基于Fisher判别的城市快速路自动事件检测算法研究

交通事件检测是尽早发现公路运营中的事故隐患,提高运输安全性的重要技术.文章目的在于构建一个高精度并且易于实施的快速路自动事件检测算法.在简述国外自动事件检测算法、分析快速路特点和事件检测系统要求的基础上,研究了快速路检测器布置的原则和优化密度,选择了对事件发生敏感度最大的4个交通参量,建立了基于Fisher判别模型的自动事件检测算法,采用历史数据对模型进行标定,并给出了试验评价结果.试验结果表明,该方法检测率达到85.7%,并且检测速度快.     

A self-regulation traffic-condition-based route guidance strategy with realistic considerations: Overlapping routes,stochastic traffic,and signalized intersections

Variable message signs that provide various types of route guidance information have been widely deployed in large cities. To release proper information only using easily collected data, a simple traffic-condition-based (TCB) route guidance strategy was recently proposed. The strategy works based on the estimation of free-flow and congested traffic conditions and is capable of approximating user optimal equilibrium stably. Due to little consideration of the complexity of urban road networks, the TCB strategy is still away from field applications in urban areas. To further push the strategy toward field tests, this article improves the TCB strategy in the following aspects: supplementing the strategy with a self-regulation ability by considering existing traffic conditions; decomposing link capacity to solve the problem of overlapping routes by comparing link capacity on alternative routes; coping with stochastic traffic; and the impact of signalized intersections by utilizing aggregated data. A scenario for an urban road network in Beijing, China, is simulated to test the improved strategy, and the simulation results clearly indicate the effectiveness of the proposed improvements. The improvements extend the TCB strategy on moderately complicated urban road networks, and still have the advantages of simple diversion rules, easily obtained input data, and stable and effective diversion processes.     

Short-Term Traffic Flow Forecasting for Freeway Incident-Induced Delay Estimation

Freeway incidents not only threaten travelers’ safety but also cause severe congestion. Incident-induced delay (IID) refers to the extra travel delay resulting from incidents on top of the recurrent congestion. Quantifying IID would help people better understand the real cost of incidents, maximize the benefit-cost ratio of investment on incident remedy actions, and develop active traffic management and integrated corridor management strategies. By combining a modified queuing diagram and short-term traffic flow forecasting techniques, this study proposes an approach to estimate the temporal IID for a roadway section, given that the incidents occurs between two traffic flow detectors. The approach separates IID from the total travel delay, estimates IID for each individual incident, and only takes volume as input for IID quantification, avoiding using speed data that are widely involved in previous algorithms yet are less available or prone to poor data quality. Therefore, this approach can be easily deployed to broader ranges where only volume data are available. To verify its estimation accuracy, this study captures two incident videos and extracts ground-truth IID data, which is rarely done by previous studies. The verification shows that the IID estimation errors of the proposed approach are within 6% for both cases. The approach has been implemented in a Web-based system, which enables quick, convenient, and reliable freeway IID estimation in the Puget Sound region in the state of Washington.     

基于数据融合的城市道路交通事件自动检测

针对交通事件自动检测多以高速公路、城市快速路为对象以及使用数据源单一的现状,提出一种基于多源数据融合的城市道路交通事件检测方法。在对信号控制下交通事件引起的交通流变化进行分析的基础上,利用杭州市城区浮动车、SCATS、Citilog系统提供的实时交通数据,基于CUSUM算法构建差分流量和速度交通事件检测模型。该模型可以有效抑制交通信号对于交通流的周期性影响。实验表明,模型在高峰时段和平峰时段均能快速准确检测交通事件。     

基于情景分析的高速公路事件检测决策系统研究

高速公路事件检测是为了及时、准确地检测偶发性事件的发生,以便于尽量减少事件所造成的不利影响,使事件总的影响降到最低。目前,事件检测算法多种多样,可以从不同的角度对其进行分类。在对高速公路的交通流量进行情景分析的基础上,提出了一种新的事件检测决策系统。即使在高速公路不同的服务水平下,这种系统也都能很好地实现对事件的准确检测。     

