The effect of resuspension on chemical exchanges at the sediment-water interface in the deep sea — A modelling and natural radiotracer approach

We review the processes responsible for the formation of vertical gradients in the chemical composition of suspended particles across the benthic nepheloid layer. Such gradients have usually explained by resuspension of surface sediments, but it is shown here that these gradients can only be understood as part of a dynamic exchange between the water column and the sediments. A coupled model, developed in a companion paper, is expanded to include chemical reactions above and below the sediment-water interface. Three cases are discussed: A tracer with first-order decay (Model 1), the dissolution of a major constituent (Model 2), and a particle-reactive tracer with first-order decay and production in the water column (Model 3). Using typical parameter values for a well-developed benthic nepheloid layer, the three models reproduce typical distributions of C_org (organic carbon), opal, and ²³⁴Th, respectively, on particles above and below the sediment-water interface. Sensitivity analyses illustrate how bioturbation can cause the large discrepancy observed between suspended and surface sediment C_org values (Model 1). The model also reconciles this observed discrepancy with observations that the major part of the decomposition takes place within the sediment. For opal (Model 2), the influence of resuspension on the burial rate of opal is shown to be negligible, as long as dissolution follows first-order kinetics and is not enhanced by turbulence in the suspended phase. The modelling of ²³⁴Th (Model 3) successfully links the depletion of ²³⁴Th in bottom waters with the distribution of excess ²³⁴Th in surface sediments and on resuspended particles.²³⁴Th is a powerful example of the tools supplied by the radioactive daughters of the natural U and Th decay series in studying fluxes and exchange rates of solutes and particles across the sediment-water interface. A short review is given of these tools, and it is shown how they can be used to obtain rate information required to apply and calibrate specific resuspension models.     

悬移质运动扩散方程的应用

从悬移质运动剖面二维扩散方程出发 ,通过适当假定 ,获得了饱和含沙量垂线分布公式、悬移质运动一维质量守恒方程和剖面二维实用型方程 ;重新定义了“α系数” ,给出了理论计算公式 ,使数值模拟的理论基础和可操作性得到了强化     

Weathering sources in the Gaoping (Kaoping) river catchments, southwestern Taiwan: Insights from major elements, Sr isotopes, and rare earth elements

This study aims at quantifying the distribution of REEs associated with chemical weathering processes, as well as investigating weathering mechanisms and source regions of the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) River (KPR) catchment basin located at southwestern Taiwan. Spatial distributions of dissolved rare earth elements, as well as major ions, trace elements and Sr isotopes in river waters were analyzed using SF-ICPMS and TIMS. Our results indicate that REE concentrations and patterns predominantly reflect sources and intensity of chemical weathering along the river's catchment. Most specimens have high Na/Cl (4.2–30.1 mol/mol) ratios due to strong weathering intensity in the upper stream. The Na/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios suggest the main contribution is from weathering of silicates and carbonates. Total concentrations of REEs are rather low in the Gaoping (Kaoping) River (6.7–15.4 ng/L), possibly influenced by adsorption onto suspended particles. The REE patterns also reflect source heterogeneity in weathering minerals with large LREE depletion and MREE enrichment. Europium is strongly enriched in the Gaoping (Kaoping) River water, as a result of its preferential dissolution from suspended particles. Unique Gadolinium anomaly is present in all specimens, likely related to contamination due to clinic waste disposal. Small fractionations of LREE/HREE have occurred along the KPR and can be used as a distinct signature for source identification. The main stream samples exhibit a relatively wide range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, 0.71265–0.71360, with a systematical increase downstream due to source mixing of dissolved basalt (less radiogenic) and sedimentary rocks. Each tributary shows distinct Sr isotope signatures due to different rock types and ages. These isotopic and elemental compositions provide important information on weathering source and erosion budget.     

厦门湾悬沙分布的多时相遥感分析

利用厦门湾地区多时相遥感图像反演出表层悬沙浓度分布图,进而定性分析不同径流和潮流下悬沙分布规律。研究表明,九龙江河口湾为该地区悬沙浓度最高的区域,分布上具有"西高东低"的特征。全湾悬沙来源主要为两部分:径流来沙以及波浪和潮流掀沙。潮流运动是泥沙输送的主要动力,由于弗劳德数分布不同而引起的潮流挟沙力空间差异,是影响厦门湾悬沙分布的主导因素。利用实测泥沙资料将不同时相下瞬时悬沙浓度转换为全潮平均悬沙浓度以进行定量分析,结果表明悬沙浓度具有大潮大于小潮,枯季大于洪季的特征。     

天津港人工沙滩环抱水域泥沙回淤研究

为提高对环抱堤内水域的泥沙回淤状况的认识,以天津港东疆人工沙滩环抱堤内水域为实例,通过综合分析浑水现象调查、悬沙粒径时空分布、含沙量时空分布、余流等方面的资料得出了环抱堤内水域的泥沙来源,然后采用套图法计算了地形冲淤变化并分析了冲淤原因。结果表明,环抱堤内的浑水主要随涨潮水体自口门外流入;淤积区域的年均淤积厚度约为0.2 m,环流集中区所在的重淤积区的淤积厚度约为平均淤积厚度的2~4倍;口门约束形成的大流速和从口门直接入射的波浪,以及NE向小风区波浪的作用,造成口门—宾馆区沙滩水域出现深度约为0.2 m的冲刷带;环抱堤内水域的冲、淤分布与动力条件分布密切相关。     

天津港港内水沙分布特征值分析

利用潮流和泥沙淤积数学模型计算了天津港的流场分布、含沙量分布以及悬沙落淤强度分布 ,其结果与实测资料基本一致 .     

