动态输入下路段行程时间研究

以元胞传输模型(LWR模型的离散形式)作为分析工具,以行程时间为研究对象,研究了单车道路段没有出入口的基本路段受交通信号控制影响下的动态行程时间.考虑到路段上车辆密度对车辆速度的影响,文章定义了路段加权密度来表征车辆进入路段时路段的状态.分析结果表明,动态行程时间和车辆进入路段时的流量基本上没有关系;当车辆进入路段时刻一定时,路段加权密度和车辆的动态行程时间成线性关系.     

Probe vehicle lane identification for queue length estimation at intersections

Vehicles instrumented with Global Positioning Systems, also known as GPS probe vehicles, have become increasingly popular for collecting traffic flow data. Previous studies have explored the probe vehicle data for estimating speeds and travel time; however, there is very limited research on predicting queue dynamics from such data. In this research, a methodology was developed for identifying the lane position of the GPS-instrumented vehicles when they are standing in the queue at signalized intersections with multiple lanes, particularly in the case of unequal queue. Various supervised and unsupervised clustering methods were tested on data generated from a microsimulation model. Among the tested methods, the Optimal Bayes Rule that utilizes probability density functions estimated using bivariate statistical mixture models was found to be effective in identifying the lanes. The methodology for lane identification was tested for queue length estimation. This research confirms that the lane identification is an important step required prior to the queue length estimation. The accuracies of the models for lane identification and queue length estimation were evaluated at varying levels of demand and probe vehicle market penetrations. In general, as the market penetration increases, the accuracy improves as expected. The result shows that 40% market penetration rate is adequate to reach about 90% accuracy.     

基于3D点云语义地图表征的智能车定位

为提高智能车节点定位准确率, 研究了基于3D点云语义地图表征的智能车定位方法。该方法分为3个部分: ①基于三维激光点云的语义分割, 包括地面分割, 交通标志牌分割和杆状语义目标分割; ②面向智能车的点云语义地图表征, 利用分割的语义目标投影, 生成带权有向图, 语义路, 语义编码, 再以语义编码和高精度GPS的全局位置组成语义地图表征模型; ③基于语义表征模型的智能车定位, 包括基于GPS匹配的粗定位和基于语义编码渐进匹配的节点定位。实验在3种长度不同、复杂度不同的道路场景下进行, 节点定位准确率分别为98.5%, 97.6%和97.8%, 结果表明所提出的定位方法节点定位准确率高、鲁棒性强且适用于不同的道路场景。      

基于动态清空距离的特殊车辆与CAVs混合车道控制

特殊车辆的优先通行是道路交通管理的一项重要工作,而目前相关控制措施存在实施难度较大、道路空间利用率低和道路通行能力下降等问题。为解决这些问题,结合智能网联汽车（CAVs）技术特点,提出考虑特殊车辆优先通行的CAVs专用车道控制方法,按应急车辆、一般优先级车辆和CAVs的优先通行顺序设计车辆通行规则。通过预测特殊车辆到达下游交叉口时的路口排队长度,建立“满足不同优先级特殊车辆通行需求”的动态清空距离模型,其中应急车辆以速度损失最小化为优化目标,一般优先级车辆以均衡车辆通行需求为优化目标。针对CAVs在专用道上可能成为其他车辆通行障碍的情况,考虑换道安全和不同换道动机,设计CAVs进入和离开专用道的规则,建立换道决策控制模型;在此基础上,提出适用于不同优先级车辆的专用车道通行控制策略。通过仿真实验对所提方法的控制效果予以分析验证。实验结果表明:与不考虑特殊车辆优先通行的控制方法相比,虽然该方法的车均出行时间和人均出行时间分别增加了3.9%和2.8%,但特殊车辆的车均延误时间减少了59.6%以上;与IBL控制方法相比,该方法的车均出行时间和人均出行时间分别减少16.7%和14.6%,特殊车辆的车均延误时间减少13.5%,专用车道利用率提高36.3%以上,并且在CAVs渗透率大于0.4时获得最佳控制效果。该控制方法在特殊车辆优先通行方面,减少了单一控制策略的局限性,为交通控制和管理提供理论支撑。      

