板厚对14MnNbq钢焊接件疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

为研究厚板的原始焊接板厚及取样位置对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律,完成了14MnNbq钢5种原始焊接板厚(40 mm、50 mm、60 mm、80 mm和100 mm),共计30个疲劳试件的裂纹扩展试验。运用数理统计方法回归处理试验数据,得到了在给定置信水平下的5组da/dN-ΔK曲线以及Paris公式的拟合值参量,同时还得到了100 mm厚板不同取样部位的da/dN-ΔK曲线。结果表明:随着原始焊接板厚的增加,疲劳裂纹扩展速率也在加大;受取样位置的影响,表面试件比中部试件的疲劳裂纹扩展速率快。     

07MnNiCrMoVDR钢在硫化氢溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率数学模型

本文通过试验研究07MnNiCrMoVDR钢在硫化氢水溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性,根据试验数据,利用神经网络,以介质浓度、载荷频率、应力比作为输入节点,裂纹扩展速率系数C作为输出节点,训练该网络预测不同条件下的裂纹扩展速率.根据由神经网络所预测的数据找出这三个影响因素在裂纹扩展速率系数C中的关系表达式,从而回归出07MnNiCrMoVDR钢在硫化氢水溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率数学模型.     

有效应力强度因子幅值计算模型的验证

裂纹闭合效应在金属疲劳中有着十分重要的作用,裂纹闭合概念已经用于解释变幅载荷作用下的裂纹扩展问题,已提出了许多基于裂纹闭合概念的有效应力强度因子计算模型.黄等人在Newman模型的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面且便于应用的有效应力强度因子幅计算模型以及变幅载荷下工程结构疲劳寿命预测模型.为了验证该模型对不同材料的有效性和适应性,收集了一些相关的试验数据,和该模型的预测结果对比发现该模型的预测结果和试验数据符合得很好.对几种钢、铝合金和钛合金材料在不同应力比下的裂纹扩展速率数据用该模型转换成用有效应力强度因子表示的裂纹扩展速率,结果表明由有效应力强度因子幅表示的扩展速率将不同应力比下较分散的裂纹扩展率数据集中在一个很小的分散带内,同时得到了有参考价值的的一些结论.     

Fatigue life prediction of welded stiffened 350WT steel plates

The propagation of fatigue cracks under constant amplitude cyclic loading was studied in welded stiffened steel plates. The residual stresses in the stiffened plates were measured using the neutron diffraction strain-scanning technique. A finite element model of the stiffened plate was constructed to simulate the residual stresses by an uncoupled thermal and thermo-mechanical analysis. Both the finite element model and the neutron diffraction measurements indicated that in general the residual stresses were tensile near the welded stiffeners and compressive between the stiffeners and ahead of the starter notch tip. Fatigue testing indicated that the fatigue crack growth rates of the stiffened plates were in general lower than that of a corresponding unstiffened plate, especially near the notch tip where compressive residual stresses existed. Both the finite element method and Green's function predicted the fatigue crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy.     

Corrosion fatigue load frequency sensitivity analysis

This paper presents experimental assessment of crack growth rates of S355J2+N steel in a corrosion fatigue environment similar to what is experienced on offshore wind farm monopile structures under various cyclic load frequencies in order to assess the effect of cyclic frequency of the applied loading within a frequency range pertinent to the structure. Fatigue crack propagation behaviour in this test programme is evaluated through fatigue tests on six compact tension test specimens in air and in laboratory simulated seawater under free corrosion condition. Fatigue crack lengths were monitored by back face strain (BFS), DCPD and ACPD. A regression model was derived through the BFS method to express strain values as a function of crack length to width ratio. The effectiveness of BFS method is particularly demonstrated in the simulated marine environment. Within the range of test frequencies, crack growth rates in simulated seawater when compared to the equivalent air test revealed environmental reduction factors of 2 and 4 at lower and higher values of stress intensity factors respectively. Significant difference in the results of the seawater test frequencies is discussed.     

