角焊缝角变形产生机制的研究

以T形焊接接头为算例,用有限元数值计算方法研究了六个固有应变分量各自对角焊缝角变形的作用效应,发现导致角变形产生的主要因素是与焊缝平行的平面内垂直于焊缝方向的固有剪切应变分量;将该固有剪切应变分量以均匀和非均匀两种分布形式施加在焊缝区,发现只有非均匀分布的固有剪切应变使焊接接头产生角变形.由此可知:角焊缝角变形产生的主要原因是在焊缝及其附近区域不均匀分布的固有剪切应变分量,而不是板厚方向上非均匀分布的横向固有正应变分量.此结论指出了关于焊接角变形产生机制的传统思维的认识误区,对研究预测角焊缝角变形简化方法具有指导意义.     

关于角焊缝的效率和效益

本文提出以控制角焊缝的焊脚尺寸的途径和使用下行焊等提高角焊缝效率的焊接方法，来节约焊接材料，减少焊接变形，达到缩短造船周期，降低造船成本的目的。     

船体角焊缝截面形状的研究

本文叙述了角焊缝截面的类型及角焊缝凸凹参数对承载力的影响，作者专门设计了模拟船体角焊缝受力形式的试件，采用实验方法对船体角焊缝截面形状与承载能力的关系作了详细的分析，指出当焊角尺寸相同时，在凸面，平面和凹面角焊缝中以凹面的角焊缝承载能力最高。     

船体结构填角焊缝的设计规范分析

说明船体结构角焊缝的受力分析及强度条件，阐明角焊缝剪切强度系数的涵义及其在填角焊缝设计中的应用。     

船体角焊缝截面形状的研究

作者专门设计了模拟船体角焊缝受力形式的试件，并采用实验方法对船体角焊缝截面形状与承载能力的关系作了分析研究。     

基于BP网络的复杂曲面钢板角变形量分析

通过计算外板展开所产生的变形量来确定水火弯板的加工工艺参数。以钢板厚度、角变形及角变形量作为输入参数,中性层位移系数作为输出参数,建立BP神经网络模型。通过实板实验数据对网络模型进行训练,得到中性层位移系数与这些输入参数的关系,提出了一种准确的计算复杂曲面钢板角变形量的方法。     

EH36船用钢焊接角变形有限元分析

采用有限元分析方法,根据实际焊接工艺过程,对船舶常用低温高强钢EH36中厚板的二道焊缝焊接温度场及焊接角变形进行了分析.中厚板焊接常为二道的埋弧焊接,在有限元分析中采用生死单元技术进行处理.有限元分析结果显示焊接温度场关于热源中心对称,同一厚度截面方向的节点处的焊接变形相同,而在横向由于焊缝在厚度方向收缩的不均匀性,处于焊缝间隙大的截面的节点焊接变形要大于处于小间隙截面的节点.实验结果证明了有限元分析的准确性.     

角接深熔焊与角接焊缝焊脚高度的正确检验

本文详细分析了钢质海船的角接深熔焊、角焊缝焊脚高度、塞焊等检验中常见的错误,并提出了正确检验的方法.     

角焊缝密性试验在生产实践中的利与弊

随着航运市场对大吨位船舶需求的增大以及国际公约对新建船舶PSPC的严格要求,为了提高船舶建造效率与舱室密性质量,越来越多的国际一流造船企业纷纷在分段建造过程中采用角焊缝充气的工艺实施密性检验。介绍了角焊缝密性试验原理,分析了角焊缝密性试验的优点,指出了角焊缝密性试验弊端,同时提出了改进方法。     

T型焊接结构的角变形控制

T型焊接在船舶结构中的应用是非常广泛的.T型接头附近局部的加热及冷却使被焊结构产生残余应力及角变形.目前在船厂精度控制中,通常采用构件焊接后对某些部位进行火工校正的方法来控制残余角变形.论文提供了另外一种有效控制结构残余角变形的方法:对结构焊前施加弹性的反向角变形.文中首先利用热弹塑性有限元来模拟未施加反变形的结构的焊接过程,以估算残余角变形;然后模拟施加了弹性反变形的结构的焊接过程,并计算此时结构的残余角变形,以最终确定构件所需要的弹性反向角变形值.施加了弹性反向角变形的构件在焊接后无需进行火工校正.     

固有变形计算方法及其在船舶焊接结构变形中的应用

采用基于固有应变法的弹性有限元分析预测大型复杂结构的焊接变形的前提是必须已知焊缝附近的固有变形。结构的焊接残余应力与焊接变形取决于其接头的固有变形大小及分布,因此开发精确计算接头固有变形的方法,并依此建立一个完善的固有变形数据库对于大型复杂结构焊接变形的预测有重要意义。文中提出了几种计算固有变形的方法包括公式法、热弹塑性有限元法、实测法,并分别采用这几种方法对典型T型接头的横向固有收缩与纵向固有收缩进行计算,三种方法得到的结果比较一致。在此基础上,进一步以典型船体结构为研究对象,采用依照这三种方法建立的固有变形数据库对其焊接变形进行预测,并与实测数据进行比较,验证了该数据库的有效性。     

An efficient FE computation for predicting welding induced buckling in production of ship panel structure

