depot to deliver the next parcels or fly directly to another customer for pickup. Integrated scheduling of multiple depots hosting a fleet of trucks and a fleet of drones is further studied to achieve an operational excellence. A vehicle that travels near the boundary of the coverage area might be more effective to serve customers that belong to the neighboring depot. This problem is uniquely modeled as an unrelated parallel machine scheduling with sequence dependent setup, precedence-relationship, and reentrant, which gives us a framework to effectively consider those operational challenges. A constraint programming approach is proposed and tested with problem instances of m-truck, m-drone, m-depot, and hundred-customer distributed across an 8-mile square region.     

Household type and structure, time-use pattern, and trip-chaining behavior

In order to examine time allocation patterns within household-level trip-chaining, simultaneous doubly-censored Tobit models are applied to model time-use behavior within the context of household activity participation. Using the entire sample and a sub-sample of worker households from Tucson’s Household Travel Survey, two sets of models are developed to better understand the phenomena of trip-chaining behavior among five types of households: single non-worker households, single worker households, couple non-worker households, couple one-worker households, and couple two-worker households. Durations of out-of-home subsistence, maintenance, and discretionary activities within trip chains are examined. Factors found to be associated with trip-chaining behavior include intra-household interactions with the household types and their structure and household head attributes.     

Activity sequencing,location, and formation of individual non-mandatory tours: application to the activity-based models for Columbus,Cincinnati, and Cleveland,OH

Most of the earlier activity based models (ABMs) largely relied on a tour-based modeling paradigm which explicitly predicts tour frequency and then adds details including stop frequency, order, and location of stops within each tour. The current study is part of new tour formation design framework for an ABM in which the underlying tour structure and the stop frequency within tours emerge from temporal, sequencing, and locational preferences of activities that the traveler intends to participate during the day. In order to do this, the study developed a modified rank-ordered logit (ROL) framework that is capable of modeling sequence, locations, as well as the underlying tour structure of all activity episodes simultaneously in an integrated manner. Model estimation with the household survey data, provided several important behavioral insights into underlying choices that drive tour formation. Specifically, the study uncovered pairwise ordering preferences among episodes of different activity purposes, clustering tendencies among episodes of same activity purpose, the impact of supply side activity opportunities on the location and sequence choice dimensions, and impedance effects (including distance and mode and time-of-day logsums) on location and tour break dimensions. The developed models are incorporated in the operational ABM structure adopted for three major cities (Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati) in Ohio.     

Neighborhood services,trip purpose,and tour-based travel

Communities are increasingly looking to land use planning strategies to reduce drive-alone travel. Many planning efforts aim to develop neighborhoods with higher levels of accessibility that will allow residents to shop closer to home and drive fewer miles. To better understand how accessible land use patterns relate to household travel behavior, this paper is divided into three sections. The first section describes the typical range of services available in areas with high neighborhood accessibility. It explains how trip-based travel analysis is limited because it does not consider the linked (chained) nature of most travel. The second section describes a framework that provides a more behavioral understanding of household travel. This framework highlights travel tours, the sequence of trips that begin and end at home, as the basic unit of analysis. The paper offers a typology of travel tours to account for different travel purposes; by doing so, this typology helps understand tours relative to the range of services typically offered in accessible neighborhoods. The final section empirically analyzes relationships between tour type and neighborhood access using detailed travel data from the Central Puget Sound region (Seattle, Washington). Households living in areas with higher levels of neighborhood access are found to complete more tours and make fewer stops per tour. They make more simple tours (out and back) for work and maintenance (personal, appointment, and shopping) trip purposes but there is no difference in the frequency of other types of tours. While they travel shorter distances for maintenance-type errands, a large portion of their maintenance travel is still pursued outside the neighborhood. These findings suggest that while higher levels of neighborhood access influences travel tours, it does not spur households to complete the bulk of their errands close to home.     

Out-of-home activities,daily travel,and subjective well-being

It is argued that utility theory that underpins current cost-benefit analyses of daily travel needs to be complemented. An alternative theoretical framework is to this end proposed which applies subjective well-being (SWB) to travel behaviour analysis. It is posited in this theoretical framework that participation in goal-directed activities, facilitated or hindered by travel, contributes to SWB, that the degree of travel-related stress in participating in these activities reduces SWB, and that positive affect associated with travel in itself has an impact on SWB.