Plate scanning tools to obtain travel times in traffic networks

The management of vehicle travel times has been shown to be fundamental to traffic network analysis. To collect travel time measurement, some methods focus solely on isolated links or highway segments, and where two measurement points, at the beginning and at the end of a section, are deemed sufficient to evaluate users' travel time. However, in many cases, transport studies involve networks in which the problem is more complex. This article takes advantage of the plate scanning technique to propose an algorithm that minimizes the required number of registering devices and their location in order to identify vehicles candidates to compute the travel times of a given set of routes (or subroutes). The merits of the proposed method are explained using simple examples and are illustrated by its application to the real network of Ciudad Real.     

基于贝叶斯网络的出行方式选择模型研究

论文以居民出行方式选择为研究对象,分析了城市居民出行方式的影响因素,建立了基于贝叶斯网络的居民出行方式选择模型,并以苏州市为例,结合居民出行调查数据采用极大似然法对模型进行了参数估计,并采用贝叶斯网络推理方法验证模型精度。结果表明,该模型能较全面地考虑居民出行选择的影响因素,模型精度较高。     

基于浮动车定位数据的高速公路区间平均速度估计

通过对浮动车定位数据情况的分析,可知大部分速度估计算法仅适用于采样时间间隔不大于行程时间的情况,为在相同浮动车比例以及采样时间间隔的条件下,提高数据利用率,以提高速度估计结果的路网覆盖率,提出两种速度估计算法:车辆跟踪法、速度-距离积分法,并给出路段区间平均速度自适应估计模型.使用真实交通流OD 数据进行仿真,结果表明...     

基于OBD数据的驾驶人出行模式挖掘

传统的出行模式研究通常依靠问卷调查分析驾驶人出行特征,所得结果易受调查数据主观性影响,针对此问题基于北京市域范围内2个月共计3570辆私家车的车载诊断数据,对驾驶人的不同出行模式进行分析并建模.通过长期采集的车辆各项参数,采用基于密度峰值的聚类算法进行聚类,将不同的驾驶人分为高频出行者、通勤出行者、长距偶发出行者以及危...     

Travel time estimation oriented freeway sensor placement problem considering sensor failure

Optimal sensor placement on freeway corridor is of great interest to transportation authorities. However, current traffic sensors are easily subject to various failures. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate sensor failure into the optimal sensor placement model. In this article, a two-stage stochastic model is proposed for the purpose of travel time estimation on freeway corridor. To balance the effectiveness and reliability, a stochastic conditional value at risk (CVaR) model is also proposed. Since both models are too complicated, a customized genetic algorithm is developed. Numerical experiments show that considering sensor failure makes a significant performance improvement in the sensor placement pattern. Sensitivity analysis is also applied to investigate the impact of a number of allowable sensors and different traffic sensor failure probability.     

路径行程时间的组合预测方法研究

立足于历史和实时数据的融合应用,从实际应用角度出发,构筑了一种路径短时行程时间的组合预测模型和相应算法。该组合预测模型包含基于历史数据特征向量的聚类分析子模型和基于路径行程时间序列的自回归子模型,通过贝叶斯概率公式实现子模型的权重分配。并对数据进行滚动式处理,实现权重系数的实时更新。最后选择上海市快速路系统3条典型路径进行实例分析,并与实际牌照自动识别行程时间数据进行对比验证。     

基于GSOM神经网络模型的交通行为模式学习方法研究

提出了一种用于基于视频的交通事件自动检测的交通行为模式学习方法。首先为了获取利用神经网络进行车辆行为模式学习所需的训练数据,一种基于运动估算的车辆跟踪算法被建立,将采集到的灰度视频图像序列转化为车辆标号场时空序列。其次,使用轨迹建模和编码的方法,将跟踪结果转化为轨迹数据用于网络训练。在此基础上,建立自组织神经网络,并针对自组织网络的不足使用改进的GSOM模型,选择欧氏范数作为测度,自主开发了试验软件,以U形转事件为对象开展试验,对轨迹数据进行学习。对比试验结果表明改进的GSOM算法能有效提取行为模式。GSOM相比SOM用于行为模式学习更为有效和准确。     

