非线性波浪载荷作用下的船体结构疲劳损伤

近年来,在非线性波浪载荷（含砰击响应）作用下的船体结构疲劳损伤,已成为船舶力学研究和结构设计界颇为关注的一个前沿论题。本文以具有大外飘船舶为背景,采用谱分析法首先在短期预报范围内分析非线性波浪弯矩、非线笥合成弯矩（含砰击振动弯矩）对船体结构疲劳损伤的影响;然后,在设定的船舶长期使用环境中,用不同的载荷理论估计和分析结构的疲劳损伤;同时计算分析了平均应力、二种计数法、不同长期疲劳损伤分析方法、二种Ｓ     

冰载荷作用下船体结构强度有限元分析方法

针对船舶在冰区航行过程中船体承受冰载荷的直接撞击作用,存在结构损坏风险的情形,旨在研究建立冰载荷作用下船体结构强度有限元分析的技术实施方法.分析船—冰相互作用特点,研究结构分析时冰载荷的理想化及施加方法,基于冰区船舶结构特点提出极地船舶有限元建模方法,考虑线性和非线性分析方法的差异研究结构强度校核准则,在此基础上,构建线性和非线性有限元分析方法在极地船结构强度分析过程中的实施方法和技术途径.通过实船结构船首和船中结构强度分析的计算验证,该方法具有较好的可操作性,可为极地船舶的结构强度分析提供参考.     

基于反向方法的船体冰载荷研究

船舶碰撞海冰引起的冰载荷分布是十分复杂的。文章选取Thikhonov正则化这一反向方法,根据极地科考补给船S.A Agulhas II号于2013-2014年间南极航行时实测的数据,分析得到了船体艉肩部的冰载荷。通过应用三种独立的冰载荷离散方式来模拟海冰的自然特性,在有限元中得到模型的影响矩阵,并应用Matlab对Thikhonov正则化方程进行了优化。研究结果表明,反向方法可以克服数据处理过程中的不适定性,并计算得到船体冰载荷。     

船体结构中疲劳裂纹的分析与修复

有些船舶在不同的船龄阶段 ,在船体结构上出现疲劳裂纹 ,特别是在船底、舷侧纵骨中较为突出。文章从实践出发 ,对发生在船体结构中的疲劳裂纹进行了较为全面的分析 ,找出了疲劳裂纹产生的主要原因 ,可供同行借鉴     

船体结构冰载荷的远场识别方法及试验验证

冰区航行船舶的冰载荷监测系统可实时保障结构安全.常规的冰载荷监测系统通常采用在冰区水线处布置应变传感器进行测量,然而船体结构水线处往往因水密隔舱等密闭结构而难以进入.为克服传感器安装位置的限制,本文提出一种船体外板结构远场冰载荷识别模型.采用狄拉克函数形成监测点载荷-测量点冰激应变间的Green矩阵,并用Picard准则对载荷识别系统的不适定性进行分析.同时,采用共轭梯度最小二乘迭代型算法和移动平均滤波技术提升求解精度及降低噪声信号影响,并将反演模型应用到外板结构的载荷识别试验中,反演的载荷可较好地对应上施加载荷的时域特征且载荷识别精度良好.本文提出的冰载荷识别模型是对原有冰载荷监测方案的扩展,可有效提升监测范围.     

船体冰载荷的反演确定法（英文）

由于船体结构受到的外部载荷及载荷承受能力决定了船体结构的损伤程度,因此船舶在冰区海域航行的安全性与其受到的冰载荷直接相关。本文根据极地科考补给船S.A. Agulhas II的原型测量数据,给出了两种艉肩部冰载荷的反演确定方法：一种为根据试验建立的影响系数矩阵法来确定肋骨处受到的冰载荷,另一种为利用Tikhonov正则化建立的三种离散方式来确定外板区域受到的冰载荷。计算结果表明,这两种方法均能克服数据处理过程中的病态性并得到船体结构的冰载荷。     

基于动力效应的船体远场冰载荷测量与识别

[目的]提出一种基于动力效应的冰载荷反演识别方法.[方法]针对船?冰相互作用过程和结构响应特性之间的卷积关系,使用格林函数建立描述冰载荷的卷积积分方程.针对"天恩"号极地运输船的北极航行,安装应变传感器测量船艏区域的冰激响应.对于求解矩阵的病态性与测量中的随机噪声,引入正则化方法解决识别计算中的不适定问题,并获取动冰载...     