基于卫星定位系统的营运车辆时空特征研究综述

获取营运车辆的时空大数据,识别车辆运行区间、车辆运营时长、车辆运行车速等关键参数,对于深入挖掘车辆位置的空间、时间分布特征具有重要意义.在分析卫星定位系统的数据特点及相关定位技术的基础上,从计算机、地理学以及交通科学3个不同领域,对位置时空数据及其特点展开了比较分析.以典型营运车辆数据——基于出租车轨迹的出行分布研究以及联网联控"两客一危"分析为例,对基于卫星定位系统的典型营运车辆时空特征分析的理论、方法及关键技术进行综述.      

基于浮动车移动检测与感应线圈融合技术的行程时间估计模型

综合考虑到浮动车检测技术与感应线圈检测技术的优缺点,为了提高道路行程时间估计的精度及完备性,提出基于浮动车与感应线圈的融合检测技术的行程时间估计模型。该模型利用神经网络技术对两种检测技术同一路段的检测数据进行融合,从而达到提高道路行程时间估计精度和完备性的目的。最后,以广州市7 000多辆装有GPS装置的出租车所提供的浮动车数据、100多个安装在广州市各主要道路口上的感应线圈检测器提供的感应线圈数据以及广州市交通电子地图为基础,在10条道路上分别随机选取的500个两种检测数据对提出的模型进行了验证,试验结果表明,此模型在道路行程时间估计的精度方面较浮动车移动检测技术与感应线圈技术有较大提高。     

Identifying multiclass vehicles using global positioning system data

It has been previously evidenced that global positioning system (GPS) data can be used to distinguish passenger cars from delivery trucks. In this paper, a machine learning approach is proposed to use GPS data to identify multiclass vehicles, including passenger cars, single unit trucks, and multi-trailer trucks. The method is acceleration and deceleration-based since it considers the variations of acceleration and deceleration as the most effective features to classify vehicles. The overall classification result for the three vehicle classes is about 75%. The major challenge is to distinguish single unit trucks from multitrailer trucks due to their somewhat similar mobility patterns. The paper also explores the impacts of GPS sampling frequency on vehicle classification. It is found that the proposed multiclass vehicle classification can be reasonably conducted if the data are collected frequently enough (i.e., every five seconds or more frequently) to capture the major acceleration and deceleration processes. The proposed method can be considered as a low-cost and non-intrusive approach to collect vehicle class information and to potentially supplement the existing classification schemes in urban areas.     

Comparative study of vehicle tyre–road friction coefficient estimation with a novel cost-effective method

This paper qualitatively and quantitatively reviews and compares three typical tyre–road friction coefficient estimation methods, which are the slip slope method, individual tyre force estimation method and extended Kalman filter method, and then presents a new cost-effective tyre–road friction coefficient estimation method. Based on the qualitative analysis and the numerical comparisons, it is found that all of the three typical methods can successfully estimate the tyre force and friction coefficient in most of the test conditions, but the estimation performance is compromised for some of the methods during different simulation scenarios. In addition, all of these three methods need global positioning system (GPS) to measure the absolute velocity of a vehicle. To overcome the above-mentioned problem, a novel cost-effective estimation method is proposed in this paper. This method requires only the inputs of wheel angular velocity, traction/brake torque and longitudinal acceleration, which are all easy to be measured using available sensors installed in passenger vehicles. By using this method, the vehicle absolute velocity and slip ratio can be estimated by an improved nonlinear observer without using GPS, and the friction force and tyre–road friction coefficient can be obtained from the estimated vehicle velocity and slip ratio. Simulations are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method.     