考虑多目标的城市停车换乘选址优化模型及算法

停车换乘选址问题是城市交通网络设计研究的重点领域,已有研究的优化目标多集中在系统总费用方面,而对交通可持续发展方面考虑不足。为此,提出综合考虑多方面目标的停车换乘设施选址优化模型及其求解算法。首先,基于超网络理论,提出多方式城市交通系统的超网络模型并定义O-D (Origin-destination)间的超路径、有效超路径及子路径,结合出行者出行过程及交通网络拥挤特征,给出超路径费用的数学表达;其次,基于多方式交通网络随机均衡配流结果,构建交通总阻抗、污染物排放量以及交通系统公平性等系统优化指标的计算模型,并建立用以描述停车换乘设施选址问题的多目标优化模型;进而,以多目标系统优化模型为上层问题,以超网络下满足Logit分配的多方式交通网络配流模型为下层问题,构建描述城市多方式交通系统停车换乘设施选址问题的双层规划模型,并基于模型特征,结合“记录-搜索”思想设计非支配排序遗传算法进行求解;最后,基于Sioux Falls网络设计算例。研究结果表明：算法能够在有限的步骤内搜索到90%以上的Pareto最优解;平均而言,停车换乘措施使得交通总阻抗减小了0.31%,污染物排放量减少了7.32%...     

基于RFID电子车牌数据的公交行程时间预测方法

为了给公交优先信号配时系统提供足够的"思考"时间和准确的控制依据,基于重庆市RFID电子车牌数据提出了一种采用自适应渐消卡尔曼滤波和小波神经网络组合模型动态预测公交行程时间的方法。综合分析公交行程时间的动态和静态影响因素,选取的模型输入参量为标准车流量、路段车辆平均行程时间、平均车速离散性和前班次公交行程时间。利用RFID电子车牌系统采集重庆市鹅公岩大桥路段车辆行驶数据,选取3 000组实际运行数据完成公交行程时间预测模型的训练,另筛选50组数据验证模型的有效性和准确性。研究结果表明：组合模型可动态自适应预测公交行程时间,预测值平均相对误差为3.23%,绝对误差集中在8 s左右,明显优于2种单一模型和基于传统GPS数据的公交行程时间预测模型,可认为选择RFID电子车牌数据作为组合模型的输入,能够明显改善模型预测精度;组合模型预测值的残差分布更为集中、鲁棒性较好,泛化能力强。选择平均绝对误差值、均方根误差值和平均绝对百分比误差作为模型评价指标,结果进一步表明,组合模型的综合预测效果明显优于单一的自适应渐消卡尔曼滤波和小波神经网络。研究方案可为先进公交信息化系统提供良好的技术支撑。     

Neural-network multiple models filter (NMM)-based position estimation system for autonomous vehicles

A highly accurate and reliable vehicle position estimation system is an important component of an autonomous driving system. In generally, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver is employed for the vehicle position estimation of autonomous vehicles. However, a stand-alone GPS does not always provide accurate and reliable information of the vehicle position due to frequent GPS blockages and multipath errors. In order to overcome these problems, a sensor fusion scheme that combines the data from the GPS receiver and several on-board sensors has been studied. In previous researches, a single model filter-based sensor fusion algorithm was used to integrate information from the GPS and on-board sensors. However, an estimate obtained from a single model is difficult to cover the various driving environments, including urban areas, off-road areas, and highways. Thus, a multiple models filter (MMF) has been introduced to address this limitation by adapting multiple models to a wide range of driving conditions. An adaptation of the multiple model is achieved through the use of the model probability. The MMF combines several vehicle models using the model probabilities, which indicate the suitability of the current driving condition. In this paper, we propose a vehicle position estimation algorithm for an autonomous vehicle that is based on a neural network (NN)-based MMF. The model probabilities are determined through the NN. The proposed position estimation system was evaluated through simulations and experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed position estimation algorithm is suitable for application in an autonomous driving system over a wide range of driving conditions.     