冰区海上风机的动力响应及疲劳分析

本文针对冰区作业的海上风机进行动力响应分析与疲劳损伤计算。采用Kaimal风速谱进行风载荷计算。采用K?rn?冰力谱进行冰载荷计算。分别进行风载荷、冰载荷与风冰联合作用3种不同工况下的海上风机动力响应分析与疲劳损伤评估。结果表明,风载荷作用下塔筒顶端位移要远大于冰载荷作用。风冰联合作用下风机在泥面处的支座反力与弯矩均大于单一载荷的作用。冰载荷作用下风机的疲劳损伤小于风载荷所造成的疲劳损伤,但风冰联合作用下风机的疲劳损伤均大于任一载荷单独作用。采用DNV方法计算得到的疲劳损伤值较接近风冰载荷联合作用计算结果,且偏于保守。     

船体结构冰载荷的时域反卷积识别算法及信号采样周期选取

冰载荷是影响冰区船舶安全的重要环境载荷,可造成船舶结构的严重损毁或疲劳破坏.基于时域反卷积算法的识别模型可较好地考虑冰载荷的动载荷效应,但冰激应变信号的采样周期对其计算稳定性和识别精度影响较大.利用Green核函数建立船体外板结构冰载荷识别的正问题,并采用Tikhonov正则化算子和广义交叉验证法提升其求解稳定性.结合动态载荷识别信号采样周期选取原则、实测冰载荷数据和外板结构自振特性确定信号采样周期.通过构造分析不同频率施加载荷和不同噪声水平信号干扰的工况以评估选取采样周期的适用性.结果表明,其识别载荷可以较为准确地反映施加载荷的时程特征,且载荷识别精度良好.     

船体结构在非线性波浪载荷作用下疲劳男积损伤计算

本文通过对非线性波浪弯矩循环所产生应的雨流计数,独立性检验,线性回归显著性检验,方差齐性检验以及分布拟合和分布拟合检验,表明应力范围和平均应力相互不独立,且线性相关。     

实用船舶结构疲劳评估方法概要

船舶结构的疲劳评估是船舶力学的主要研究领域之一。本文对常用的船舶结构疲劳评估方法——船级社提出的简化方法、谱分析法、设计波法、断裂力学方法,以及概率S-N曲线和概率断裂力学方法进行了概述。首先分别对每种方法中的关键技术细节进行了较为详细的论述,给出了这些技术细节当前的处理方法及存在的主要问题。最后,对各方法进行了总结和概括,指出了每种方法的优缺点,并给出了每种方法未来的研究重点和发展方向。     

船舶结构疲劳评估设计波法

以散货船船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处节点为例,对船舶结构疲劳评估的设计波法进行研究.论述了设计波法的基本原理,给出了确定设计波的流程。通过分析该节点的受力情况,确定5个控制载荷参数及设计波参数。以谱分析法得到的参考应力范围为目标值,对5个控制载荷参数对应的设计波作用下的节点应力范围结果进行回归分析,从而得到了用于疲劳评估的设计波组合,并利用该方法对1艘散货船的船舯内底与底边舱斜板折角处的节点进行了计算。结果显示,设计波法与谱分析法的结果吻合较好,计算量大幅减少。     

Fatigue damage calculation for oil tanker and container ship structures

The fatigue behaviour of longitudinal stiffeners of oil tankers and container ships, subjected to dynamic loads, is analysed. The following dynamic load components are considered: hull girder vertical wave bending moment, alone and combined with the horizontal wave bending moment, hydrodynamic pressure and inertial forces caused by cargo acceleration.

The spectral method was selected to calculate the fatigue damage, based on S—N curves and Miner's rule. Following this approach, the fatigue damage may be calculated as a function of a stress parameter Ω_p, which represents the cumulative effect of wave induced loads in the unit of time and incorporates the combined effects of stress level and its occurring frequency.

Simple formulas for Ω_p of oil tankers and container ships are given, obtained from the results of hydrodynamic analyses performed on several ships, in different wave environments.

Several examples show the applicability of the methods to real ship structures. The method, however, still needs to be calibrated because of the simplifying hypotheses introduced in the loading conditions.     

Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls

A numerical model is introduced in this paper to investigate both global and local ice loads on ship hulls. This model is partly based on empirical data, by which the observed phenomena of continuous icebreaking can be well reproduced. In the simulation of a full-scale icebreaking trial, the interdependence between the ice load and the ship’s motion is considered, and the three degree-of-freedom rigid body equations of surge, sway and yaw are solved by numerical integration. The variations in the level ice thickness and in the strength properties of ice can also be taken into account. The simulated ice loads on ship hulls are discussed through two case studies, in which the ship’s performance, the statistics of ice-induced frame loads, and the spatial distribution of ice loads around the hull are analyzed and compared with field measurements. As far as we know the present paper is the first to integrate all the features above. It is hoped that further studies on this numerical model can supplement the field and laboratory measurements in establishing a design basis for the ice-going ships especially for ships navigating in the first-year ice.     

