全球主要集装箱码头运营商经营回顾及展望

1全球主要集装箱码头运营商经营概况1.1公司背景(1)装卸公司背景此类集装箱码头运营商以港口装卸为主营业务,运营网络发达,运作效率较高,具有显著的商业优势和规模效应,代表公司包括和记黄埔、新加坡港务、迪拜世界港口、欧门和SSA海运等,市场份额约占55%。(2)船公司背景此类集装箱码头运营商以班轮运输为主营业务,其码头业务通常作为成本单元支持其班轮运输业务,仅为本公司或所在联盟的成员船公司服务,代表公司包括长荣海运、韩进海运、川崎汽船、中国海运和地中海航运等,市场份额约占15%。     

新形势下我国集装箱码头运营商的国际化经营思考

交通基础设施的互联互通是我国"一带一路"倡议的优先发展领域。码头作为最重要的战略基础设施之一,是国际经济、贸易和物流的重要节点。本文分析了全球目前码头运营商的布局现状及特点,并提出了我国港口企业国际化经营的潜在风险及对策建议。     

集装箱码头运营商的类别及特点

我国在全球集装箱港口业务中扮演着重要角色。2010年全球十大集装箱港中,我国港口占据6席(其中包括香港港)。我国集装箱港的快速发展吸引越来越多的国内外资金流入,多家实力雄厚的集装箱码头运营商,如和记黄埔、马士基码头、新加坡港务、迪拜世界等纷纷进驻我国各大港口,在沿海和内河港口建设中发挥着举足轻重的作用。不同集装箱码头运营商由于经营背景不同,其投资码头的目的、方式及追求的利润点也不尽相同。本文分析     

对外资控股港口企业垄断行为的对策研究

<正>一、外资投资控股中国港口企业方兴未艾从全球码头经营人和世界主要航运公司运营战略的角度来看,通过收购、兼并获取港口经营垄断地位将是其未来国际化战略的重要组成部份。全球码头经营人和世界主要航运公司的经营特点是形成自身的网络,通过最大限度地获得符合其物流网络要求的码头控制权,实现     

基于供应链的现代集装箱码头管理

在全球供应链下,作为国际物流重要节点的集装箱码头也面临着激烈的竞争和挑战。在此情形下,以集装箱码头为中心,整合国际海运物流渠道,构建集成化的集装箱码头供应链,将现代供应链管理的思想应用到集装箱码头生产营销中,无疑是集装箱码头走出当前困境、提升自身竞争力的关键。     

煤炭码头转型升级趋势显现

<正>随着煤炭需求增速总体放缓,各地区煤炭码头将受到不同程度的影响,如何把握市场变化并积极转型升级将成为煤炭码头运营商需考虑的事项自从工业革命以来,煤炭被广泛应用于交通运输、火力发电和化工等领域,经历了欧洲、美国、中国工业建设高潮引发的煤炭市场大爆发,在社会发展中具有十分重要的作用。由于煤炭生产与需求的不均衡分布,煤炭的贸易与运输需求应运而生,同时也促进了煤炭码头的建设发展。煤炭码头作为全球煤炭运输网络中     

集装箱码头运营管理信息化趋势

"十二五"期间,转型将成为我国社会经济发展的主题。当前集装箱码头企业面临全球宏观经济增长不确定、营业成本高涨、操作用工紧张等多重压力,转型发展势在必行,计算机信息系统将成为集装箱码头转型发展的重要管理载体和优化工具。在推进集装箱码头转型发展的过程中,信息化建设在     

携手欧亚船东打造欧洲大陆集装箱门户大港

2012年,威廉港深水集装箱码头将向全球港航界掀开其神秘的面纱."兵马未动,粮草先行",在正式开港运营之前,欧洲最大的码头运营商EUROGATE集团已开始为这个全新的集装箱良港展开跨越亚欧的一系列"路演".近日,作为成廉港集装箱码头的控股股东、码头运营商,EUROGATE集团总裁伊曼纽尔·施菲尔接受了本刊记者的专访.     

