乘用车与行人碰撞腿部保护设计要素研究

在MADYMO中建立了汽车前端结构的多体简化模型.利用Modefrontier进行了参数灵敏度分析以及不同工况下的优化设计.分析了汽车前端结构参数对行人腿部碰撞性能影响的规律性,并在吸能块和副保险杠支撑系统方面.总结出一些通用的有利于行人腿部保护的乘用车前部结构设计方法和改善建议.对某款车型的腿部保护设计进行了改进,改进后其腿部保护性能有了大幅提高.     

汽车对行人的碰撞保护标准探讨

GB/T24550-2009行人保护标准于2009年7月实施,标准采用国际上现行的试验设备和方法。根据我国实际情况,建议分阶段实施标准,以给汽车生产企业研究、开发和改进的时间;作为强制性检验项目,以真正提高我国汽车对行人的碰撞保护性能。     

行人保护小腿碰撞分析

以某款轿车为例,建立了行人保护小腿碰撞有限元分析模型,分析结果小腿弯曲角不满足法规要求;根据仿真分析结果,提出改进措施,使得该车满足行人保护小腿碰撞法规要求。     

车辆与行人碰撞试验工况中行人保护研究

车辆碰撞行人在城市道路交通事故中较为常见。为完善行人保护相关标准法规,进一步降低交通事故中的行人伤亡率,本文基于160起车辆与行人碰撞事故的形态特征及行人损伤机理的分析,搭建了车辆与行人的碰撞工况场景,并通过某轿车的碰撞试验真实复现了道路交通中车辆与行人的碰撞过程,探究了行人的动力学响应和损伤特性,为进一步完善行人保护相关标准提供重要的参考价值。     

欧盟有关行人保护的新战略

据欧洲委员会（EC）指令2003／102／EC称,从2005年10月开始的第一阶段中,所有在欧盟销售的新车必须符合新的行人碰撞法规。重量在2．5t或小于2．5t的所有新乘用车和轻型厢式车必须通过三项试验,以满足车辆前部碰撞时保护行人免受头部和腿部伤害的法规要求。     

行人-汽车碰撞试验腿部模块的可变形膝关节参数设计

根据行人-汽车碰撞中对行人腿部碰撞保护相关技术法规的要求,针对行人下肢的损伤机理,分析了腿部可变形膝关节部件的设计方法。通过力学模型的建立和分析,提出了确定膝关节部件结构类型、尺寸和材料的力学计算方法以及部件标定试验验证方案。经算例和部件的标定试验验证,该设计方法满足EEVCWG10的弯曲部分技术要求,可变形膝关节设计原理和分析方法可以为其他行人腿部模块技术规范中的部件设计提供参考。     

考虑行人腿部保护和低速碰撞特性的保险杠系统概念设计

建立了分析保险杠系统行人腿部保护和低速冲击特性的概念模型,对模型进行了试验设计分析.基于方差分析方法,研究了保险杠系统的几何参数和刚度特性参数对其行人腿部保护和低速冲击特性的影响.综合考虑这两方面性能的要求,进行了保险杠系统的联合优化设计,给出了优化设计方案.     

汽车引擎盖碰撞升起机构对行人保护模拟

基于汽车碰撞行人的动态响应,使用了一个经过验证的行人数学模型,模拟碰撞事故中行人的动态响应,比较了行人模型的运动学响应及真实实验,计算了头、胸、下肢等人体各部分与损伤相关的参数,对汽车前部优化设计, 以减轻对行人的伤害,提供一个可参考的方案。     

欧日行人保护碰撞测试技术法规的比较研究

在我国每年的交通事故伤害中,汽车对行人的碰撞伤害是最高的,因此对行人保护技术的研究对我国制定行人保护法规非常重要。目前欧洲和日本关于行人保护方面的法规已经开始执行,文中简要对比研究了欧洲和日本法规标准以及欧洲NCAP对行人保护碰撞测试技术法规,总结他们在行人保护法规及试验方面各自不同的条件要求,并对我国制定行人保护法规提出一点建议。     

行人保护下腿碰撞器模块分析

行人保护项目是世界范围内的一个安全课题,已越来越多地受到人们的关注。下腿碰撞是行人保护评价的重要内容之一,而下腿碰撞器模块直接影响评价结果。文章介绍了当前世界上的3种下腿碰撞器模块,分析了各自的结构特点和应用,总结了3种下腿碰撞器模块对车辆行人保护评价的差异性,对我国刚刚起步的车辆行人保护项目的研究和开展提供了一定的借鉴。     

Characteristics of collision damage mitigation braking system for pedestrian protection

The vehicle travel velocity at pedestrian contact is considered to be an important parameter that affects the crash outcome. To reduce vehicle/pedestrian impact velocity, a collision damage mitigation braking system (CDMBS) using a sensor for pedestrian protection could be an effective countermeasure. The first purpose of this study is to clarify the relation between vehicle travel velocity and pedestrian injury severity due to differences in pedestrians’ ages in actual traffic accidents. The accident analyses were performed using vehicle-pedestrian accident data in 2009 from the database of the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. The result revealed that the fatality risk became higher with the increase in vehicle travel velocity. The second purpose of this study is to determine the safety performance of production vehicles equipped with the CDMBS for pedestrian protection. It was found that the CDMBS was highly effective in reducing the impact velocity from 50 km/h (vehicle travel velocity) to below 17 km/h, that could result in a significant decrease in fatality risk to be 2% or less. Additionally, the authors investigated a detectable zone with respect to a pedestrian’s position in relation to the vehicle. It was shown that the detectable zones for production vehicles tested were limited to be inside the vehicle front width.     

