从新《海上交通安全法》谈我国海洋安全权益维护

近年来,我国采取分散立法的方式制定了一些涉及海洋安全权益的法律条文,但仅仅停留在对海洋主权的宣示上,没有针对海上安全权益维护规定具体的措施与执行办法,新修订的《海上交通安全法》在某些程度上弥补了我国针对海洋安全权益维护相关法律条款的不足,顺应了国家海洋强国战略的整体要求.从新《海上交通安全法》的内容出发,通过对涉及海上...     

Incident reporting in Finnish shipping companies

The purpose of the International Safety Management Code (the ISM Code) is to promote safety culture in the maritime industry. Learning the lessons from incidents should help to improve safety performance since incidents and accidents can share the same root causes. The aim of this paper is to take a closer look at incident reporting in the Finnish shipping industry, to study the reasons for poor incident reporting and to suggest improvements to increase reporting. The paper consists of a literature study, which focuses on previous studies concerning incident reporting, and an interview study, which focuses on Finnish shipping companies and their personnel. The interview study confirmed that incident reporting does not function properly within the Finnish maritime industry. The maritime personnel have an occupational culture which is incompatible with the rule-based safety management approach provided by the ISM Code. The willingness to report incidents could be increased if all seafarers were involved in the reporting process and the preparation of corrective actions. In addition, the reporting procedures should be streamlined and developed to a more user-friendly direction.     

The ISM Code and the ISPS Code: A critical legal analysis of two SOLAS regimes

Within the comprehensive body of law encompassed by the International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS), there are two regimes that are topical and outstanding in the current maritime milieu. These are the international safety management and the international ship and port facility regimes, both characterized by two codes serving as the centre of gravity of each, namely, the ISM Code and the ISPS Code, respectively. In this article the concept of the code as a legal instrument is perused following which a critical legal analysis is carried out of the two above-mentioned Codes, including their backgrounds, the evolutionary process culminating into the regimes and their interrelationships. Several anomalies and inadequacies in the two regimes are identified but in the final analysis it is concluded that both instruments are salutary additions to the body of convention law generated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). They will undoubtedly influence the continuing development of international law in the field of maritime safety and security.     

New security measures for the international shipping community

On 1 July 2004 the new maritime security regulatory regime set out in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 as amended, namely the new chapter XI-2 on Special measures to enhance maritime security and the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code entered into force only 18 months after adoption by the SOLAS Conference in December 2002. Following the devastating terrorist acts of 11 September 2001 in the United States, the international community recognised the need to protect the international maritime transport sector against the threat of terrorism. IMO responded swiftly and firmly by developing these new requirements, which represent the culmination of co-operation between Governments, Government agencies, local administrations and shipping and port industries.     

Maritime safety and the ISM code: a study of investigated casualties and incidents

In 1993, the International Maritime Organization adopted the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which requires all shipping companies operating certain types of vessels to establish safety management systems. Nevertheless, two decades later, maritime safety remains a concern. This article studies 94 maritime cases investigated by the Maritime Accident Investigation Branch in the UK. By providing an analysis of reported casualties and incidents, it highlights current challenges in maritime safety. For each casualty and incident, the study reviews the underlying causal factors. These causal factors are then coded according to the functional sections of the ISM Code, covering various aspects of safety management. To investigate human and organizational factors involved in the casualties and incidents, the human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS) is applied to code the same data. Finally, the relative seriousness of casualties and incidents is considered to discuss the findings from ISM Code and HFACS reviews. The study found that the main challenges pertain to the development of plans for shipboard operations, local shipboard management, and the ability of the company to verify when such practices deviate from best practices or required standards.     

谈谈“行政执法一面旗”与海事文件建设

“行政执法一面旗”建设,强调依法行政,执法为民理念,体现海事行政执法先进性,是社会主义核心价值体系的重要内容,是海事系统践行“三个服务”的重要举措,是海事事业科学发展的重要保证。海事文化是海事系统在长期水上安全监督、改革发展中倡导、积累、筛选、提炼形成的思想方法、价值取向和行为习惯,是海事核心竞争力的核心要素和重要组成部分,代表了海事发展软实力。文中通过探讨“行政执法一面旗”建设和海事文化建设的内在关系,以此加深对“行政执法一面旗”深刻内涵的理解,拓宽海事文化发展思路,促进海事事业又好又快发展。     

浅谈海事网络安全管理

内网安全是网络安全最重要的主题之一,它是保障内网运行畅通的前提和保证。文中分析了当前海事网络建设中存在的安全问题,介绍了海事内网安全管理的重要性,阐述了加强海事内网安全应采取的几项措施,旨在为今后海事内网安全建设提供参考。     

我国实施国际海上人命安全公约的不足及改进建议

《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》于1980年5月25日对我国生效以来,经过政府、各级海事管理部门、港口行政管理部门、船公司等有关部门和人员的共同努力,较好地实施了公约及其修正案的履约工作。但是,我国在执行SOLAS 1974中也存在一些不足之处。探讨我国履约工作存在的问题和不足,并提出改进建议。     