疲劳裂纹扩展模型中表征裂纹闭合水平参数的确定

借助7075-T 6铝合金、6013铝合金以及0.45w t%碳钢的疲劳试验数据,结合上述材料的力学性能参数,通过非线性最小平方拟合方法,研究了表征裂纹闭合水平参数k对疲劳裂纹扩展率的影响。研究结果表明,对于宏观裂纹范围内的疲劳裂纹扩展,参数k只要大于某个值就对疲劳裂纹扩展率无影响;而对于小裂纹阶段的疲劳裂纹扩展,参数k对疲劳裂纹扩展率的影响较明显,因此参数k的大小主要取决于小裂纹扩展数据。依据0.45w t%碳钢疲劳试验数据,相应参数k的建议值为6 000m-1。     

具初始裂纹钢桥梁焊接构件疲劳裂纹扩展和疲劳寿命计算

钢桥梁构件因焊接缺陷或者在疲劳应力交互作用下萌生裂纹,钢桥梁构件因存在初始裂纹大大地降低焊接构件的疲劳性能.文中考虑到焊接构件往往会存在初始缺陷,研究了含初始缺陷的桥梁焊接构件的疲劳分析方法.在已有的大量含裂纹构件的疲劳实验工作基础上,结合课题组所做的焊接构件疲劳实验资料,假设初始裂纹焊接构件在疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹形状保持为半椭圆形状;针对桥梁构件实际受力特征,由钢桥梁构件的高周疲劳损伤演化方程入手,考虑初始裂纹条件下裂纹前缘的损伤区的存在及其对裂纹扩展的影响,采用虚拟裂纹扩张方法推导了适用于钢桥梁构件的疲劳裂纹扩展分析的疲劳裂纹扩展率公式,建议了裂纹扩展和疲劳寿命数值计算方法.采用文中的计算方法,研究了已有的钢桥梁结构焊接构件疲劳实验的裂纹扩展过程和疲劳寿命的计算.计算结果表明:裂纹的扩展过程中裂纹的深度和表面半长度之比a/c是一个变化的数值,且在一定的a0/t0条件下,随着a0/c0的增加,循环次数逐渐增大.     

船用双相不锈钢焊接结构疲劳性能研究

文章对船用双相不锈钢焊接结构的焊缝、影响区和母材在不同应力比下分别进行了疲劳裂纹扩展实验,同时利用有限元分析软件进行了数值模拟,得到了裂纹扩展速率da/dN与应力强度因子ΔK的关系曲线。研究结果表明:船用双相不锈钢焊接结构中焊缝裂纹扩展速率最低,抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力最高;母材疲劳裂纹扩展速率最高,抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力最差;焊缝对应力变化的灵敏度最高,热影响区次之,母材最弱;通过实验与模拟对比分析,表明数值模拟对船用双相不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率定量分析是正确的且方法可行。     

考虑塑性损伤的船体裂纹板低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

船舶结构的扩展断裂失效往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积递增塑性破坏耦合作用的结果,疲劳裂纹的扩展就是裂纹尖端前缘材料刚度不断降低延展性不断耗失而逐渐分离的结果.基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,文章提出了考虑累积塑性损伤的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型.通过低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验拟合出模型相关材料参数并验证预测模型的合理性.通过系列有限元计算对平均应力及应力幅值的影响因素进行了数值分析.该模型的计算结果与已有实验结果基本吻合;对合理预估船体裂纹板的常幅低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命有重要意义.     

考虑累积塑性的船体裂纹板变幅低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

船舶结构的扩展断裂失效往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积递增塑性耦合作用的结果,疲劳裂纹的扩展就是裂纹尖端前缘材料刚度不断降低、延展性不断耗失而逐渐分离的过程。基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,文章在作者对常幅载荷下提出的考虑累积塑性损伤的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型的基础上对具有单个过载峰的拉伸/压缩过载下的扩展行为进行了研究。通过低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验进一步验证了该预测模型能合理评估具有单个过载峰的拉伸/压缩过载下的低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

450MPa级船体钢焊缝疲劳试验研究

通过对450MPa级船体用钢母体试件、焊缝试件在波浪随机载荷和均方根等效载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律的试验和模拟计算，结果表明用均方根等效载荷替代波浪随机载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律是一种安全有效的方法，并且焊缝金属在抵御疲劳裂纹扩展方面优于母材金属。     

