Port pricing: a cost axiomatic approach

The earlier port pricing literature argued that port prices should be based uponk marginal cost pricing. However, recent literature suggests that a conflicts would arise between marginal cost pricing and full cost recovery at ports. Further, problems arise in determining or estimating marginal costs. A price structure that addresses the problems of port marginal cost pricing is cost axiomatic pricing, given the goals, objectives and constraints of ports. Fairness and cost efficiency cost axioms for ports are considered. A methodology for determining cost axiomatic prices for a marine container terminal is presented.     

Road pricing and parking policy

The starting point of this paper is that the collection costs of urban road pricing have turned out to be unexpectedly high. A comparative cost analysis of the congestion charging system of London, Stockholm, Oslo and Singapore also shows that there are large collection cost differences. The most striking difference is between Oslo and London. Oslo, like Stockholm has the necessary, natural, qualities for a central city toll ring with a limited number of entrances; just 18 and 19 tollgates are required. For large historic cities like London with hundreds of inlets to the central city, tollgates at every entrance would involve high investment costs and be very obtrusive in the street scene. The problem is, however, that the present London charging system, with no tollgates, shows high running costs, ten times higher than in Oslo, in spite of the fact that the charged number of vehicles is the same in the two cities. This is a formidable obstacle to alleviating urban traffic congestion in many big cities.The charging technology could hopefully be developed, however, another approach is to develop and combine other measures including traffic regulation, parking policy and public transport subsidisation, which would be only second-best in a hypothetical situation where road pricing is without costs. This paper focuses on parking policy. Two strands of parking policy reform are discussed; fringe benefit taxation of free workplace parking which has recently been introduced in Sweden and a two-part tariff at parking meters, which is suggested as an extension of congestion charging to all day traffic within the central city.     

Port reform in Australia: regulation constraints on efficiency

Privatization and corporatization of ports in Australia has meant the transfer of government-owned monopolies to privately owned monopolies. This has required the introduction of a regulatory regime to protect the interests of users as in some cases the privatized terminal owner or operator is also a customer of that facility. A complex regulatory regime for ports at the commonwealth and state government levels has, as a result, been created. This has meant that pricing policies and reinvestment strategies are constrained by the regulator. Inefficiencies and disruptions are likely to occur. This paper examines the regulatory regimes in place—the role of the state government regulator, the Queensland Competition Authority, and that of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, the national regulator. It will examine the impacts and constraints these have imposed on coal terminal expansion and operations. Recommendations have been made suggesting the transfer of state government ports to a single national regulator. This paper examines whether the proposed regulatory overhaul will resolve the dilemma of the Goonyella coal supply chain. It will argue that while regulation rationalization and overhaul will expedite the complex regulatory process, the solution lies with an integrated approach to the entire supply chain rather than the port focus.     

Port development within the framework of Malaysia's transport policy: some considerations

There is disjunction between the national port policy and the national transport policy in Malaysia, as the latter, for much of its time, focused on national integration rather than trade facilitation. During Malaysia's concentration on national integration, it relied on Singapore as its main port. This allowed Singapore to develop as a centre of transport for Malaysian trade. To break Singapore's stranglehold on its cargo and to make Port Klang a regional hub port, Malaysia must reconcile its national transport and port policies, with the main aim of facilitating trade. In view of the strong presence of transnational corporations in its trade and the fact that world trade today is based on reciprocity, Malaysia may have to consider a more laissez faire approach with regard to port development.     

第4代港口与港口智能化装备的发展

通过对第4代港口发展趋势的分析,提出港口发展现代智能化技术的必要性,并对我国港口智能化现状及存在的问题进行了研究,进而探讨我国港口智能化发展的重点和关键技术.     

Port development within the framework of Malaysia's transport policy: some considerations

There is disjunction between the national port policy and the national transport policy in Malaysia, as the latter, for much of its time, focused on national integration rather than trade facilitation. During Malaysia's concentration on national integration, it relied on Singapore as its main port. This allowed Singapore to develop as a centre of transport for Malaysian trade. To break Singapore's stranglehold on its cargo and to make Port Klang a regional hub port, Malaysia must reconcile its national transport and port policies, with the main aim of facilitating trade. In view of the strong presence of transnational corporations in its trade and the fact that world trade today is based on reciprocity, Malaysia may have to consider a more laissez faire approach with regard to port development.     

深圳港口发展及其与周边港口的关系

近几年来，深圳港口的建设与发展速度迅猛，货物吞吐量连续14年排行内地沿海港口第八，集装箱吞吐量连续9年排行内地沿海集装箱港口第二，连续3年排行世界集装箱港口第四。在深圳港快速发展的同时，也出现了一些新问题，如何正确看待和协调解决与周边港口的关系就是其中较为突出的问题，这是我们不能回避的一个问题。     

港口集装箱装卸工艺与天津港实践

结合天津港的实践全面介绍港口集装箱装卸工艺及其特点;集装箱后方堆场的位置及道路;集装箱堆场作业机械、空箱堆场作业机械等.对天津港集装箱装卸工艺的实践提出建议.     