携手欧亚船东打造欧洲大陆集装箱门户大港

2012年，威廉港深水集装箱码头将向全球港航界掀开其神秘的面纱。“兵马未动，粮草先行”，在正式开港运营之前，欧洲最大的码头运营商EUROGATE集团已开始为这个全新的集装箱良港展开跨越亚欧的一系列“路演”。近日，作为威廉港集装箱码头的控股股东、码头运营商，EUROGATE集团总裁伊曼纽尔·施菲尔接受了本刊记者的专访。     

卡尔玛和Navis发布首个自动化码头集成式解决方案One Terminal

<正>2015年6月9―11日,卡尔玛和Navis在荷兰鹿特丹举行的码头运营商会议暨集装箱供应链(欧洲)展会上发布新产品One Terminal。One Terminal是自动化码头集成式解决方案,由卡尔玛和Navis的各项软件、设备和服务组成。One Terminal集成卡尔玛多年开发经验,是行业内首个集成式解决方案,无论在项目执行中,还是在上线运营后,其都能在同一平台下整合软件系统、设备和服务。One Terminal的1个主要联系人和1个核心团队的特点让     

Editorial: Young maritime researchers—a note of respect

Globalization, liberalization, competition and spatial interaction are significant factors affecting the transformation of manufacturing industries worldwide. In the transportation and logistics industry, however, cooperation is becoming even more critical than competition in determining firms' efficiency. Cooperation has always characterized the liner sector in which strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions have generated twin effects: notable increases in ship size and falls in freight rates. Meanwhile, the stevedoring industry is undergoing privatization-driven consolidation and the emergence of global pure terminal operators. This article focuses on vertical integration between global carriers and terminal operators. We address the following key current issues: 1. dedicated terminals as a strategy for cutting costs and controlling integrated transport chains;

2. the struggle for supply chain control, involving global carriers versus global terminal operators, driven by financial power and technical and managerial capability.

We close analysing one of the core problems of the market, namely the evolving role of the dedicated terminals. For the pure stevedores they represent an opportunity to secure a cargo, while in the hands of the liners they enable cost stability and the possibility to put pressure on pure terminal operators.     

Maritime liner shipping and the stevedoring industry: market structure and competition strategies

Globalization, liberalization, competition and spatial interaction are significant factors affecting the transformation of manufacturing industries worldwide. In the transportation and logistics industry, however, cooperation is becoming even more critical than competition in determining firms' efficiency. Cooperation has always characterized the liner sector in which strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions have generated twin effects: notable increases in ship size and falls in freight rates. Meanwhile, the stevedoring industry is undergoing privatization-driven consolidation and the emergence of global pure terminal operators. This article focuses on vertical integration between global carriers and terminal operators. We address the following key current issues:

• dedicated terminals as a strategy for cutting costs and controlling integrated transport chains;
• the struggle for supply chain control, involving global carriers versus global terminal operators, driven by financial power and technical and managerial capability.

We close analysing one of the core problems of the market, namely the evolving role of the dedicated terminals. For the pure stevedores they represent an opportunity to secure a cargo, while in the hands of the liners they enable cost stability and the possibility to put pressure on pure terminal operators.     

Examining the influence of firm performance on business risk-taking and the mediation effect of scale of operations in the container terminal industry

Container shipping and its related service sectors help accelerate globalization of the world economy. This industry has been experiencing rapid growth, prompting container terminal operators to increase their handling capacity in response. Providing container terminal services requires substantial capital investment in physical assets such as cargo handling facilities and information systems. On the other hand, operating container terminals is a long-term investment that typically spans several business cycles. Hence prudent asset management using appropriate tools is critical for container terminal operators to sustain their businesses. Generally, due to risk-adverseness, investors are unwilling to take more risk in their investment unless they can reap a higher return. Contrary to this argument, this study finds no direct influence of better firm performance as a proxy of higher return on business risk-taking by container terminal operators. Instead, scale of operations is positively associated with business risk-taking, suggesting that container terminal operators with a larger scale of operations are willing to take more business risk.     

A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

‘Tool port’ to ‘landlord port’: a game theory approach to analyse gains from governance model transformation

This study investigates potential port users’ surplus and terminal operators’ profits due to transforming port governance from the ‘tool port’ model to the ‘landlord port’ model. Although the landlord port model is one of the most adopted and successful port governance models, many ports still operate under other models. Chittagong Port, the largest port in Bangladesh, currently operates under the tool port model, while the country’s second-largest port, Mongla Port, operates under the service port model. Chittagong Port is currently facing many challenges, including capacity expansion and renovation of port facilities. Therefore, we form four hypothetical situations for port governance model transformation, assuming that Chittagong Port will transform to the landlord port model but that Mongla Port will run under the existing governance model. Estimating a Bertrand game model, we present a cost-benefit analysis for port users and terminal operators (or port authorities) in hypothetical game situations. The results reveal that privatising one of the container terminals under a landlord setting is the most profitable scenario for Chittagong Port Authority, but privatising all terminals of Chittagong Port yields the highest users’ surplus. However, privatising two of the terminals while they cooperate yields the lowest users’ surplus.     