汽车防追尾系统的设计

分析了追尾碰撞事故的原因和危害，应用控制工程，系统工程和人机工程，预测追尾事故的发生，给出了流程图和控制框图，设计了一种防追尾的机电控制系统。     

Analysis of driver response to collision warning during car following

This paper describes research on drivers’ responses to a forward vehicle collision warning by driving simulator experiments in which 36 subjects were disposed randomly to the following three kinds of dangerous scenes while the subjects were intentionally distracted: closing to a preceding vehicle, sudden cut-in of a vehicle from an adjacent lane, and lane departure of own vehicle. The responses of the subjects to the warning against cut-in vehicles were analyzed. It is shown that the subjects could take proper evasive action, but the average brake response time was longer than those for simpler scenario tests. It is also verified that there were statistically significant effects of warning sound on the subjects’ response times.     

城市道路人非共板断面的合理运用

结合城市道路旧城改建或道路拓宽所采取的人非共板断面工程案例,在分析人非共板断面优点及存在问题的基础上,提出了科学运用人非共板的观点,并对人非共板的适用范围进行了探讨.     

轻型汽车前部偏置碰撞特性研究

从汽车前部偏置碰撞动量分析入手提出碰撞前后汽车运动状态间的关系，得出结论：汽车碰撞时９５％以上的能量均由汽车车体变形所吸收；碰撞后汽车的运动状态（即汽车运动的速度及角速度）与汽车碰撞位置有关，与汽车碰撞前的速度成正比。该结论通过ＡＮＳＹＳ／ＬＳ－ＤＹＮＡ３Ｄ有限元模拟计算获得验证。     

汽车防追尾碰撞数学模型研究

为了提高车辆在高速行驶状态下的主动安全性能,研究了处于追尾行驶状态的本车与前车的运动学特征;针对前车的不同运动状态分别推导出了跟车距离的计算模型并分析了模型中3个关键参数的随机性和动态性,对制动迟滞时间提出了基于模糊推理的确定方法,对本车制动减速度和前车的运动加速度提出了比较实用的动态测算公式;另外,研究了防追尾碰撞的控制与执行,建立了动态调整安全制动停车距离的神经网络模型,提出了基于危险裕度判别的安全控制方法。     

Risk assessment based on driving behavior for preventing collisions with pedestrians when making across-traffic turns at intersections

Traffic accident statistics in Japan show the necessity of preventing vehicle-on-pedestrian accidents. If the risk of a vehicle colliding with pedestrians could be evaluated in advance, driver-assistance systems would be able to support drivers to avoid potential collisions. Here, features of driving behavior and methods for assessing the risk of collision were investigated for a right turn at an intersection in left-hand traffic, which is a typical vehicle-on-pedestrian accident scenario. The results showed that pedestrian-collision risk can be evaluated from how the driver slows the vehicle and where the driver looks while turning during the maneuver. Moreover, pedestrian-collision risk could be predicted based on driving behavior upon commencement of steering when making an across-traffic turn.     

公路路基生态护坡技术研究

边坡加固工程与公路建设工程一样不可避免地要对周边路域环境产生影响,对公路建设时已经产生破坏的植被进行二次破坏,污染土壤和水源,影响动物种群的稳定发展。文章采用生态防护方法,将边坡保护和边坡绿化有机地结合在一起,不仅可以恢复裸露边坡的植被,还具有保障道路和行车安全的特点。     

汽车防撞系统中目标跟踪与防撞决策研究

为了实现汽车主动安全系统中的目标跟踪与防撞,提出了混合式汽车防撞系统信息融合结构模型,采用分级信息融合实现目标跟踪,推导出了基于跟踪残留误差和预测残留误差共同校正的融合算法,并给出了算法的实现结构;提出了基于局部分析的映射变换方法,实现驾驶模型特征向量连续、实时的修正,在此基础之上,利用模糊积分方法融合多种相关信息,确定汽车应采用的安全运行模式,实现主动安全防撞决策。经过大量试验证明:该算法具有很好的稳定性和准确率。     

The mechanism for the coupler and draft gear and its influence on safety during a train collision

A mechanical model of the coupler and draft gear was established to study the mechanism during an intercity train collision. The model includes four rigid bodies, one spherical joint, two nonlinear torsion spring units and two nonlinear hysteresis units. Simulation and test results show that the axial characteristics of the model are reasonable and the model can reasonably simulate the pitching movement of the coupler. The influence of the coupler and draft gear on the collision behaviour of the train is analysed considering a four-section intercity train. The results show that during the collision process, the amount of compression of the middle coupler is an important factor influencing the pitching deflection angle. The pitching motion posture of the coupler changes with the initial pitching deflection angle, but the initial pitching deflection angle has little effect on its yawing deflection angle. When the pitching angle of the middle coupler is elevated, as the elevation angle increases, the derailment risk of the ‘A’ end bogie of the previous vehicle increases, whereas the risk of derailment of the ‘B’ end bogie of the subsequent vehicle decreases. When the pitching angle of the middle coupler is depressed, the derailment trends for the front and rear bogies exhibit the opposite trend from that of the elevation angle. As the train collision speed increases, the pitching motion of the middle coupler is limited to forcing a yawing motion, causing the yawing deflection angle to increase sharply, which causes the wheel–rail lateral force to increase rapidly. From this, the derailment risk of the bogie increases, which further causes large displacement lateral buckling of the train. An anti-lateral buckling device can limit the yawing deflection angle of the middle coupler, preventing lateral buckling from large displacement and decreasing the risk of derailment.