Modeling wrong-way crashes and fatalities on arterials and freeways

Wrong way driving (WWD) research and mitigation measures have primarily focused on limited access facilities. This is most likely due to the higher incidence of fatal WWD crashes with dramatic consequences on freeways, media attention, and a call for innovative solutions to address the problem. While public agencies and published literature address WWD incidence on freeway systems, the crash analyses on non-limited access facilities, i.e., arterial corridors, remains untouched. This research extends previous works and attempts to provide many new perspectives on arterial WWD incidence. In particular, one work showed that while WWD fatalities are more likely to occur on freeways, the likelihood of these crashes is higher on arterials. Hence this work with univariate and multivariate analyses of WWD and non-WWD crashes, and fatal and non-fatal WWD incidents. Results show the impressive negative impacts of alcohol use, driver defect, nighttime and weekend incidence, poor street lighting, low traffic volumes, rural geography, and median and shoulder widths. The objective here is to highlight the need for paying greater attention to WWD crashes on arterial corridors as is done with fatal WWD incidents on freeway systems. It suffices to say that while engineering countermeasures should evolve from the traditional signing and pavement markings to connected vehicle technology applications, there is a clear and compelling need to focus on educational campaigns specifically targeting drunken driving, and enforcement initiatives with an objective to mitigate WWD in the most efficient manner possible.     

交通事件持续时间影响因素分析及其回归模型

交通事件的快速处置对于交通事故的快速救援、交通拥堵的及时疏导、交通安全隐患的有效排除具有重要意义。文中就某高速公路交通事件管理系统中记录的近3年的交通事件信息进行数据统计处理;采用方差分析的方法,分析高速公路交通事件持续时间的影响因素及其作用;采用多元逐步回归建模的方法找出主要影响因素并进行多元回归预测。经样本检验,此回归模型能够很好地预测交通事件持续时间。     

基于双视角学习原理的交通视频车辆事件鲁棒检测

提出了1种基于双视角学习原理的高速公路交通视频车辆事件鲁棒检测算法.针对道路交通结构化特点提出了分车道外极面图(Epipolar Plane Image,简称 EPI),以此反映交通断面车流整体特征.基于双视角学习原理,融合现有广泛应用的反映车辆独立行为的行驶轨迹特征,实现高速公路车辆事件鲁棒检测.针对多种典型车辆事件(包括交通拥堵,车辆逆行,车辆违规停车,交通事故等),本文算法总体检测率为94.09%,误检率为4.51%,漏检率为1.40%,其性能与传统单视角方法比较有较大的提高.      

基于卡尔曼滤波的城市快速路交通密度估计与拥堵识别

针对城市快速路网中只有部分路段检测器可用的情况,为准确地估计交通密度并基于此快速识别路网所有路段的交通拥堵情况,研究了基于宏观交通流模型的卡尔曼滤波器设计方法.结合动态图混杂自动机(DGHA)与元胞传输模型(CTM)对快速路网建模,在此基础上推导出分段仿射线性系统(PWALS)模型.基于所得到的模型设计出切换型卡尔曼滤波器进行交通密度估计,并通过将路段密度估计值与临界拥堵密度进行对比来对快速路网的拥堵进行识别.以京通快速路为例进行实验,结果表明,真实值与估计值的平均绝对误差为MAE=0.625 988,显示了所提方法的有效性.      

基于检测器脉冲数据的高速公路事件自动检测算法研究

提出了一种全新的高速公路事件自动检测算法,直接利用车辆检测器输出的脉冲宽度和脉冲间隔作为参数,运用LVQ神经网络对获得的脉冲宽度数据和脉冲间隔数据进行处理来判断是否有事件发生,从而大大减少了检测时间,为交通事件的快速处理提供了可靠的依据。此外,该算法利用神经网络的自学习能力,可以很好地确定各条道路发生交通事件的门限值。仿真结果表明:该算法具有较高的事件检测率(约为97%)、较短的检测时间和较低的误警率(约为0 41%),具有很好的应用前景。     

