TEM技术在大牛地气田管道腐蚀评价中的应用

文中结合大牛地气田埋地管道腐蚀直接评价（ECDA,ICDA）实践,应用管道壁厚瞬变电磁（TEM）检测技术,通过在沿管道按一定间距布置测点进行基础检测,对所发现的管壁厚度异常点处再加密检测,从而确定腐蚀严重部位,较快地掌握气田整体管道质量情况,达到不需开挖、不破坏管道的良好检测效果。     

基于CIPS检测杂散电流对埋地钢质燃气管道的影响

文中介绍了密间隔电位（CIPS）检测技术及其原理,分析了直流杂散电流及其对埋地钢质燃气管道的腐蚀机理,利用密间隔电位检测技术对某段埋地钢质燃气管道进行了检测与数据分析,评价了该段埋地钢质燃气管道附近杂散电流对埋地钢质燃气管道的影响,为相关燃气管道的检测提供了参考案例。     

城市燃气管道腐蚀综合检测方法

针对城市燃气管道腐蚀的主要影响因素,分析现有的各种检测方法的技术原理和应用条件,提出了一个科学、合理、全面的城市埋地钢质燃气管道腐蚀检测流程,这对于城市燃气管道的安全运行有着重要的作用和意义.     

埋地燃气钢质管道顶管段非开挖检验技术研究

针对埋地燃气管道穿越段顶管施工套管为水泥管两端封堵留检漏管的管段外腐蚀检测,提出对该管段利用检漏管测试气体泄漏情况,利用内窥镜插入检漏管,外观检查密封空间及管体,测试阴极保护效果,检查管道顶管入土端及采用导波检测实现对管道表面腐蚀状况的有效检测。检测结果表明,采用上述手段能够实现埋地燃气管道顶管段的检验。     

城市燃气埋地钢质管道泄漏检测定位技术

目前,基于硬件法和软件法的埋地钢质管道泄漏检测技术得到了快速发展,对这些新技术的优缺点进行了比较。这些新技术具有局限性,并不适用于城市燃气老旧钢质管道泄漏检测定位。对人工巡检法进行了改进,与埋地燃气管道定位相结合进行燃气泄漏点检测定位。现场实践证明对于准确定位燃气泄漏点具有很好的效果,同时具有检测时机灵活,检测成本低的优势。     

基于风险评估的城市埋地燃气管道检验技术

目前国内许多城市埋地燃气管道普遍存在老化、腐蚀、泄漏等问题,迫切需要对城市埋地燃气管道进行基于风险评估的检验.首先提出了管道风险评估检验的总体方案,然后详细地阐述了在管道风险评估中需对管道哪些部位进行现场检验,以及从管道失效概率和管道失效后果两方面对已完成现场检验的管道进行风险评估,最后得出基于风险评估埋地管道检验方法...     

埋地管道的腐蚀与防护综述

将埋地管道的腐蚀分为内腐蚀和外腐蚀2类,综述了影响埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀的因素,介绍了常用的埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀检测技术,给出了埋地管道内腐蚀及外腐蚀的控制措施.     

外腐蚀直接评价方法在某高压管道中的应用

将NACE提出的外腐蚀直接评价方法（ECDA）应用于某工厂的高压乙烯管道外腐蚀评价.从总体上看,ECDA法可用于国内埋地压力管道的外腐蚀检测.ECDA方法适用的关键要素在于预评价阶段能否收集到管道的准确、全面的数据,提出了需增补对管道占压情况、未进入实施检测管段等调查内容,并合理地参照国内相关标准与最新科研成果,采用合适的现场数据记录表格和专业的埋地钢质管道腐蚀防护综合评价系统软件等。     

两种钢质管道腐蚀检测新技术

管道腐蚀检测相关技术主要包括:管道沿线环境调查,管线探测与测绘,管道防腐层完整性检测,管体检测,管道阴极保护系统检测,管道泄漏检测、监测及腐蚀管道的安全评价.管道腐蚀的根本在于管体,埋地钢质管道的腐蚀防护广泛采用施加防腐蚀涂层并附加阴极保护.针对埋地钢质管道防腐层检测评价、管体检测评价这两方面内容,介绍两种管道腐蚀检测...     

城市埋地燃气钢管防腐措施研究

文中主要研究城市埋地燃气管道防腐的措施,介绍了国内城市燃气发展的现状和埋地燃气管网腐蚀的情况,从国内相关标准规范的要求剖析了国内埋地燃气管道防腐的基本技术水平,对各种防腐措施(包括外防腐层防腐和阴极保护防腐)进行了分析和比较,介绍了其防腐保护原理,重点探讨了确定防腐控制系统的基本思路和主要因素,并得出研究结论,提出了几点意见。     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

生命大过天

文章介绍了广西壮族自治区公路管理局开展专项行动,治理以桥梁为重点的交通基础设施安全隐患的情况,针对在役桥梁、在建桥梁和农村公路桥梁存在的安全隐患提出了相应的治理措施。