Port pricing: a cost axiomatic approach

The earlier port pricing literature argued that port prices should be based uponk marginal cost pricing. However, recent literature suggests that a conflicts would arise between marginal cost pricing and full cost recovery at ports. Further, problems arise in determining or estimating marginal costs. A price structure that addresses the problems of port marginal cost pricing is cost axiomatic pricing, given the goals, objectives and constraints of ports. Fairness and cost efficiency cost axioms for ports are considered. A methodology for determining cost axiomatic prices for a marine container terminal is presented.     

Norwegian port connectivity and its policy implications

The importance of a seaport depends on how well it is connected in a transportation network. A port’s connectivity is therefore one of the key issues in determining its competitiveness and developments in regions and countries. We construct a port connectivity index for major Norwegian ports based on a unique dataset derived from the automated identification system (AIS) for multiple vessel types over a 7-year period. Port connectivity is evaluated empirically by the number of unique vessel visits, vessel sizes, and cargo sizes. The research has implications for port authorities and policy makers in the areas of port planning, infrastructure investment, short sea shipping promotion, and environmental policies. The contributions of this research are twofold. First, the methodology linking the AIS vessel-tracking system with port connectivity is a pioneering empirical application of maritime big data. Second, the port connectivity index is constructed for multiple vessel types and regional port groups, which is an improvement from the current literature where conceptual measures are constructed based on hypothetical and usually too simple optimization rules. The methodology can be easily expanded to other regions in the world.     

Road pricing and parking policy

The starting point of this paper is that the collection costs of urban road pricing have turned out to be unexpectedly high. A comparative cost analysis of the congestion charging system of London, Stockholm, Oslo and Singapore also shows that there are large collection cost differences. The most striking difference is between Oslo and London. Oslo, like Stockholm has the necessary, natural, qualities for a central city toll ring with a limited number of entrances; just 18 and 19 tollgates are required. For large historic cities like London with hundreds of inlets to the central city, tollgates at every entrance would involve high investment costs and be very obtrusive in the street scene. The problem is, however, that the present London charging system, with no tollgates, shows high running costs, ten times higher than in Oslo, in spite of the fact that the charged number of vehicles is the same in the two cities. This is a formidable obstacle to alleviating urban traffic congestion in many big cities.The charging technology could hopefully be developed, however, another approach is to develop and combine other measures including traffic regulation, parking policy and public transport subsidisation, which would be only second-best in a hypothetical situation where road pricing is without costs. This paper focuses on parking policy. Two strands of parking policy reform are discussed; fringe benefit taxation of free workplace parking which has recently been introduced in Sweden and a two-part tariff at parking meters, which is suggested as an extension of congestion charging to all day traffic within the central city.     

Port reform in Australia: regulation constraints on efficiency

Privatization and corporatization of ports in Australia has meant the transfer of government-owned monopolies to privately owned monopolies. This has required the introduction of a regulatory regime to protect the interests of users as in some cases the privatized terminal owner or operator is also a customer of that facility. A complex regulatory regime for ports at the commonwealth and state government levels has, as a result, been created. This has meant that pricing policies and reinvestment strategies are constrained by the regulator. Inefficiencies and disruptions are likely to occur. This paper examines the regulatory regimes in place—the role of the state government regulator, the Queensland Competition Authority, and that of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, the national regulator. It will examine the impacts and constraints these have imposed on coal terminal expansion and operations. Recommendations have been made suggesting the transfer of state government ports to a single national regulator. This paper examines whether the proposed regulatory overhaul will resolve the dilemma of the Goonyella coal supply chain. It will argue that while regulation rationalization and overhaul will expedite the complex regulatory process, the solution lies with an integrated approach to the entire supply chain rather than the port focus.     

Port development within the framework of Malaysia's transport policy: some considerations

There is disjunction between the national port policy and the national transport policy in Malaysia, as the latter, for much of its time, focused on national integration rather than trade facilitation. During Malaysia's concentration on national integration, it relied on Singapore as its main port. This allowed Singapore to develop as a centre of transport for Malaysian trade. To break Singapore's stranglehold on its cargo and to make Port Klang a regional hub port, Malaysia must reconcile its national transport and port policies, with the main aim of facilitating trade. In view of the strong presence of transnational corporations in its trade and the fact that world trade today is based on reciprocity, Malaysia may have to consider a more laissez faire approach with regard to port development.     

Port development within the framework of Malaysia's transport policy: some considerations

There is disjunction between the national port policy and the national transport policy in Malaysia, as the latter, for much of its time, focused on national integration rather than trade facilitation. During Malaysia's concentration on national integration, it relied on Singapore as its main port. This allowed Singapore to develop as a centre of transport for Malaysian trade. To break Singapore's stranglehold on its cargo and to make Port Klang a regional hub port, Malaysia must reconcile its national transport and port policies, with the main aim of facilitating trade. In view of the strong presence of transnational corporations in its trade and the fact that world trade today is based on reciprocity, Malaysia may have to consider a more laissez faire approach with regard to port development.     

第4代港口与港口智能化装备的发展

通过对第4代港口发展趋势的分析,提出港口发展现代智能化技术的必要性,并对我国港口智能化现状及存在的问题进行了研究,进而探讨我国港口智能化发展的重点和关键技术.     