The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management

The increased competition faced by ports is more focused than previously on the performance of logistics systems of which the individual terminals in ports are critical hubs. The changes in competitive conditions raise issues about appropriate public port policies and strategies of port managements. This paper argucs that the port industry should (and is) moving in the direction of more harmonized policies based on economic principles. Port policies based on cost recovery from users of port facilities and services need to be adopted as the international standard. The competitive environment favours considerable local autonomy. Port management, in addition to possible direct responsibility for terminal management, needs to focus on activities with economies of scale or scope. Such activities, which span the requirements of terminals and may even warrant inter-port cooperation, enhance the services available for many port users.     

南通港口面临的挑战与对策

介绍了南通港面临周边港口的发展与竞争,原有的货源优势正在丧失,以及国民经济整体持续走高要进行调控和南通港口经济协调发展存在的问题。提出进一步加快港口建设进程,关注宏观形势政策的变化,进一步加大资产重组力度,提高港口综合竞争力等措施,以防患于未然。     

港口供应链及其构建（上）

随着经济全球化和区域化进程的加快,港口已不再是被动地提供服务的场所,而是一个货物流动的组织者和策划者。在发展现代物流的过程中,港口物流经历了传统港口物流阶段和现代港口物流阶段,目前正向港口物流供应链阶段发展。本文主要对港口供应链的内涵及其构建方法进行探讨。     

港口供应链及其构建（下）

（续上期） 2港口供应链的构建 2．1构建目标 2．1．1高效精简 为提高供应链管理的绩效,建立高效精简的供应链非常必要。结构简洁是构建港口供应链的重要原则。为使港口供应链能灵活快速地响应市场,港口供应链的每个节点都应该是精简的和具有活力的。例如,在选择港口集疏运企业时就应以少而精为原则,通过与少量运输企业建立战略伙伴关系,减少运输等待时间,实现运输环节的无缝衔接。     

船舶安全进出港的隐患及对策

以船舶进出秦皇岛港为例,从船舶自身行进过程中、船舶周围的通航环境和其他因素等三个方面探讨船舶在进出港时,来自各方面的安全隐患,并提出相应的治理对策。     

Examining the linkages between electronic roadway tolling technologies and road pricing policy objectives

The surge of road pricing projects in the U.S. and around the globe over the past 15 years has been enabled by a variety of new communication and transportation technologies. While all of these technologies increase the efficiency of roadway tolling vis-à-vis manual collection, no “best” configuration has emerged. Rather, optimal configurations depend on the objectives of the tolling effort, such as facility type, geographic scope, desire to price externalities, integration with other operations, and so on. While such policy objectives for road pricing have been examined extensively, little has been written on the explicit links between tolling technology configurations and policy objectives. This paper addresses this gap in the literature through an examination of eight road pricing programs. For each program we evaluate the conduct of the three technical tasks via the nine technology sets in light of six principal policy objectives of road pricing.     

港口规模、结构和效率协调发展分析

根据模糊数学理论,建立港口规模、结构和效率协调性测度模型,并应用该模型对日照港发展协调性与区域经济增长进行关联分析。结果表明日照港效率提高最为迫切,同时港口协调发展对区域经济增长具有明显的支持作用。     

自主创新：上海港航 从“谋篇”走向行动

已经拥有“全球第一”桂冠的上海港，在世界港口的巅峰上没有被眼前的奇观美景陶醉，而是在默默找寻一种继续攀登的动力。2006年6月，胡锦涛总书记在考察洋山深水港和振华港机集团时留下了谆谆之言：从加快转变经济增长方式，促进产业结构优化升级入手，大力发展先进制造业和现代服务业，增强自主创新能力。在新的起点上，自主创新正在成为上海港航业持续发展的一种巨大驱动和新坐标，而作为建设创新型港口的主要组织者和实施者，上海港口管理局从目标确立的第一步出发，正在展开从观念转变、谋篇布局到规划实施的一系列行动。[编者按]     

The economics of port pricing

This short paper is concerned with the problem of improving the methods currently used to price port facilities. It presents a simple economic model of how an optimal pricing policy may be arrived at, employing an adaptation of an interactive supply-demand framework initially developed in the context of allocating car-parking places in urban areas. The model demonstrates the basic economic tenet that charges should be set equal to the full marginal social opportunity cost (M.S.O.C.) of facilities used, with premiums added where capacity restrictions would otherwise lead to excessive queueing. The use of a probability demand curve shows that one of the main fears of the anti-pricing school, namely excessive resource misallocation due to miscalcuations of the marginal cost, tends to be exaggerated. Further, it is argued that many of the other arguments set out against marginal cost pricing of ports are either ill-founded or unlikely to be of practical importance—ports are little different to other goods and services consumed in the economy and standard economic policies apply to them.     

天津港16—18段码头岸坡变形的研究与对策

采用现场原型观测试验和有限元强度折减法建立数学模型,对影响码头岸坡变形因素以及岸坡变形对码头结构的影响进行研究。提出选用板桩墙或钻孔灌注桩的方案来避免或改善码头岸坡变形,保证码头结构安全。