信息熵理论在计算断面含沙量分布中的运用

运用信息论中的最大熵原理导出悬沙颗粒所处位置高度y的概率密度函数p(y).由p(y)与相对含沙量的关系得出适合于断面任一垂线的含沙量分布公式,在此基础上结合边界及流速情况提出了便于工程运用的针对宽浅河槽及非宽浅河槽断面含沙量分布的计算方法,计算结果与实测结果吻合良好.     

High-resolution surveys of the biogeochemistry of the New England shelfbreak front during Summer, 2002

We present the observations from a pair of field experiments at the New England shelfbreak front in June and August of 2002, each consisting of 14 cross-frontal surveys using the Lamont Pumping SeaSoar. Measurements of the front's physical, chemical, and bio-optical characteristics were made at high spatial and temporal resolution. The front, based on water-column hydrographic distributions, was found within a few km of the 200 m isobath during both cruises. We present here composite sections, based on averages of individual sections shifted in space to a common frontal location, of the cross-frontal distributions of these properties as a measure of the mean state of the front in both June and August. The observations show the familiar temperature, salinity, and density distributions of the summertime front, dominated by surface thermal heating. Nutrient and bio-optical distributions show the combined effects of water-mass exchange and biological processes. T, S, silicate, and phosphate distributions are suggestive of cross-frontal exchange of slope- and shelf waters, although transport mechanisms and pathways are not apparent. These properties, along with nitrate and optical measures of the suspended particle distributions, show vertical displacements of isopleths as the front is approached: property contours slope upwards toward the front from the shoreward side, and downwards toward the front from the seaward side. Again, actual water-movement pathways are not constrained by these suggestive patterns. Bio-optical distributions show elevated indicators of photosynthetic efficiency both seaward and shoreward of the front, but the front itself is a minimum in biomass. Accumulation of photosynthetic biomass appears to be controlled primarily by nitrate scarcity in waters within and above the pycnocline. At the base of the pycnocline, light limitation appears to be the controlling factor, although the base of the euphotic zone is deeper than the biomass maxima and the base of the pycnocline. Mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are unclear, but tenuous evidence suggests low stratification at the depth of the 1% light level may not allow phytoplankton to optimize for the low-light, high-nutrient conditions at depth. Cross-frontal differences in nutrient and bio-optical parameters, particularly in August, suggest distinct phytoplankton assemblages, and the presence of calcite-forming or nitrogen fixing groups to the community structure, especially in very shallow waters across the front and in pycnocline waters seaward of the front.     

基于粒子群算法的动力定位推力分配决策变量优选

针对群智能算法解决动力定位推力分配问题易陷入局部最优、计算时间长等不足,基于粒子群算法探索不同粒子决策变量对推力分配结果的影响。首先考虑推力分配目标力和力矩、推力限制、禁止角等约束条件,以推进器功率最优、磨损最小为优化目标建立了推力分配数学模型,构建了基于三种不同粒子决策变量的粒子群推力分配算法;其次以算法结果的适应度值、计算消耗时间的均值和方差量化算法的收敛性和实时性,对上述三种方法进行了仿真分析,仿真结果对比表明,基于本文提出的粒子决策变量搜索在收敛性和实时性上均达到最优,对粒子群算法解决推力分配问题有一定的参考价值。     

超细银粉的液相化学法可控制备及反应机理

通过液相化学法,以抗坏血酸为还原剂,硝酸银为氧化剂,通过调节分散剂的种类、分散剂的用量、反应加料方式、反应溶液的pH值等反应参数,可控地制备了超细银粉。进一步通过粒径分析仪、比表面积测试仪、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪等分析了产物的物相、形貌、分散性和分布状态等特征,重点研究了反应过程与产物的相关性,为超细银粉在光伏、微电子领域的规模化应用提供理论基础。     

开挖过程中悬浮泥沙扩散输移的数值模拟

通过建立平面二维潮流和悬浮泥沙输移扩散的数学模型,模拟某挖泥工程中悬浮泥沙的扩散输移过程,并应用非结构网格的有限单元法进行离散求解.该模型结合工程实际,采用连续线源模拟挖泥过程中的增量悬沙,以揭示其在开挖过程中扩散输移的机理,为工程环境影响评价提供科学依据.     