Port and terminal selection by deep-sea container operators

This paper deals with the importance of port choice and container terminal selection for deep-sea container carriers. The paper focuses on the research question: on what basis do deep-sea container operators select container ports (strategy) and container terminals (financial reasons) in the Hamburg–Le Havre range over others? In answering this research question, three dimensions are addressed in detail: the buying decision characteristics; port choice strategy; and terminal selection. The results show that strategic considerations at company level are important. For port choice the most important criteria from a carrier's perspective are: availability of hinterland connections; reasonable tariffs; and immediacy of consumers (large hinterland). In addition to these criteria, shipping lines attach great value to often neglected factors, such as feeder connectivity, environmental issues and the total portfolio of the port. The study reveals that port selection and terminal selection are not the same with terminal selection criteria mainly depending on: handling speed; handling costs; reliability; and hinterland connections. The analysis also brought forward that the decision making is different per container carrier, per trade and per port type, implying that a one size fits all approach is not relevant.     

Global supply chain and port/terminal: integration and competitiveness

Much has been said of the importance of port and terminal integration in the supply chain. Authors have stressed the importance of agility to the port environment, which involves being proactive along supply chains, facilitation of intermodal integration, as well as organizational integration and partnership between ports and users. Despite the well articulated importance of the issues, little has been offered in terms of conceptualizations and empirical evidence of what really is meant by port/terminal integration in the supply chain, how such integration can be measured and quantified as well as the extent to which different ports/terminals in the world are integrated in the supply chain and competitive performance implications arising thereof. This paper aims to make a contribution in this respect by (i) reviewing the relevant literature on supply chain integration and port integration in the supply chain, (ii) conceptualizing measures for port/terminal integration in the supply chain, (iii) empirically testing the influence of port/terminal integration in the supply chain on port competitiveness and (iv) outlining the significance and value of the study for port operators, shipping lines, transport providers and for further research.     

Global supply chain and port/terminal: integration and competitiveness

Much has been said of the importance of port and terminal integration in the supply chain. Authors have stressed the importance of agility to the port environment, which involves being proactive along supply chains, facilitation of intermodal integration, as well as organizational integration and partnership between ports and users. Despite the well articulated importance of the issues, little has been offered in terms of conceptualizations and empirical evidence of what really is meant by port/terminal integration in the supply chain, how such integration can be measured and quantified as well as the extent to which different ports/terminals in the world are integrated in the supply chain and competitive performance implications arising thereof. This paper aims to make a contribution in this respect by (i) reviewing the relevant literature on supply chain integration and port integration in the supply chain, (ii) conceptualizing measures for port/terminal integration in the supply chain, (iii) empirically testing the influence of port/terminal integration in the supply chain on port competitiveness and (iv) outlining the significance and value of the study for port operators, shipping lines, transport providers and for further research.     

Monetary values of transport service attributes: land versus maritime ro-ro transport. An application using adaptive stated preferences

The objective of this work is that of illustrating a methodology to derive, in terms of trade-offs, the relative values of transport service attributes for logistics operators. In particular, the analysis yields insights on the preferences for time-savings, frequency and reliability of the transport service in terms of price, of a sample of freight forwarders located in the South of Italy. The data is gathered using an Adaptive Stated Preference application and the estimates are obtained through a Tobit ML estimator on both company specific data and pooled data. The results show that frequency is the most highly rated characteristic of the service together with reliability. The value of time is significantly lower in both cases. The outcome is consistent across estimations and, substantially in line with the outcome of previous studies carried out on operators active at different levels of the transport-logistic chain. Until now, in fact, studies have been carried out uniquely on carriers or producers. The selection of freight forwarders allows to shed light on a segment of the market that accounts for more than half of the transport-related decisions. Furthermore, the present study focuses on a comparison between all land transport and maritime ro-ro alternatives, in line with the growing interest on the integration among transport modes. The output signals both the absence of any a priori preclusion for ro-ro maritime services and the extremely important role that frequency of service assumes for the development and the establishment of maritime services as realistic alternatives to all land transport.     

Land utilization in the container terminal: a global perpective

Conventionl wisdom in terms of land utilization has been derived from a micro view—strategies concerning land utilization have been formulated based on the need of terminal operators. The major factors considered are the cost, the manoeuverability, the stacking ability of the yard operating systems etc. Regretfully, they have failed to deal with issues concerning land utilization in a broader aspect. Factors considered from a micro view point cannont explain why there are huge differences in the storage capacity of land, the utilization rate of this storage capacity and varying land productivity achieved among container terminals throughout the world. Few researchers have examined he issues from a macro view point, revealing a lack of far-sightedness. Therefore, they cannot explain the global differences in land utilization among terminal operators. The aim of this paper is to examine this issue from a macro view point and provide principles for terminal development.