Impacts of freeway speed limit on operation speed of adjacent arterial roads

Speed limit is one of the essential factors associated with roadway safety. Spillover effect is the tendency of drivers to drive at a higher speed on relatively lower-speed non-freeway roadways after exiting higher-speed freeways. Speed studies were conducted on urban arterial roads with speed limits of 45 mph - all adjacent to freeways with speed limits of 55 mph and 70 mph. A comparison of speed differences between motorists who exited the freeway and those who were already driving on the arterial road was performed. Results showed that the mean speed and 85th percentile of passenger cars on arterials adjacent to 55 mph freeway were 47.3 and 51.1 mph, respectively, while the mean speed and 85th percentile of passenger cars on arterial adjacent to a higher speed 70 mph freeway were 49.5 and 53.4 mph, respectively. Differences in the mean speeds between vehicles exiting from freeways and vehicles already driving on the arterial road were observed at all four sites evaluated. This paper provides researchers, policymakers, and engineers with a better understanding of the effects of speed spillover on adjacent roads when determining whether to increase the speed limit on freeways.     

路段信号控制人行横道的控制方案设计与分析

以城市干路路段信号控制人行横道为研究对象，介绍了行人信号控制方式，提出了控制方案的设计原则，以行人可接受等待时间为设计依据，以选取的典型城市干路路段为例，介绍了定时和感应控制方案的一般设计方法。并对各种控制方案的适用性进行了分析。     

A Novel Method to Predict Traffic Features Based on Rolling Self-Structured Traffic Patterns

In this study, a novel method is proposed to predict the traffic features in a long freeway corridor with a number of time steps ahead. The proposed method, on the basis of rolling self-structured traffic patterns, utilizes the growing hierarchical self-organizing map model to partition the unlabeled traffic patterns into an appropriate number of clusters and then develops the genetic programming model for each cluster to predict its corresponding traffic features. For demonstration, the proposed method is tested against a 110-km freeway stretch, on which 48 time steps of 5-min traffic flows are predicted (i.e., a 4-h prediction). The prediction accuracy of the proposed method is compared with other models (ARIMA, SARIMA, and naive models) and the results support the superiority of the proposed method. Further analyses indicate that applications of the proposed method to larger scale freeway networks require sufficient lengths of observation to acquire enough traffic patterns for training and validation in order to achieve higher prediction accuracy.     

基于小波变换的城市道路交通事件检测

利用出租车浮动车数据对城市道路行程车速的表达能力,针对出租车空车和重车2种数据运用小波变换技术分析了城市道路交通状态突变点,据此进行了城市道路交通事件的检测。区别于以往小波变换技术,首先运用于数据降噪,再将处理数据运用交通事件检测算法判断,直接采用小波变换技术实现了对城市道路间断流的交通事件的检测。并利用实际采集数据对提出的交通事件检测算法进行了验证,结果表明算法能够对交通事件进行更综合的检测,检测准确度得到了提高,能够为城市交通信息发布和交通诱导提供更加可靠的信息。     

基于改进的RBF神经网络的高速公路交通事件检测

根据高速公路有交通事件发生时交通流将产生突变这一原理,采用改进的径向基函数(RBF)神经网络研究高速公路事件检测问题。分析交通流参数在有交通事件发生时的变化规影影响神经网络泛化能力的同时,加入多余节点的删除和合并策略,从而得到精简的网络结构。采用自适应学习方法进行隐含层节点的调整,使网络在不同的训练阶段能够自动选取不同的学习速率。仿真试验表明,该改进算法在高速公路交通事件检测中具有检测率高、学习速度快等优点,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于自适应遗传算法的相位差优化模型研究

通过分析车辆在城市交通干线交叉口的延误规律,从相对相位差的约束条件出发,以干线的总延误最小为目标,建立了城市交通干线的相位差优化模型。模型中考虑到了车辆在干线相邻交叉口的双向延误情况,并采用自适应遗传算法在Matlab下编程实现了相位差优化模型的算例计算。结果表明该优化模型具有较好的有效性,能较大地提高城市交通干线协调控制的性能。     

