我国生物柴油的应用和前景分析

作为以可再生生物资源为主要生产原料的生物柴油,是目前世界普遍关注的重要代用燃料之一。生物柴油具有良好的燃料品质和环境友好性,可以在柴油机基本不作改动的情况下直接使用。文章阐述了生物柴油的物化特性和发展现状,总结了生物柴油的推广难点,通过全面分析国内外生物柴油的发展经验和相关的产业政策,指出了我国推动生物柴油产业化的必要性和可行性;加大生物柴油的研究和推广使用力度,对我国的能源战略和经济发展具有重要意义。     

燃用生物柴油对柴油机排放的影响及发展前景

介绍了生物柴油的特性、国外相关试验以及应用情况 ,综述了我国推动生物柴油产业化的必要性和可行性。     

EGR率对燃用生物柴油的重型柴油机排放特性影响

研究了EGR率对燃用生物柴油的重型柴油机排放特性影响,并用气相色谱-质谱仪分析了燃用柴油和生物柴油时的SOF成份的差异。研究结果表明:燃用生物柴油结合EGR技术可以同时大幅度降低PM和NOx排放,未出现一般柴油机中NOx和PM之间此消彼长的关系;生物柴油同柴油的SOF组分无本质区别,主要成分均为烷烃,但生物柴油SOF中的酯类物质多一些。为进一步降低碳烟,在生物柴油的基础上配制了一种含氧混合燃料,结合采用EGR技术,在不使用排气后处理装置的情况下达到了我国重型柴油车第Ⅳ阶段排放法规的要求。     

我国生物柴油、乙醇进入产业化阶段斯堪尼亚乙醇汽油城市公交车进入中国进行示范运行

目前，国家发展改革委员会批准了中石油南充炼油化工总厂6万t／年生物柴油，中石化贵州分公司5万t／年生物柴油；中海油海南6万t／年生物柴油三个小油桐生物柴油产业化示范项目。这表明我国生物柴油开发进入产业化阶段。湖北省木本生物质能源林基地发展规划通过专家评审。根据此规划，湖北省将投资50亿元人民币，7年内在全省34个县市兴建1000万亩能源林，其中油桐林400万亩，乌桕林200万亩，刺槐林400万亩，据估算，项目建成进入盛产期后，每亩油桐树可产1OOkg柴油。     

添加乙醇对柴油-生物柴油混合燃料性能的影响

在一台小型直喷式柴油机上进行柴油-生物柴油(柴油70%,生物柴油30%)与柴油-生物柴油-乙醇(柴油70%,生物柴油20%,乙醇10%)两种混合燃料的燃烧、油耗和排放性能对比试验.分析了乙醇的加入对柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的发动机燃烧压力、滞燃期、放热规律、比油耗等的影响.     

生物柴油与柴油排放对比研究

为了研究生物柴油的排放情况,在一台单缸直喷柴油机和一台四缸涡轮增压直喷柴油机上进行了排放对比试验。分析了柴油机燃用生物柴油和柴油的排放特性。研究结果表明:与柴油相比,生物柴油HC排放明显降低;不同负荷下生物柴油对CO排放无影响;生物柴油NOX排放明显增加。小负荷工况时,碳烟排放基本相同。而在大负荷时,生物柴油碳烟排放降低。     

柴油和生物柴油喷雾特性研究

在喷雾特性实验台上,利用马尔文激光粒度分析仪对定压力下柴油和生物柴油的微观喷雾特性进行了研究,对柴油和生物柴油油滴的索特平均直径、尺寸数目分布、累计体积分布和特征直径进行比较,实验结果表明,在同一喷射压力下,生物柴油油滴的索特平均直径和特征直径均大于柴油的,生物柴油向大颗粒方向偏移,生物柴油的雾化质量比柴油差。     

柴油机燃用甲醇——生物柴油混合燃料的性能与排放研究

在186FA柴油机上,进行了燃用柴油、生物柴油和甲醇--生物柴油混合燃料的性能试验,分析了生物柴油掺烧甲醇对柴油机性能的影响规律.试验结果表明:与燃用生物柴油相比,生物柴油掺烧5%和10%(质量比)的甲醇时,柴油机的标定功率分别降低7.4%和17.8%,标定工况时能量消耗率增加5.7%和15.0%,CO排放升高40.0...     