水上交通事故安全调查独立性的研讨

独立的水上交通事故安全调查是目前世界海事组织推荐的一种事故调查模式。结合我国海事调查的实际情况，从法学理论到海事执法实践，从国际公约要求到社会安全需求等方面说明了事故安全调查独立性的必要性。同时，通过对这种海事调查模式的综合分析，论述了独立性事故安全调查与国际合作调查的关系，并对其未来的发展进行了探讨。     

海事机构在乡镇船舶管理中的定位和管理难点分析

日前，国务院安委会办公室通报了黑龙江省哈尔滨市2007年“10·23”乡（镇）农用船沉没事故，要求各地深刻吸取事故教训，加强乡（镇）船舶安全管理。文中就海事机构在现有法律框架下，如何履行好海事职责，如何做到乡镇船舶管理既不缺位、也不越位，笔者凭借多年乡镇船舶管理的经验，发表一点浅见。     

水上交通安全观念创新之探讨

党和国家在科学发展观的基础上提出了创新的“安全发展”观念,落实到水上交通安全工作上,首先是水上交通安全观念的创新。本文对水上交通安全观念创新问题进行了初步探讨,提出安全具有相对性,要弄清楚“安全了才能更好地发展,发展了才能更加安全”的辩证关系,明确安全发展理念的本质仍在于科学地发展;应科学地观察和评价水上交通安全形势与状况,科学合理地设定安全指标;安全文化是安全发展的思想基础,与严格监管同等重要等观点,以期为我国水上交通安全工作的顺利开展指明正确的前进方向。     

规范化安全评估(FSA)在上海港船舶引航安全工作中的应用

规范化安全评估(FormalSafetyAssessment,简称FSA)是一种先进的结构化和系统性的综合安全评估方法,近年来在国外一些发达的海运国家得到了积极地推广和应用。简要介绍"FSA在上海港船舶引航安全工作中的应用"的研究情况,并根据研究的结果就改进和完善上海港船舶安全引航工作提出了一些相应的风险控制方案和决策性建议。     

谈FSA在海事现场监管模式中的应用

文中从优化行政成本与安全效益之间的费效比的角度,将风险管理理论工具安全评估方法体系（FSA）应用到海事现场网格化的监管工作k ,探讨构建一个新的海事现场监管模式,进一步优化资源配置,实现风险闭环管理.     

从实施《联合国海洋法公约》谈《海上交通安全法》

2008年1月5日,国务院办公厅印发国务院2008年度立法计划,《海上交通安全法》的修订工作位列其中。文中通过分析《联合国海洋法公约》赋予沿海国在海上交通安全管理方面的权利和义务,并针对我国现行《海上交通安全法》存在的部分问题,提出修改《海上交通安全法》的有关建议,以期进一步完善国内海上交通安全监管法律法规。     

金融危机时期上海海事促进航运发展的思考

金融危机来势汹汹,作为与航运业息息相关的海事部门,如何深入实践科学发展观,帮助航运单位度过这场危机,有许多值得我们思考的问题。文中从对科学发展观基本内涵的认识逐步深入,运用科学发展观的世界观和方法论,分析了金融危机对上海航运经济发展可能带来的影响,提出了着力解决金融危机时期影响经济的突出问题,以及上海海事促进航运可持续发展的一些思考。     

船舶安检中对安全管理规则符合性检查的探索与实践

海事机关对船舶进行安全管理规则符合性检查是监督船舶执行安全管理规则，确保船舶安全和防止污染的重要手段。如何更加有效地进行船舶安检是摆在海事检查官面前的重要课题。文中从实践出发探索安检中对安全管理规则符合性检查的方法和缺陷处理的途径。     

“数字海事”集成信息系统探讨

探讨如何利用当今先进技术手段建设一个“数字海事”集成信息系统，以实现各相关单位共享海事信息，实现对航行船舶的动态监控，保障航行安全、保证船岸信息交流，从而保障海运交通安全通畅。     

Critical factors for successful implementation of the ISM Code in some Pacific Islands states

Although the International Safety Management (ISM) Code was fully implemented from July 1st 2002, not all countries signatories to the Code, particularly developing countries such as Pacific Islands states, are successful in the introduction and implementation of the instrument. In this paper, we aim to determine factors that facilitate the successful implementation of the ISM Code particularly for the above-named region. Through a thorough literature review, a model of 11 critical factors for the Code implementation success was proposed. These factors were empirically tested using the triangulation of a survey of a group of maritime administration personnel and shipping companies in Fiji and two indepth interviews with senior officers in the Samoa Maritime Administration during the period June–August 2007. The proposed factors were verified by both survey respondents and interview informants, i.e., that maritime safety awareness rooted in a safety culture, senior management commitment and leadership across organisations and the industry, employee involvement and empowerment, enforcement capability of flag state administrations, application of quality management principles in safety management systems, rationalisation of documentation, among others, are essential to the successful implementation of the Code. This research hopes to contribute to the literature and to provide maritime administrations and shipping companies in the Pacific Islands states with additional reference and information that will help expedite the effective implementation of the ISM Code. The need for future research directions is expressed in this paper. Additional investigations, e.g., conducting the same research in other Pacific Islands states as well as in other developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, would enhance the validity and reliability of this study’s findings.     

提升海事行政执法能力的探讨

文章在肯定中国海事局对外交流和国际合作取得辉煌成绩的同时,分析了国内海事行政执法的部分现状,对如何进一步提升海事行政执法能力给出了建议。