悬沙模型的水流输沙相似条件

水流输沙相似是悬沙模型必须满足的基本条件。众所周知 ,目前所流行的所谓沉降和悬浮相似条件在变态模型中互为矛盾。理论分析表明 ,在变态模型中该两个相似条件均不能成立 ,替代它们的是一个所谓垂向泥沙通量比相似条件。这样可使悬沙输移和河床平面变形相似条件得到满足     

湖区风浪统计特性的研究

根据湖区的现场观测资料,利用数理统计和理论分析相结合的方法,探讨了湖区的波高和波周期的一元和二元联合分布,并给出了该湖区波浪的各种统计特征值,提出了波高、波周期和两者联合分布的经验分布模式。该公式为确定湖区风浪统计特征值提供依据和参考。     

预应力钢筋混凝土连续箱梁挂篮施工法

介绍一种优化的挂篮施工方法,并对该工法优化方面进行较详细的探讨和实施。     

长江口南汇嘴海域表层悬浮泥沙分布和运动遥感分析

利用Landsat-5/7卫星影像资料,建立了长江口南汇嘴水域表层悬沙遥感模式,结合实测含沙量资料对南汇嘴海区表层水体悬沙分布及泥沙运动情况进行了分析,结果表明南汇嘴附近海域总体上含沙量较高,在0.5～1.5kg/m3变化。高含沙量多出现在杭州湾口中部、南汇嘴浅滩,杭州北岸芦潮港附近含沙量为0.5kg/m3左右。悬沙的浓度及范围随大、小潮和洪、枯季的不同而不同。悬沙的浓度及范围随潮差和风速增大而增大,南汇嘴边滩含沙量一般洪季高于枯季,杭州湾水域水体含沙量一般是冬季高于夏季。长江口与杭州湾之间存在着泥沙交换,长江口水沙以直接和间接2种方式进入杭州湾,而南汇嘴近岸水域则是交换的主要通道。     

南黄海辐射沙脊群悬沙特征研究

为了探明南黄海海域悬沙场的特征,以指导港口建设,通过人工神经网络,将平面二维潮流数值模型、天气图和水文测验数据联系起来,构建了平面二维悬浮泥沙模型。首先运用人工神经网络求出实测含沙量与水动力之间的函数关系,再把潮流模型和风场计算值代入此关系式,最后求出该海域含沙量平面分布。模型的计算结果表明:波浪掀沙和水流输沙是整个海域宏观水动力特征;西洋潮流水道处于冲刷状态,有利于深槽的维持;含沙量等值线与等水深线形状大体一致。     

高桩码头方桩维修加固技术

建设年代较早的混凝土方桩码头,常规维修加固方法很难保证其设计使用寿命。针对这一问题,基于桩基氯离子含量分布情况、桩基保护层厚度和桩基剩余使用年限的计算结果,进行了旧码头桩基耐久性评价研究。采用对旧码头平台方桩桩头局部凿除、重新浇筑,并创新性地应用安装牺牲阳极以阻止方桩钢筋继续锈蚀的技术方案,保证其满足耐久性使用要求。实践证明该方案切实可行,既避免了旧桩基全部拆除、节省了投资,又成功地将牺牲阳极技术应用于混凝土方桩防腐。     

基于MPS-FEM耦合方法研究波浪与结构的相互作用（英文）

Nowadays, an increasing number of ships and marine structures are manufactured and inevitably operated in rough sea. As a result, some phenomena related to the violent fluid-elastic structure interactions(e.g., hydrodynamic slamming on marine vessels, tsunami impact on onshore structures, and sloshing in liquid containers) have aroused huge challenges to ocean engineering fields. In this paper, the moving particle semi-implicit(MPS) method and finite element method(FEM) coupled method is proposed for use in numerical investigations of the interaction between a regular wave and a horizontal suspended structure. The fluid domain calculated by the MPS method is dispersed into fluid particles, and the structure domain solved by the FEM method is dispersed into beam elements. The generation of the 2D regular wave is firstly conducted, and convergence verification is performed to determine appropriate particle spacing for the simulation. Next, the regular wave interacting with a rigid structure is initially performed and verified through the comparison with the laboratory experiments. By verification, the MPS-FEM coupled method can be applied to fluid-structure interaction(FSI) problems with waves. On this basis, taking the flexibility of structure into consideration, the elastic dynamic response of the structure subjected to the wave slamming is investigated, including the evolutions of the free surface, the variation of the wave impact pressures, the velocity distribution,and the structural deformation response. By comparison with the rigid case, the effects of the structural flexibility on wave-elastic structure interaction can be obtained.     

波流共同作用下泥沙扩散系数沿垂线分布的探讨

为了计算波流共同作用下含沙量沿垂线的分布,建立了沿垂线分布的泥沙扩散系数模型。通过悬沙模型反求泥沙扩散系数的方法来拟合系数。实测资料表明该模型可以比较准确地直接计算泥沙扩散系数沿垂线的分布。     

混凝土连续箱梁节段短线匹配法预制及架桥机悬拼施工技术

结合工程实例,对节段短线匹配法预制、架桥机悬拼施工工艺进行介绍。