酸化油生物柴油碰壁试验研究

为研究酸化油生物柴油作为车用柴油机代用燃料的可行性,对高压容器内酸化油生物柴油的碰壁现象进行了试验研究,分析了碰壁距离和碰壁角度对酸化油生物柴油碰壁过程的影响。试验结果表明：酸化油生物柴油碰壁后油束形态与柴油相似,与柴油相比,酸化油生物柴油的扩散直径和卷吸高度略大;随碰壁入射角的增大,酸化油生物柴油雾注上游半径减小,下游半径增大,卷吸高度变化不大,近壁区油气卷吸运动加强;随着碰壁距离的增加,酸化油生物柴油喷雾体的扩散直径和卷吸高度有所减小,近壁区油气卷吸运动减弱。     

一步法生物柴油生产技术的应用

目前,在政府的扶持下,我国已进入生物柴油产业投资的成熟期、高潮期,生物柴油的建厂规划产量约在200万t/a。在已投产和在建的生物柴油项目中,有很少一部分的投资项目采用连续酯交换反应装置,大多数采用传统的强酸或强碱催化工艺,生物酶法生产工艺由于酶的局限性,还处于试验阶段。     

生物柴油—柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸数目分布的理论预测

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律导出的喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了生物柴油—柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对柴油、生物柴油—柴油混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,索特平均直径增大,计算数据与试验数据吻合很好。     

重型柴油机燃用不同柴油替代燃料的性能研究

对乖型柴油机燃用纯柴油、体积混合比例为1:9的天然气合成油(GTL柴油)与柴油混合燃料(G10)、体积混合比例为1:9的生物柴油与柴油混合燃料(BD10)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及纯牛物柴油(BD100)5种燃料的动力性、经济性及燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,BD10、G10与纯柴油有相似的燃烧特性,额定转速F G100的缸内工作压力增大,BD100的缸内工作压力显著降低;G10油耗较之BD10降低2.43%,功率较之BD10平均高2.78%;与燃用纯柴油的油耗相比,G100平均降低2.62%,BD100平均高出13%;除NOx排放外,生物柴油在降低CO、HC、PM的排放上均有所改善.     

Combustion characteristics of LPG and biodiesel mixed fuel in two blending ratios under compression ignition in a constant volume chamber

This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics of mixed fuel of liquefied propane gas (LPG) and biodiesel under compression ignition (CI) in an effort to develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly mixed fuelbased CI engines. Although LPG fuel is known to be eco-friendly due to its low CO₂ emission, LPG has not yet been widely applied for highly efficient CI engines because of its low cetane number and is usually mixed with other types of CI-friendly fuels. In this study, a number of experiments were prepared with a constant volume chamber (CVC) setup to understand the fundamental combustion characteristics of mixed fuel with LPG and biodiesel in two weight-based ratios and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) conditions. The results from the current investigations verify the applicability of mixed fuel of LPG and biodiesel in CI engines with a carefully designed combustion control strategy that maximizes the benefits of the mixed fuel. Based on the results of this study, ignition is improved by increasing the cetane value by using higher blending ratios of biodiesel. As the blending ratios of biodiesel increased, CO and HC decreased and CO₂ and NO_x increases.     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

柴油机在高原地区燃用混合燃料的试验研究

在高原地区对1台4100QB—2柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油不同掺混比的混合燃料进行了台架试验。分析了混合燃料的物性,根据其物性和掺混比计算出当量燃油消耗率。对比分析了柴油机燃用混合燃料的有效热效率、机械效率和负荷特性。试验结果表明,在高原地区,柴油中加入体积比为10%~30%的生物柴油,柴油机的经济性有明显改善。     

柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性试验研究

采用高分辨率数码照相机对柴油与柴油—生物柴油混合燃料喷雾特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,燃料黏度增大,喷雾锥角变小,Sauter平均直径增大。与MB24相比,柴油的相对尺寸范围和发散边界较大,因此其Sauter平均直径比MB24混合燃料的略大。由于乙醇的稀释作用,改制油MB24的Sauter平均直径最小,雾化质量明显改善。从喷雾液滴尺寸的数目分布可以看出,所有燃料的曲线峰值均位于14μm处,小颗粒液滴较多。随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,曲线峰值下降,下降趋势均匀平缓,说明燃料黏度的增大将使雾化油滴的尺寸分布渐趋均匀。从液滴尺寸的累积体积分布可以看出,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,达到某一累积体积的油滴直径增大,说明大颗粒油滴增多。     

Comprehensive experimental study on the effect of biodiesel/diesel blended fuel on common-rail di diesel engine technology

