迈向“交通现代化”

本文回顾了“交通现代化”的演变 :其中提到了“交通需求管理”的理念和信息化、智能化交通系统的发展趋势 ;探讨了当代和新世纪近几十年代“交通现代化”的展望 :综合了“可持续发展”的时代要求 ,“交通需求管理”的理念和交通信息化、智能化的发展 ,把当近代“交通现代化”概貌归纳为“交通集约化”和“交通有序化”;提出了迈向“交通现代化”的建议 :包括提高干道网密度、干道机非分流、改造传统交叉口、发展现代公交系统和逐步发展交通信息化、智能化等五个方面     

Assessing the Potential Impacts of Connected Vehicles: Mobility,Environmental, and Safety Perspectives

The connected vehicle is a rapidly emerging paradigm aimed at deploying and developing a fully connected transportation system that enables data exchange among vehicles, infrastructure, and mobile devices to improve mobility, enhance safety, and reduce the adverse environmental impacts of the transportation systems. This study focuses on micromodeling and quantitatively assessing the potential impacts of the connected vehicle (CV) on mobility, safety, and the environment. To assess the benefits of CVs, a modeling framework is developed based on traffic microsimulation for a real network located in the city of Toronto, Canada, to mimic communication between enabled vehicles. In this study, we examine the effects of providing real-time routing guidance and advisory warning messages to CVs. In addition, to take into account the rerouting in nonconnected vehicles (non-CVs) in response to varying sources of information such as apps, global positioning systems (GPS), variable message signs (VMS), or simply seeing the traffic back up, the impact of fraction of non-CV vehicles was also considered and evaluated. Therefore, vehicles in this model are divided into; uninformed/unfamiliar not connected (non-CV), informed/familiar but not connected (non-CV) that get updates infrequently every 5 minutes or so (non-CV), and connected vehicles that receive information more frequently (CV). The results demonstrate the potential of connected vehicles to improve mobility, enhance safety, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) at the network-wide level. The results also show quantitatively how the market penetration of connected vehicles proportionally affects the performance of the traffic network. While the presented results are pertinent to the specifics of the road network modeled and cannot be generalized, the quantitative figures provide researchers and practitioners with ideas of what to expect from vehicle connectivity concerning mobility, safety, and environmental improvements.     

Investigating the attitudes of Egyptian drivers toward traffic safety

One of the main pillars for improving road safety in any country is a good understanding of traffic safety culture and the driving behavior of local drivers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether Egyptian drivers differ in traffic safety attitudes and level of acceptance of risky driving behavior. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the driving cognition of the participants. An exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the number of factors that differentiated the three types of drivers. Then a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the drivers with similar patterns of scores on the factors into clusters. Three driver clusters emerged: The drivers in cluster 1 were “drivers who rigidly followed regulations” (51.7%). The drivers in cluster 2 were “drivers who violated safety precautions” (23.3%). The drivers in cluster 3 were “drivers who had a tendency to violate regulations” (25.0%). A similarity between the social norms and personal attitudes of drivers was found. This can be explained by the high social norm of violating traffic laws, which can lead to more drivers accepting violations. The majority of the older drivers and drivers with no violations or traffic accident on their record in the past 2 years were in cluster 1. Cluster 2 had the highest proportion of young drivers who wore their seat belts and used hands-free phones while driving. Cluster 3 drivers accepted very dangerous violations, such as texting while driving, driving while intoxicated, and driving at very high speeds. They reported significantly more traffic accidents, but no more violations than the other two clusters. The results of this study can be used to improve road safety programs for education and enforcement in Egypt.     

关于公交车驾驶员安全驾驶视觉特性的分析

随着我国现代化的不断发展,城镇居民的生活水平不断提高,对各种交通工具的需求也在不断加大。同时,由于环境的逐渐恶化和人们环保意识的提高,越来越多人在出行时选择公交或者地铁等公共交通工具出行,因此,公交车驾驶的安全问题受到大家广泛关注。相关数据表明,驾驶员的违规驾驶是引起交通事故的重要原因,应从驾驶员的角度出发,分析公交车驾驶员安全与驾驶视觉特性的关系,有效保障公交车行驶的安全性。公交车驾驶员是驾驶行为的参与者,行驶过程中结合视觉信息操作驾驶行为。本文简要概述了驾驶员的视觉基本特性与疲劳驾驶、分心驾驶及驾驶经验对视觉特性的影响等方面,基于驾驶员的视觉特性影响因素进行研究和提出几点建议。     