Crack growth direction effects on corrosion-fatigue behaviour of offshore wind turbine steel weldments

In this study corrosion-fatigue tests have been conducted on fracture mechanics specimens extracted from an S355 G10+M structural steel welded plate. The tests have been performed on compact tension specimens with the crack tip located in the heat affected zone. The corrosion-fatigue test results from this study have been compared with the data available on the base metal as well as air tests on the same material. Moreover, the obtained results have been compared with the corrosion-fatigue data available in the literature on a wide range of steels and also the fatigue trends for welded joints in free-corrosion condition recommended in the BS7910 Standard. The effect of the specimen orientation, with respect to the weld region, is also examined in this study and it has been found that higher corrosion-fatigue crack growth rates are generally observed in the tests with 0° orientation. The results have also shown that the corrosive environment has significant effects on the fatigue crack growth acceleration at the beginning of the tests; however, as the crack propagates, the environmental damage effect on crack growth behaviour becomes less pronounced. The results presented in this study are discussed in terms of improvement in the structural integrity assessment of offshore wind turbine monopiles.     

Remaining fatigue life assessment of corroded mooring chains using crack growth modelling

Failures caused by the combined actions of fatigue, corrosion and wear are important safety concerns for mooring chains used on floating structures in the oil and gas industry. Prediction of remaining corrosion fatigue life based on surface condition could therefore be a useful tool for the continued safe operation of corroded chains. This paper investigates the use of crack growth modelling for estimating the remaining corrosion fatigue life of mooring chains that exhibit significant pitting corrosion damage. A crack growth modelling approach is used to produce remaining fatigue life estimates for a selection of severely pitted mooring chains. Using fatigue crack growth rate test results for grade R4 high strength mooring chain steel, empirical crack growth laws are presented for free corrosion and cathodic protection conditions at load ratio R = 0.1. Two different methods for establishing equivalent cracks from surface scans of corrosion damage are presented. The mooring chains are proof loaded as part of their manufacturing process. Residual stresses introduced during this process have therefore been determined by finite element analysis and accounted for in the fatigue crack growth predictions. One of the equivalent crack models, accounting for the single dominant corrosion pit, provided quite accurate fatigue life predictions when compared with full scale test results.     

舰用907A钢结构高频疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究

采用预制缺口的舰体结构试样,对舰用907A钢在拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的裂纹扩展规律进行了高频疲劳试验研究,得出在拉伸疲劳载荷作用下舰体结构的裂纹扩展规律,模拟了舰船在航行时波浪交变载荷对舰船结构的破坏作用,试验结果对预报破损舰船在波浪中航行时的裂纹扩展情况具有参考作用。     

改进的统一疲劳裂纹扩展速率预报模型对合金在常幅载荷下普遍适用性的研究

精确预报金属结构的疲劳对确保结构安全及指导结构设计与维修具有重要的意义.作者们基于McEvily模型提出了一个改进的统一疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型,其将疲劳裂纹扩展的三个扩展区域统一起来,并能解释更多的疲劳试验现象.文中对该模型进行了详细阐述,同时对模型参数的工程预报方法进行了讨论.为了进一步检验本模型的可靠性,还对不同载荷比下各种材料疲劳裂纹扩展率的预报结果与实验结果进行了对比,对比结果证明了该模型的准确性及其在常幅载荷下对不同材料的普遍适用性.     

Numerical simulations of fatigue crack initiation and propagation based on re-tensile plastic zone generating load criterion for in-plane gusset welded joints

Many accidents are caused by fatigue in welded built-up steel structures, and so it is important to estimate the fatigue lives of such structures quantitatively for safety reasons. By assuming that fatigue cracks cannot grow without an accumulation of alternating tensile/compressional plastic strain, one of the authors identified an improved effective stress intensity factor range ΔK _RPG based on the re-tensile plastic zone generating (RPG) load, which represents the driving force for fatigue cracks, and suggested that ΔK _RPG should be used as the parameter to describe fatigue crack growth behavior. The “FLARP” numerical simulation code in which ΔK _RPG is implemented as the fatigue crack growth parameter, was developed in order to predict fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior. In this paper, it is demonstrated that FLARP gives accurate estimates for fatigue life by comparing the estimated fatigue crack growth curves and S–N curves with the experimental results for in-plane gusset welded joints, which are used in many welded steel structures. Moreover, the effect of induced bending moment due to the linear misalignment in the out of plane direction on the fatigue strength of in-plane gusset welded joints is investigated through numerical simulations.     