This research work aims to study the aspects of using biodiesel or FAME as a component blended in diesel fuel for common-rail DI engine technology. The specific engine experiments were designed for LD commercial engine [Toyota 2KD-FTV] to understand engine combustion process, engine performance and thermal efficiency when applying FAME blended fuel. In addition, the exhaust emission in HD diesel engine [HINO J08E] was evaluated by standard HD engine emission ESC and ELR test cycles. Furthermore, the severe 400-hour of HD engine durability tests for determining the limitation on using FAME blended fuel, have been conducted with B0, B10, B20 and B50. The result shows that using of FAME blended fuel in the HD common-rail DI engine, can be applied with some guidelines experimentally discovered by this research such as filter plugging that may occur when the content of biodiesel is up to 20 % or higher, and the critical fuel injector surface polishing wear, can be observed from B50 sample. In general, the higher biodiesel content will contribute to lower power output as well, thus too high biodiesel content will cause low engine power output.     

Experimental study of the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel blended fuel using ultrasonic energy irradiation

The purpose of this study is to understand the physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel blended fuel reformed by ultrasonic energy irradiation. To do this, a mixture of commercial diesel fuel and biodiesel was compared and analyzed according to whether or not ultrasonic energy irradiation was performed and the duration of irradiation. The results of the experiments indicate that when ultrasonic energy irradiation was performed on biodiesel blended fuel, its viscosity decreased by 3–7%. In the case of BD20, when ultrasonic energy irradiation was performed, its Sauter mean diameter (SMD) dropped by 12% on average. As the irradiation duration increased, the volume ratio of olefins increased up to a maximum of 2.7%, and the higher heating value increased to a maximum of 5.8%. On the contrary, the ratio of aromatics decreased by a maximum of 2.7%, and BI decreased by a maximum of 7%.     

Experimental investigation of nozzle cavitating flow characteristics for diesel and biodiesel fuels

This study was performed to clarify criteria for cavitation inception and the relationship between flow conditions and cavitation flow patterns of diesel and biodiesel fuels. The goal was to analyze the effects of injection conditions and fuel properties on cavitating flow and disintegration phenomena of flow after fuel injection. To accomplish this goal, it was utilized a test nozzle with a cylindrical cross-sectional orifice and a flow visualization system composed of a fuel supply system and an image acquisition system. In order to analyze the rate of flow and injection pressure of the fuel, a flow rate meter and pressure gauge were installed at the entrance of the nozzle. A long distance microscope device equipped with a digital camera and a high resolution ICCD camera were used to acquire flow images of diesel and biodiesel, respectively. The effects of nozzle geometry on the cavitating flow were also investigated. Lastly, a detailed comparison of the nozzle cavitation characteristics of both fuel types was conducted under a variety of fuel injection parameters. The results of this analysis revealed that nozzle cavitation flow could be divided into four regimes: turbulent flow, beginning of cavitation, growth of cavitation, and hydraulic flip. The velocity coefficient of diesel fuel was greatly altered following an increase in flow rate, although for biodiesel, the variation of the velocity coefficient relative to the rate of flow was mostly constant. The cavitation number decreased gradually with an increase in the Reynolds number and Weber number, and the discharge coefficient was nearly equal to one, regardless of cavitation number. Lastly, it could not observe cavitation growth in the tapered nozzle despite an increase in fuel injection pressure.     

天然抗氧化剂对生物柴油燃烧特性的影响研究

针对生物柴油氧化安定性较差的特点,在调和油B20中添加天然抗氧化剂,改善生物柴油的氧化安定性.通过发动机台架试验,测量了标定转速、不同负荷时,分别添加迷迭香与茶多酚两种抗氧化剂的生物柴油K1B20和K2B20的示功图,并与燃用柴油B0、生物柴油B100以及调和油B20进行对比,探讨了抗氧化剂对柴油机燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:低负荷时,与燃用B0相比,燃用B100的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率升高,瞬时放热率峰值降低,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长;与燃用B20相比,燃用K1B20和K2B20的压力曲线与瞬时放热率曲线形状以及燃烧特性参数基本相同.全负荷时,随生物柴油掺混比的增加,最高燃烧压力降低;燃用K1B20和K2B20的最高燃烧压力升高,对应的曲轴转角略有延迟,最大压力升高率峰值基本相同,对应曲轴转角延迟.燃用K1B20和K2B20对柴油机的输出功率影响不大,与B20相比,滞燃期与燃烧持续期略有缩短,排气温度有所降低.