Vehicle identification sensors location problem for large networks

Finding the optimal location for sensors is a key problem in flow estimation. There are several location models that have been developed recently for vehicle identification (ID) sensors. However, these location models cannot be applied to large networks because there are many constraints and integer variables. Based on a property of the location problem for vehicle ID sensors, given the initial vehicle ID sensors that are pre-installed and fixed on the network, this article presents a solution that greatly reduces the size of this location problem. An applied example demonstrates that when 8% of the arcs from a real network that are randomly selected have a vehicle ID sensor, the reductions are as large as 97% for the number of remaining constraints in the location model and 84% for the adjusted diameter of the feasible region of target flow. Using these two indices as target functions, two greedy algorithms are presented for solving the vehicle ID sensor location problem. These two algorithms were applied to an example in Mashhad city with 2,526 arcs, 7,157 origin-destination pairs and 121,627 paths. Using these algorithms, installing vehicle ID sensors on 8% of the network arcs results in satisfaction of 99.82% of the constraints in the location model and 97.6% reduction in the adjusted maximum possible error index. This means that deploying a low number of vehicle ID sensors on a real large network, with these greedy algorithms, yields a high level of observability.     

基于SP和RP融合数据的小汽车通勤出行频率选择模型

基于小汽车通勤出行特性和成本分析,采用意愿调查法对小汽车出行者的社会经济属性、通勤特性和不同燃油价格下的出行意向进行调查,定量分析停车位供应状况、停车费、燃油价格等因素对小汽车使用者通勤出行频率的影响,以获取高燃油价格下小汽车通勤行为随燃油价格(出行成本)变化的规律.基于多项选择模型,分别建立了RP模型、SP模型和基于...     

观测路径出行时间下随机网络交通需求估计

道路网络起讫点(OD)需求是城市决策长期交通规划和短期交通管理中的基础参数,准确的交通需求更是实施交通拥堵控制、限行限速、路径诱导等措施的先决条件.综合运用观测的轨迹已知和未知路径出行时间,建立随机网络交通需求估计双层规划模型.上层广义最小二乘模型最小化历史交通需求与待估交通需求、观测路径出行时间与待估路径出行时间之间...     

基于浮动车移动检测与感应线圈融合技术的行程时间估计模型

综合考虑到浮动车检测技术与感应线圈检测技术的优缺点,为了提高道路行程时间估计的精度及完备性,提出基于浮动车与感应线圈的融合检测技术的行程时间估计模型。该模型利用神经网络技术对两种检测技术同一路段的检测数据进行融合,从而达到提高道路行程时间估计精度和完备性的目的。最后,以广州市7 000多辆装有GPS装置的出租车所提供的浮动车数据、100多个安装在广州市各主要道路口上的感应线圈检测器提供的感应线圈数据以及广州市交通电子地图为基础,在10条道路上分别随机选取的500个两种检测数据对提出的模型进行了验证,试验结果表明,此模型在道路行程时间估计的精度方面较浮动车移动检测技术与感应线圈技术有较大提高。     

城市道路交通网络系统容量评估模型

以出行者出行行为选择为基础,以最大化网络容量为目标,建立了城市道路交通网络容量双层规划评估模型。其中下层引入停车路段（搜索停车设施所行驶的路段）和步行路段,把停车设施转化为道路路段,以出行分布、方式分担和均衡配流组合模型来反映出行者出行目的地、出行方式服从多项式Logit和出行路径服从用户均衡原则的出行选择行为;上层以网络储备容量最大化为目标,考虑网络的路段通行能力、外部环境以及服务水平要求等约束条件下的最大流量问题。最后给出了相应的启发式求解算法。研究结果表明：该模型和算法有效且易于操作。     

基于ATIS下的OD矩阵估计

利用ATIS收集的信息,通过广义最小二乘模型,建立了一种新的OD矩阵估计方法。新方法利用ATIS能得到装有GPS车辆的路段选择比例矩阵,据此可推出网络中全部车辆的路段选择比例矩阵的期望值,克服了传统方法采集数据难、数据精度低等缺陷。新方法能获得实时可靠的数据,能对OD矩阵进行实时更新,从而增强了数据的实效性。在对新方法解的有关性质进行分析的基础上,给出了相应的求解算法,得出新方法的目标函数局部最优解是全局最优解,目标函数的解不唯一,但OD估计量唯一。数值仿真表明新算法非常有效,与传统方法相比,新方法是一种精度高、可靠性强的估计方法。     