城市群公路可达性与衔接提升研究

为探究城市群路网服务能力，提升城市群可达性水平，提出以中心城市到其他节点的出行时间作为城市群可达性基数，按照等时线测度交通服务的可达性概念，给出了公路交通以及公路衔接其他交通方式下的城市群可达性测算方法。根据测算出的到中心城市出行时间将各区域划分为不同等级的交通圈，并分别以面积、人口、GDP三项指标的小时交通圈覆盖率对公路交通以及公路衔接其他交通方式下城市群可达性水平进行评价。以关中城市群为例，分别测算了公路网络、公路衔接现状高速铁路网络与公路衔接规划中高速铁路网络3种情景下的城市群可达性。经过比对分析发现，公路衔接高速铁路对扩大城市群2 h交通圈具有重要贡献，其中交通圈等级提升明显的县域主要沿铁路线路分布，且呈现距离中心城市西安越远，提升等级越高的趋势。公路衔接高速铁路模式的优势主要体现在中长距离的出行，即1，2 h交通圈上。在引入规划中的高速铁路、城际铁路后，发现城市群可达性进一步提升，2 h交通圈覆盖率进一步扩大，面积覆盖率达到95%，但城市群内仍有少部分区域距离中心城市的出行时间达到2 h以上，即规划的路网仍不能满足《交通强国建设纲要》中“城市群2小时通达”的目标，需要考虑进一步引入更快速的交通方式并配合完善公路网。     

基于GA启发式抽样的交通事件自动检测

为了提高面向不平衡数据集的交通事件检测综合性能,提出了两种基于GA启发式抽样方法的交通事件检测算法.基于GA的实例选择抽样方法(GA-IS),解决非启发式抽样方法人为设定抽样率导致的检测效果不稳定问题.基于GA的支持向量选择抽样方法(GA-SS),改善学习集数据量较大时的检测效率.实验采用新加坡AYE仿真数据库,以支持向量机作为分类器进行事件检测.结果表明,基于遗传算法实例选择抽样的检测模型检测率达到94%,平均检测时间为1.413 3 min,性能指标PI为0.157;基于遗传算法支持向量选择抽样的检测模型决策时间为4.55 s,综合性能最优,其PI为0.151;基于少数类过抽样算法(SMOTE)的检测模型决策时间为35.21 s,PI为0.329,与非启发式抽样方法相比,所提方法能有效改善面向不平衡数据集的事件检测综合性能.      

A framework for travel time variability analysis using urban traffic incident data

This study aims to develop a framework to estimate travel time variability caused by traffic incidents using integrated traffic, road geometry, incident, and weather data. We develop a series of robust regression models based on the data from a stretch in California's highway system during a two-year period. The models estimate highway clearance time and percent changes in speed for both downstream and upstream sections of the incident bottleneck. The results indicate that highway shoulder and lane width factor adversely impact downstream highway clearance time. Next, travel time variability is estimated based on the proposed speed change models. The results of the split-sample validation show the effectiveness of the proposed models in estimating the travel time variability. Application of the model is examined using a micro-simulation, which demonstrates that equipping travelers with the estimated travel time variability in case of an incident can improve the total travel time by almost 60%. The contribution of this research is to bring several datasets together, which can be advantageous to Traffic Incident Management.     

基于混行跟驰仿真的CAV专用进口道动态设置方法

信号交叉口是影响交通系统运行安全和效率的关键。在国家新基建战略的提出以及车路协同技术不断发展的环境下,合理设置网联自动驾驶车辆(Connected and Autonomous Vehicle,CAV)专用进口道,对信号交叉口进口道处不同网联类型的车辆进行科学的交通组织,能够提高交叉口的通行能力,降低行车延误,促进城市交通系统效率与安全的双提升。建立协同自适应巡航控制(Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC)车辆跟驰模型和GM (General Motor)模型分别描述混行环境下网联车辆与非网联车的跟驰行为,以提高进口道通行能力、降低延误和油耗为优化目标,采取敏感度分析方法,提出不同CAV比例、进口道车道数、交通量和信号配时方案组合情况下CAV专用进口道的动态设置条件,适用于不同交通状况的信号交叉口,具有较强的普适性。数值仿真结果表明：采用该方法设置CAV专用进口道能够提高混行信号交叉口的通行能力、降低延误和车均油耗;在实际应用时,可视交叉口类型和交通智能化程度灵活选取CAV专用进口道设置方式,为混行交通流环境下交叉口进口道的交通组织优化提供理论依据和模型支持,对车路协同系统的相关研究具有参考意义。