Automotive steering system preferences evaluated using a driving simulator

The automotive steering system is the primary channel through which road and vehicle behavior feedback is transmitted to the driver. While the driver provides directional platform control through the steering wheel, perceptions of the vehicle’s handling responsiveness are simultaneously transmitted back to the driver allowing for correction of any instabilities the vehicle may encounter. Based on these factors, drivers often pay special attention to the steering system when deciding what vehicle to purchase. Therefore, a significant amount of effort and time is invested in attempting to determine the optimal design of steering system components and configurations. In this study, the determination of an optimal steering configuration was attempted based on responses obtained from questionnaires that subjects answered. The questions were designed to evaluate the degree of satisfaction regarding the “control”, “ease of operation”, and “fun” participants experienced after each driving run. During the study, human subjects drove a driving simulator for 15 combinations of 3 different roadway environments and 5 different steering configurations, filling out a questionnaire after each scenario. The subjects were also classified as a type of driver (“utility”, “enthusiast”, and/or “performance”). The study attempted to determine if the mean values of questionnaire responses for “control”, “ease”, and “fun” type of questions changed as the scenario and/or driver type changed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if the mean values of the three types of questions were statistically different. The overall results suggest that the average responses for vehicle “control”, “ease”, and the “fun” type of questions were dependent on the type of roadway environment; however, only the responses for “fun” type of questions were influenced by the given steering configurations. Indeed, the steering system can impact the driver’s perceptions of the vehicle’s operational experience.     

汽车驾驶员模型的研究现状及发展趋势

汽车驾驶员模型是汽车交通安全、智能交通系统、汽车自动驾驶和车辆巡航等技术的基础研究内容和关键环节之一。按照汽车驾驶员模型的研究方向及应用,将驾驶员模型分为基于人—车—环境闭环系统汽车操纵稳定性的驾驶员模型、基于智能交通系统的驾驶员行为模型和基于交通安全的驾驶员疲劳模型等类型,综述了上述各类汽车驾驶员模型的研究现状,对各类驾驶员模型存在的不足进行了分析论述,并展望了汽车驾驶员模型的发展方向及趋势。     

智能网联环境下的交通信息与安全——第4届交通信息与安全国际学术会议综述

交通信息是交通运输发展的基础,交通安全是交通运输的重要目标,智能网联环境下的交通信息与安全越来越受到学术界的重视.第4届交通信息与安全国际学术会议(ICTIS 2017)在此背景下隆重召开.围绕交通信息与交通安全的核心内容,分别从道路、水路的信息与安全角度出发,研讨了水路信息多元化应用、海上事故分析与船舶避碰、道路基础设施信息交互、公共交通优化等热点问题,展示了最新的研究成果.综述了会议报告的热点,分析了交通安全趋势以及存在的问题,并指出新能源动力船舶系统安全与防控、多种类多模式交通流动态预测、无人船开发与应用、道路安全建模等是交通安全与信息未来的研究方向.      

基于OBD数据的危险驾驶行为与建成环境空间关联研究

随着宽带移动通信、物联网等新一代信息技术在交通领域中的应用,面向交通安全的移动互联环境下驾驶行为研究成为热点课题.为弥补现有研究中对车联网数据分析较少或对危险驾驶行为空间分析不足等缺陷,基于车辆自诊断系统(OBD)数据对危险驾驶行为进行了空间识别与提取,并基于交通小区(TAZ)分析了危险驾驶行为的空间分布差异.研究揭示了危险驾驶行为空间分布差异的内在机理,利用百度兴趣点(POI)数据度量了城市建成环境因素,通过最小二乘法(OLS)回归模型识别出建成环境对危险驾驶行为显著影响的变量,在此基础上采用基于地理加权回归(GWR)模型得出了不同建成环境变量对危险驾驶行为的空间影响系数.模型显示,采用GWR模型拟合结果优于OLS一倍,并且可以有效地揭示出空间建成环境对危险驾驶行为影响的时空特征,为交通管理与规划部门制定措施或政策提供了决策支持.      

公共交通优先—城市交通拥堵的解决之道

在城市化历程中 ,不同规模与发展阶段的城市产生不同的交通需求 ,需要通过相应的运输工具及技术装备来满足我国面对经济持续高速发展与人口急骤增长和土地、能源日益紧张的矛盾 ,“公共交通优先”不失为解决问题的重要对策之一。     

A perspective on ITS deployment

The intelligent transport systems (ITS) deployment begins with implementation of traffic control signals and traffic management on a road network. The next stage is the provision of traffic information to drivers. The third stage is the decision and operation assistance to drivers for safe driving. It will take time to reach the final stage of a fully automated driving because of the difficulties of getting social acceptance. Another final figure of ITS is that all transportation modes are integrated and provide continuous transportation service to users from door to door. Mobile information terminals such as cellular phones and motor vehicles will function as well as ordinary offices and homes. Then the ITS as an information system will be integrated into a general social information system.     