In a Thermal-Elastic-Plastic (TEP) FE analysis to investigate welding induced buckling of large thin plate welded structure such as ship panel, it will be extremely difficult to converge computation and obtain the results when the material and geometrical non-linear behaviors are both considered. In this study, an efficient FE computation which is an elastic FE analysis based on inherent deformation method, is proposed to predict welding induced buckling with employing large deformation theory, and an application in ship panel production is carried out. The proposed FE computation is implemented with two steps:(1) The typical weld joint (fillet weld) existing in considered ship panel structure is conducted with sequential welding using actual welding condition, and welding angular distortion after completely cooling down is measured. A TEP FE analysis with solid elements model is carried out to predict the welding angular distortion, which is validated by comparing with experimental results. Then, inherent deformations in this examined fillet welded joint are evaluated as a loading for the subsequent elastic FE analysis. Also, the simultaneous welding to assemble this fillet welded joint is numerically considered and its inherent deformations are evaluated.(2) To predict the welding induced buckling in the production of ship panel structure, a shell element model of considered ship panel is then employed for elastic FE analysis, in which inherent deformation evaluated beforehand is applied and large deformation is considered. The computed results obviously show welding induced buckling in the considered ship panel structure after welding. With its instability and difficulty for straightening, welding induced buckling prefers to be avoided whenever it is possible.     

船底结构的焊接系数研究

采用钢结构焊接强度计算方法,给出船底结构角焊缝应力的计算模型和船舶结构角焊缝焊接系数的计算公式。以一艘31 000 dwt散货船船底结构为例,计算不同工况荷载作用下船底、内底纵骨、船底纵桁以及肋板的焊缝剪应力,并与舱段有限元的剪应力计算结果作比较,验证了当前规范角焊缝焊接系数。     

船体结构角焊缝的应力分析与试验

采用焊缝强度计算理论、有限元数值分析及组合钢构件压弯试验,研究船体结构角焊缝的受力性能。对比理论分析、数值计算、模型试验的结果表明,角焊缝剪应力的理论计算方法正确,试验实测焊缝剪应力的大小及分布与理论焊缝剪应力较一致,焊缝剪应力的测定方法可靠,为焊接系数的验证研究工作打下了基础。     

应用固有应变法计算焊接变形时材料模型的选择研究

分别采用理想弹塑性模型和双线性强化模型,推导出各自的固有应变计算公式,研究不同材料模型对于焊接结构变形的影响。研究结果表明,两种固有应变计算公式所预测的变形结果之间相对误差较小,即不同材料模型的选择对预测结构焊接变形的影响可以忽略。     

Strength analysis of fillet welds under longitudinal and transverse shear conditions

In support of the development of improved fillet weld sizing criteria for lightweight shipboard structures, a comprehensive static strength test program using longitudinal and transverse shear specimens according to AWS B4.0 Standards has been conducted. This test program covers base material with strength ranging from 71 ksi (490 MPa) to 96 ksi (660 MPa) and weld size ranging from 1/8″ (3 mm) to 3/8″ (10 mm). This paper focuses on a traction stress based analysis of the test data as an effort to establish a unified shear strength definition for load-carrying fillet weld specimens regardless of shear loading conditions. The proposed shear strength definition proves to be effective in correlating the fillet weld strength test data of the longitudinal and transverse shear specimens. The results of this investigation demonstrate that existing shear strength definitions used by various weld sizing criteria such as those given by Class Societies have two major limitations: (1) it cannot be related to a critical stress state on experimentally observed failure plane in transverse shear specimens; (2) it underestimates shear stress at failure due to severe stress concentration at weld end in typical longitudinal shear specimens. These two limitations have been shown to be the major cause for having two significantly different shear strength values: one is transverse shear strength obtained from transverse shear specimens and the other is longitudinal shear strength obtained from longitudinal shear specimens.     

典型焊接接头固有应变的影响因素研究

基于热弹塑性有限元法采用多线性各向同性强化原则对船级钢T型接头的焊接过程进行了数值模拟,重点研究分析热输入量、焊接速度及焊脚长对固有变形的影响.从T型接头的固有应变数值分析与实验结果对比可以得到:当热输入量一致,数值计算的温度场和角变形与试验结果基本一致;角变形随着焊接速度和焊脚长增大,先增大后减小;横向收缩与纵向收缩率则有着不同的比例关系。     

船体分段焊接变形仿真

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,然而精确预测和控制焊接变形是个难题.文章提供了准确预测焊接变形的固有应变等效载荷法.这种方法运用有限元法结合固有应变理论以及实验结果对焊接变形进行分析:引入简化的弹-塑性分析杆-弹簧模型,通过分析得到固有应变受焊接区域约束度及最高温度分布情况的影响;将固有应变转化为等效载荷,应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.计算结果与LEECH计算及实验结果吻合较好.     

A short-term adaptive forecasting model for BIFFEX speculation: a Box—Jenkins approach

There are numerous possible advantages to be gained from the accurate prediction of future movements in the Baltic Freight Index (BFI). Because of the difficulties inherent in long-range forecasting, however, the potential for such predictions to provide insight into the future state of the physical dry bulk market is perhaps limited. The greater accuracy of short-term forecasts, on the other hand, facilitates the development of a forecasting model form is justified by the inevitably continuous nature of futures market speculation. Such a model is developed through the application of the Box—Jenkins approach to time series analysis and forecasting. The methodology is presented and the resulting model is evaluated on the basis of objective measures of predictive power and by comparison with alternative forecasting models. Finally, the applicability of the model to the practice of BIFFEX speculation is assessed by judging its performance within a simulated BIFFEX trading environment.