Developing travel time estimation methods using sparse GPS data

Existing methods of estimating travel time from GPS data are not able to simultaneously take account of the issues related to uncertainties associated with GPS and spatial road network data. Moreover, they typically depend upon high-frequency data sources from specialist data providers, which can be expensive and are not always readily available. The study reported here therefore sought to better estimate travel time using “readily available” vehicle trajectory data from moving sensors such as buses, taxis, and logistical vehicles equipped with GPS in “near” real time. To do this, accurate locations of vehicles on a link were first map-matched to reduce the positioning errors associated with GPS and digital road maps. Two mathematical methods were then developed to estimate link travel times from map-matched GPS fixes, vehicle speeds, and network connectivity information with a special focus on sampling frequencies, vehicle penetration rates, and time window lengths. Global positioning system (GPS) data from Interstate I-880 (California) for a total of 73 vehicles over 6 h were obtained from the University of California Berkeley's Mobile Century Project, and these were used to evaluate several travel time estimation methods, the results of which were then validated against reference travel time data collected from high resolution video cameras. The results indicate that vehicle penetration rates, data sampling frequencies, vehicle coverage on the links, and time window lengths all influence the accuracy of link travel time estimation. The performance was found to be best in the 5-min time window length and for a GPS sampling frequency of 60 s.     

融合XGBoost和图谱修正的公交通勤乘客目的地预测方法

准确把握公共交通通勤乘客的目的地, 有助于明确乘客出行需求, 提升公共交通服务水平。基于北京市1个月的公共交通出行数据和RP调查数据, 通过关联分析乘客公交卡号与公共交通刷卡数据和线站数据, 匹配获得563名通勤乘客完整出行链数据, 并利用关联规则实现302名公交通勤乘客高、中、低出行稳定性辨识。引入XGBoost集成学习算法, 分别以不同公交出行稳定性乘客出行目的地显著影响因素为输入变量, 以下次出行目的地为输出变量, 通过模型参数调优, 分类构建了公共交通通勤个体乘客下次出行目的地预测模型, 高、中、低稳定性乘客出行目的地预测准确率分别为90%, 66.67%和50%。借助个体乘客出行图谱转移概率对模型预测结果进行修正, 将预测准确率分别提升至91.2%, 83.21%和69.5%, 可以有效提升中、低稳定性乘客出行目的地的预测准确性。采用公交都市系统记录的目的地数据对下次出行目的地预测聚合结果进行对比验证, 客流预测值与真值变化梯度的绝对百分误差小于10%。因此, 在划分通勤乘客出行稳定性的基础上, 融合XGBoost和图谱修正的公交通勤乘客目的地预测预测方法具有较高准确性。      

1种基于浮动车数据的多车车速融合算法

在浮动车处理技术中,多浮动车样本车速的融合是整个计算的最后1个环节,算法的好坏直接影响到动态交通信息的准确性。从多权重系数和多种路况状态的角度构建了1种新的基于浮动车数据的多车车速融合算法,该算法从浮动车行驶特征等角度,综合考量在表征实时路况时浮动车多车样本间的共性与个性差异去融合多车车速,提高了实时路况的准确性,并且可根据实际交通环境快速调整相关参数。最后通过实证分析对其准确性进行了评估验证,结果表明能有效提高动态交通信息的准确性,具有良好的实用性。     

弹性需求下的组合出行模型与求解算法

研究了弹性需求下的组合出行行为,利用网络均衡理论和超级网络方法,给出了弹性需求下组合方式出行的混合网络均衡条件,提出了与均衡条件等价的变分不等式模型,讨论了模型解的存在性和唯一性。设计了求解模型的算法,并用一个算例分析了模型参数对模型求解结果和算法收敛性能的影响。结果表明:该模型能够有效地描述人们的组合出行行为。这一研究将有助于加深对交通行为的理解,有助于合理规划与布局停车换乘设施以及协调发展多种交通方式。