Modeling wrong-way crashes and fatalities on arterials and freeways

Wrong way driving (WWD) research and mitigation measures have primarily focused on limited access facilities. This is most likely due to the higher incidence of fatal WWD crashes with dramatic consequences on freeways, media attention, and a call for innovative solutions to address the problem. While public agencies and published literature address WWD incidence on freeway systems, the crash analyses on non-limited access facilities, i.e., arterial corridors, remains untouched. This research extends previous works and attempts to provide many new perspectives on arterial WWD incidence. In particular, one work showed that while WWD fatalities are more likely to occur on freeways, the likelihood of these crashes is higher on arterials. Hence this work with univariate and multivariate analyses of WWD and non-WWD crashes, and fatal and non-fatal WWD incidents. Results show the impressive negative impacts of alcohol use, driver defect, nighttime and weekend incidence, poor street lighting, low traffic volumes, rural geography, and median and shoulder widths. The objective here is to highlight the need for paying greater attention to WWD crashes on arterial corridors as is done with fatal WWD incidents on freeway systems. It suffices to say that while engineering countermeasures should evolve from the traditional signing and pavement markings to connected vehicle technology applications, there is a clear and compelling need to focus on educational campaigns specifically targeting drunken driving, and enforcement initiatives with an objective to mitigate WWD in the most efficient manner possible.     

典型车联网基本安全消息机制分析

车联网基本安全消息的生成和传播是影响车联网安全应用及智能网联汽车有效性、可靠性的关键因素.在分析车联网基本安全消息基本定义的基础上,对国内外当前LTE-V2X、车载环境下的无线接入(Wireless Access in the Vehicular Environment,WAVE)等多种典型的车联网通信协议体系结构框架...     

Normal and risky driving patterns identification in clear and rainy weather on freeway segments using vehicle kinematics trajectories and time series cluster analysis

Enhancing traffic safety on freeways is the main goal for all transportation agencies. However, to achieve this goal, many analysis protocols of network screening models need to be improved through considering human factors while analyzing traffic data. This paper introduces one on the new analysis protocol of identifying and discriminating between normal and risky driving in clear and rainy weather. The introduced analysis protocol will consider the effect of human factors on updating the networking screening process of identifying hotspots of crash risk. This paper employs the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) data to investigate the behavior of normal and risky driving under both rainy and clear weather conditions. Near-crash events on freeways, which were used as Surrogate Measure of Safety (SMoS) for crash risk, were identified based on the changes in vehicle kinematics, including speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration and deceleration rates, and yaw rates. Through a trajectory-level data analysis, there were significant differences in driving patterns between rainy and clear weather conditions; factors that affected crash risk mainly included driver reaction and response time, their evasive maneuvers such as changes in acceleration rates and yaw rates, and lane-changing maneuvers. A cluster analysis method was employed to classify driving patterns into two clusters: normal and risky driving condition patterns, respectively. Statistical results showed that risky driving patterns started on average one second earlier in rainy weather conditions than in clear weather conditions. Furthermore, risky driving patterns extended in average three seconds in rainy weather conditions, while it was two seconds in clear weather conditions. The identification of these patterns is considered as a primary step towards an automated development that would distinguish between different driving patterns in a Connected Vehicle CV environment using Basic Safety Messages (BSM) and to enhance the network screening analysis for increased crash risk hotspots.     