深圳港口发展及其与周边港口的关系

近几年来，深圳港口的建设与发展速度迅猛，货物吞吐量连续14年排行内地沿海港口第八，集装箱吞吐量连续9年排行内地沿海集装箱港口第二，连续3年排行世界集装箱港口第四。在深圳港快速发展的同时，也出现了一些新问题，如何正确看待和协调解决与周边港口的关系就是其中较为突出的问题，这是我们不能回避的一个问题。     

港口集装箱装卸工艺与天津港实践

结合天津港的实践全面介绍港口集装箱装卸工艺及其特点;集装箱后方堆场的位置及道路;集装箱堆场作业机械、空箱堆场作业机械等.对天津港集装箱装卸工艺的实践提出建议.     

蛇口港：深圳港的起笔

从深圳市交通局获悉,2006年1～6月,深圳港共完成货物吞吐量8036.52万t,同比增长9.73%;集装箱吞吐量835.56万TEU,增长12.37%。从1980年深圳建成第一个泊位至今,只有短短26年。26年来,深圳从一个边陲小镇,发展成为世界第四大集装箱港口城市;从只拥有几条小渔船,发展成为挂靠160多     

The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management

The increased competition faced by ports is more focused than previously on the performance of logistics systems of which the individual terminals in ports are critical hubs. The changes in competitive conditions raise issues about appropriate public port policies and strategies of port managements. This paper argucs that the port industry should (and is) moving in the direction of more harmonized policies based on economic principles. Port policies based on cost recovery from users of port facilities and services need to be adopted as the international standard. The competitive environment favours considerable local autonomy. Port management, in addition to possible direct responsibility for terminal management, needs to focus on activities with economies of scale or scope. Such activities, which span the requirements of terminals and may even warrant inter-port cooperation, enhance the services available for many port users.     

南通港口面临的挑战与对策

介绍了南通港面临周边港口的发展与竞争,原有的货源优势正在丧失,以及国民经济整体持续走高要进行调控和南通港口经济协调发展存在的问题。提出进一步加快港口建设进程,关注宏观形势政策的变化,进一步加大资产重组力度,提高港口综合竞争力等措施,以防患于未然。     

港口供应链及其构建（下）

（续上期） 2港口供应链的构建 2．1构建目标 2．1．1高效精简 为提高供应链管理的绩效,建立高效精简的供应链非常必要。结构简洁是构建港口供应链的重要原则。为使港口供应链能灵活快速地响应市场,港口供应链的每个节点都应该是精简的和具有活力的。例如,在选择港口集疏运企业时就应以少而精为原则,通过与少量运输企业建立战略伙伴关系,减少运输等待时间,实现运输环节的无缝衔接。     

港口供应链及其构建（上）

随着经济全球化和区域化进程的加快,港口已不再是被动地提供服务的场所,而是一个货物流动的组织者和策划者。在发展现代物流的过程中,港口物流经历了传统港口物流阶段和现代港口物流阶段,目前正向港口物流供应链阶段发展。本文主要对港口供应链的内涵及其构建方法进行探讨。     

Port competition in Latin America and the Caribbean: the role of concessions and competition policy

Appropriate port regulation and competitive forces tend to be related to higher levels of operational and economic performance of ports. From a policy-making perspective, pursuing efficiency and securing competition in ports to reach a level playing field is a two-step process requiring (1) ex-ante regulations to set the rules that maximize the competition for the market, especially when the policy objective is to attract private operations to ports on competitive concession processes and (2) ex-post competition policy to monitor and preserve competition in the market. This paper studies port regulation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from a competition perspective, analyzing both ex-ante and ex-post policies implemented in the region. The analysis reveals that the competitive environment in LAC is low, giving room for possible anticompetitive practices in the LAC port sector. Since the end of the 1990s, approximately 80% of container terminals in the region were granted to only five companies. Chile and Mexico have been found to be the best practices in the region, with better conditions assuring robust competition in the market. The main policy implication from this analysis is the need for a stronger involvement of antitrust agencies throughout the port concession processes.     

船舶安全进出港的隐患及对策

以船舶进出秦皇岛港为例,从船舶自身行进过程中、船舶周围的通航环境和其他因素等三个方面探讨船舶在进出港时,来自各方面的安全隐患,并提出相应的治理对策。     

港口规模、结构和效率协调发展分析

根据模糊数学理论,建立港口规模、结构和效率协调性测度模型,并应用该模型对日照港发展协调性与区域经济增长进行关联分析。结果表明日照港效率提高最为迫切,同时港口协调发展对区域经济增长具有明显的支持作用。     

Examining the linkages between electronic roadway tolling technologies and road pricing policy objectives

The surge of road pricing projects in the U.S. and around the globe over the past 15 years has been enabled by a variety of new communication and transportation technologies. While all of these technologies increase the efficiency of roadway tolling vis-à-vis manual collection, no “best” configuration has emerged. Rather, optimal configurations depend on the objectives of the tolling effort, such as facility type, geographic scope, desire to price externalities, integration with other operations, and so on. While such policy objectives for road pricing have been examined extensively, little has been written on the explicit links between tolling technology configurations and policy objectives. This paper addresses this gap in the literature through an examination of eight road pricing programs. For each program we evaluate the conduct of the three technical tasks via the nine technology sets in light of six principal policy objectives of road pricing.