Low-cycle fatigue assessment of offshore mooring chains under service loading

The integrity of mooring chains is essential to the safety of a range of offshore platforms. However, mooring line failures are occurring earlier than their design lives, with a high number of these failures occurring due to fatigue. Early in the fatigue life of the component fatigue initiation processes occur, where the fatigue hotspot is sensitive to the mean load and there is plastic strain accumulation from the multiaxial stress-strain responses of the material, leading to cyclic plastic damage accumulation. The traditional SN approach suggested by mooring standards does not consider these effects, and it is proposed that this lack of consideration under low-cycle fatigue conditions is the reason for the current non-conservative fatigue assessments of mooring chains. This paper aims to develop a fatigue approach based on a critical plane multiaxial fatigue criterion for mooring chains that can consider the damage-induced by the cyclic plasticity and the mean load effect, to investigate the importance of incorporating low-cycle fatigue into the mooring chain life prediction. To develop the critical plane approach, the multiaxial stress-strain states are extracted for the critical plane at the fatigue hotspot from a finite element model of a mooring chain. This is then correlated with a fatigue life prediction provided by conventional fatigue design data. It uses a simulation of an FPSO as a case study to demonstrate the importance of low cycle fatigue, which shows that the mean load effect is significant in reducing the fatigue life for mooring chain applications, while the effect of fatigue damage-induced cyclic plasticity is limited. The fatigue damage accumulation predicted by the critical plane approach is significantly higher than that of the traditional SN approach and should be accounted for in mooring line design.     

深水悬链复合锚泊线疲劳损伤计算

以某座Spar平台的锚泊系统为研究对象,首先利用三维绕射理论计算Spar平台主体波浪力,得到平台的总体运动响应时程。再建立复合锚泊线的二维非线性有限元动力分析模型,基于DelVecchio(1992)提出的经验公式,采用迭代的方法计算复合锚泊线的刚度。锚泊线和海床之间的接触作用基于刚性海床假定,基于Morrison公式计算锚泊线的惯性力和拖曳力荷载,根据计算得到的平台主体运动响应时程作为锚泊线顶端输入条件,在时域范围内进行复合锚泊线的动力分析。计算得到中国南海某海域各短期海况条件下复合锚泊线应力的时间历程曲线,采用雨流法对其计数得到对应于各短期海况条件下的疲劳载荷谱。最后根据Miner线性累积损伤模型,对复合锚泊线在长期海况条件下的疲劳损伤进行比较计算。     

船员疲劳对船舶值班的影响与评判

结合IMO和STCW78/95公约中对船舶安全配员的要求,借助数学模型分析船员疲劳的主观感觉和客观感觉,帮助减轻船员的疲劳,避免由于船员疲劳引发海难。     

Full-scale fatigue tests of ship structures to validate the S–N approaches for fatigue strength assessment

Ships belong to those welded structures which are prone to fatigue due to high cyclic loads. Different approaches exist for the fatigue strength assessment which are varying between the industrial sectors. Therefore, deeper fatigue strength investigations were performed in Germany within an industry-wide joint research project aiming at the harmonization of the approaches. Regarding ship structures, two types were selected for full-scale tests. The first concerned web frame corners being typical for roll-on/roll-off ships (ro/ro) ships, from which three models were tested under constant amplitude loading. The second type was the intersection between longitudinals and transverse web frames, which recently showed fatigue failures in containerships. Five models were tested, three under constant and two under variable amplitude loading. All tests showed a relatively long crack propagation phase after first cracks had appeared, calling for a reasonable failure criterion. For the numerical analysis, the structural hot-spot stress as well as the effective notch stress approach have been applied. The latter allows the consideration of the weld shape which could partly explain differences in the observed and calculated failure behaviour. Another factor is the distribution of welding-induced residual stresses, which obviously affected the failure behaviour in the web frame corner as well. Insofar the investigations give a good insight into the strength behaviour of complex welded structures and into current problems and opportunities offered by numerical analyses.     

一种复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

风暴模型是Tomita等提出的用来评估船舶结构疲劳强度的一种随机波浪载荷简化模型,它能表达波浪载荷是与时间相关的随机过程。文中介绍了风暴模型及波浪诱导应力短期分布的基本特征。将风暴模型和裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型及焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨了复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法。并用权函数法计算了给定残余应力分布的表面裂纹应力强度因子。预报了对接焊接接头焊趾处表面裂纹在风暴波浪载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明风暴的大小、顺序,初始裂纹尺寸及残余应力对裂纹扩展行为影响明显。合理的风暴模型参数及初始裂纹尺寸的确定对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的。