交通信息在出行行为中的影响分析

分析了交通信息对出行者在驾驶员路径选择行为中的作用机理和过程,阐述了之间的相互作用关系,论述了交通信息的效用度和出行者信任度之间的影响并提出相应的定性模型。     

面向智能网联交通系统的模块化柔性试验场

为了给智能网联试验场设计与建设提供参考,分析了智能网联交通系统中测试技术的研究现状;结合长安大学车联网与智能汽车试验场的测试和研究经验,提出了一种面向智能网联交通系统的模块化柔性试验场,该试验场包括应用场景、感知发布、网络链路和管理服务4个层次。应用场景层通过模拟真实场景中的天气、道路和交通条件,验证智能网联交通设备和服务在不同环境、不同场景的适应性;感知发布层通过摄像头、激光雷达、毫米波雷达等传感设备以及可变情报板等信息发布设备,实现环境数据及交通信息的采集,并下发相应的控制信息和服务信息;网络链路层由车载异构网络构成,通过网络间的协同工作,为应用场景层和感知发布层的设备提供网络信息服务;管理服务层负责下层数据的存储、备份、处理和可视化,并实现下层测试设备的管理与维护。在上述模块化平台的基础上,开发智能网联汽车室内测试台架,配合试验场进行交通场景构建、测试场景复现和单一要素分析,实现智能网联交通的柔性场景测试。结果表明：所提出的试验场具有标准化的测试条件,可控可追踪的测试流程和科学的测试评价体系,能够模拟真实的道路交通场景,提高智能网联相关技术的开发和测试效率。该试验场的建设、推广与应用,能够推进智能网联和无人驾驶技术从理论研究到实际应用的转化,为实现未来交通信息服务和交通系统的创新与变革起到至关重要的作用。     

面向交通事件管理的交通事件信息发布方式研究

交通事件信息发布是交通事件管理的关键环节之一,及时准确地发布交通事件信息能有效提高事件管理效率,减少二次事故发生,降低伤亡及财产损失。结合国内外交通事件管理经验,综述并分析常用交通事件信息发布方式的特点与应用环境,以期为交通控制与管理部门发布交通事件信息提供充分的选择依据。     

关于汽车底盘故障因素及其维修要点初探

近年来,随着社会经济的不断发展进步,汽车显然已经成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的交通工具,承担着代步以及运输的重要使命。随着汽车的不断增多,交通安全事故发生的概率也在不断上升。为了有效防止企业在运行中发生底盘故障导致交通安全事故的发生,本文主要对汽车底盘故障的影响因素进行分析,在此基础上提出针对汽车底盘故障的维修技术要点以及日常保养维护。期待能够最大限度的提高汽车在行驶中的安全性能,为驾驶人的生命以及道路的安全行驶提供保障。     

汽车驾驶员主动安全性因素的辨识与分析

机动车驾驶为运输业中特殊工作,所以对该行业从业人员要求较高。安全驾驶旨为预防交通事故,确保行车安全。汽车驾驶安全性,不仅与汽车自身安全性能相关,而且与驾驶者行车中安全操控密不可分,通过一系列的措施增强驾驶者主动安全意识,可降低行车风险。基于此,有必要掌握汽车驾驶员素质对行车安全影响,了解事故发生的客观规律,提出针对性的预防措施,将各类不安全隐患遏制于萌芽时期,为行车安全做以保障。     

武汉市公交车典型行驶工况的构建

利用实测的公交车运行数据,建立符合公交车运营特点的行驶工况.首先将连续行驶数据进行短行程划分并计算各短行程的特征值;之后采用主成分分析将12个特征值降为4个主成分,利用相关系数法建立了武汉市公交车的综合行驶工况;同时采用聚类分析对短行程分类,构建了公交车在拥堵道路、较畅通道路、畅通道路3类交通条件下的行驶工况;各工况同实测数据的相关系数均超过了0.98.研究结果表明,该地区公交车平均运行速度为19.46 km/h,各行驶模式下的时间比例分别为:加速26.39%、减速23.61%、匀速33.33%、怠速16.67%.此外将所建立综合工况与燃油消耗量测试工况C-WTVC比较,发现二者在平均速度和怠速时间比例方面存在较大差别.因此有必要针对公交车专门开发测试工况,从而为交通和环保部门的公交运营管理提供指导.      

Evaluation of preview G-Vectoring control to decelerate a vehicle prior to entry into a curve

This paper describes the development of the braking assistance system based on a “G-Vectoring” concept. The present work focuses in particular on “Preview G-Vectoring Control” (PGVC), which is based on the “G-Vectoring Control” (GVC) scheme. In GVC, the longitudinal-acceleration control algorithm is based on the actual lateral jerk. PGVC decelerates a vehicle before it enters a curve, and is based on a new longitudinal-acceleration control algorithm which uses predicted and actual lateral jerk. Using the predicted lateral jerk makes it possible to decelerate the vehicle prior to curve entry. This deceleration can emulate a driver’s deceleration as the vehicle approaches a curve entry. PGVC is based on such deceleration algorithms and enables automatic deceleration similar to the action of a driver. It is thus possible to significantly improve the driver’s feeling when this system is activated. Driving tests with this new control system on snowy-winding course confirmed that the automatic brake control quality improved considerably compared to manual driver control considering both lap time and ride quality. These results indicate that PGVC can be a useful braking assistance system not only to improve the driver’s handling performance but also to reduce the brake-task during driving on winding roads.