Prediction of crack growth in 350WT steel subjected to constant amplitude with over- and under-loads using a modified wheeler approach

Previous efforts have suggested that tensile overloading may cause significant crack growth retardation. On the other hand, crack growth acceleration may occur under the influence of compressive underloading. In practice, however, the effects of compressive underloading are often neglected. An experimental/analytical and computational investigation was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effects of both tensile and compressive overloading on the fatigue crack growth behavior in 350WT steel.Simplicity and accuracy in fatigue crack growth prediction is of extreme importance. One of the most commonly used models for crack growth prediction under variable amplitude loading is that of Wheeler. Unfortunately, overload effects involving compression cannot be handled by the model in its current form. Using a computational methodology, an effective plastic zone was established as a mean to incorporate the sequence effects, thus resulting in creation of a modified Wheeler approach. Fatigue life predictions provided by the revised approach/model agree reasonably well with experimental results.     

深海超高压环境模拟容器裂纹评定

深海超高压环境模拟容器用于模拟水下压力环境,其容器壁上承受反复载荷,容易产生疲劳裂纹.疲劳裂纹扩展是影响其断裂的主要因素.本文旨在分析半椭圆裂纹在老化的深海超高压环境模拟容器中的扩展行为,评估容器的安全性,因此对材料20MnMoNb钢的裂纹扩展特性进行了试验研究,首先考虑三角形和梯形加载情况,通过比较两组实验结果,考察了其材料对保载时间的敏感性.采用基于统一的裂纹扩展率模型的三维有限元方法进行了疲劳裂纹扩展计算,并通过CT试样的一组数值和实验结果进行了验证,最后建立了不同初始尺寸、展弦比和倾角的裂纹有限元模型,并根据裂纹在容器内壁的容许深度准则,计算了容器的剩余寿命.其分析结果可为深海超高压环境模拟容器可靠性评估提供参考.     

Experimental and analytical investigation of fatigue characteristics of 350WT steel under constant and variable amplitude loadings

Fatigue analysis is a complex and uncertain process. Various models have been proposed; however, no universal or all-encompassing model exists.A state-of-the-art literature review of available fatigue crack propagation models, both for constant and variable amplitude loadings, was conducted to identify their advantages and limitations. Emphasis was placed on models that were simple to evaluate and required few (if any) empirical curve-fitting parameters.An experimental fatigue program was conducted, consisting of constant and semi-random (variable) amplitude cyclic loadings on 350WT steel 40J at −40°C. The fatigue models examined in the literature review were then compared to results obtained from the experiments.Findings for the constant amplitude loading (CAL) fatigue baseline data obtained experimentally for 350WT steel are reported and evaluated against the predictions by various models. Results of an experimental investigation into fatigue crack propagation (FCP) response of the steel under variable amplitude loading (VAL), consisting of CAL with random overloads (OL) is also presented. This includes a summary of theoretical models applicable to VAL fatigue crack propagation, and comparison of the experimental results to the models.     

初始裂纹尺寸对疲劳可靠性的影响

疲劳是船舶、海洋工程和桥吊等钢结构的主要破坏机理之一。影响疲劳裂纹成长的因素具有随机性质。用Paris定律描述疲劳的扩展,假定疲劳裂纹初始具有半椭圆形状,且在裂纹扩展中保持着半椭圆形状。失效准则采用在具有N次应力周期的给定时间中裂纹超过临界尺寸。用Paris定律,结合改进的Ⅱ水平方法,对不同初始裂纹对断裂破坏的可靠度进行了分析计算。