Assessing the Potential Impacts of Connected Vehicles: Mobility,Environmental, and Safety Perspectives

The connected vehicle is a rapidly emerging paradigm aimed at deploying and developing a fully connected transportation system that enables data exchange among vehicles, infrastructure, and mobile devices to improve mobility, enhance safety, and reduce the adverse environmental impacts of the transportation systems. This study focuses on micromodeling and quantitatively assessing the potential impacts of the connected vehicle (CV) on mobility, safety, and the environment. To assess the benefits of CVs, a modeling framework is developed based on traffic microsimulation for a real network located in the city of Toronto, Canada, to mimic communication between enabled vehicles. In this study, we examine the effects of providing real-time routing guidance and advisory warning messages to CVs. In addition, to take into account the rerouting in nonconnected vehicles (non-CVs) in response to varying sources of information such as apps, global positioning systems (GPS), variable message signs (VMS), or simply seeing the traffic back up, the impact of fraction of non-CV vehicles was also considered and evaluated. Therefore, vehicles in this model are divided into; uninformed/unfamiliar not connected (non-CV), informed/familiar but not connected (non-CV) that get updates infrequently every 5 minutes or so (non-CV), and connected vehicles that receive information more frequently (CV). The results demonstrate the potential of connected vehicles to improve mobility, enhance safety, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) at the network-wide level. The results also show quantitatively how the market penetration of connected vehicles proportionally affects the performance of the traffic network. While the presented results are pertinent to the specifics of the road network modeled and cannot be generalized, the quantitative figures provide researchers and practitioners with ideas of what to expect from vehicle connectivity concerning mobility, safety, and environmental improvements.     

Bus travel time modelling using GPS probe and smart card data: A probabilistic approach considering link travel time and station dwell time

Abstract

Path travel time estimation for buses is critical to public transit operation and passenger information system. State-of-the-art methods for estimating path travel time are usually focused on single vehicle with a limited number of road segments, thereby neglecting the interaction among multiple buses, boarding behavior, and traffic flow. This study models path travel time for buses considering link travel time and station dwell time. First, we fit link travel time to shifted lognormal distributions as in previous studies. Then, we propose a probabilistic model to capture interactions among buses in the bus bay as a first-in-first-out queue, with every bus sharing the same set of behaviors: queuing to enter the bus bay, loading/unloading passengers, and merging into traffic flow on the main road. Finally, path travel time distribution is estimated by statistically summarizing link travel time distributions and station dwell time distributions. The path travel time of a bus line in Hangzhou is analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Results show that the model-based estimated path travel time distribution resembles the observed distribution well. Based on the calculation of path travel time, link travel time reliability is identified as the main factor affecting path travel time reliability.     

Analyzing travel time reliability and its influential factors of emergency vehicles with generalized extreme value theory

Travel time reliability is very critical for emergency vehicle (EV) service and operation. The travel time characteristics of EVs are quite different from those of ordinary vehicles (OVs). Although EVs own highest road privilege, they may still experience unexpected delay that results in massive loss to the society. In this study, we employ the generalized extreme value (GEV) theory to measure extremely prolonged travel time and analyze the potential influential factors. First, among three GEV distributions, Weibull distributions are found to be the best distribution model according to several goodness-of-fit tests; a new reliability index is derived to measure travel time reliability. Numerical examples demonstrate the advantages of GEV-based reliability index over variance and percentile value in the applications of EV. This index will be of great practicability in the EV operation performance and reliable route choices. Second, we further investigate the potentially influential factors of EV travel time reliability. Results show that link length and left-turn traffic volume may have an adverse impact on the link reliability while more left-turn lanes may increase the travel time reliability. The influential factor study will help us understand the causes of the EV travel time delay and the differences of travel time reliability between OVs and EVs.     

面向新型混合交通流的快速路合流区通行能力建模

面向人类驾驶和具备协同自适应巡航功能的网联自动驾驶组成的新型混合交通流,考虑道路交通特性、道路结构以及匝道汇入前主线交通状态等因素的交互作用机理,基于概率统计理论解析网联自动驾驶渗透率和编队长度间的耦合关系,进一步基于间隙接受理论分析匝道汇入交通对合流区通行能力的折减效应,建立快速路合流区通行能力模型,定量描述不同道路...     

基于浮动车定位数据的高速公路区间平均速度估计

通过对浮动车定位数据情况的分析,可知大部分速度估计算法仅适用于采样时间间隔不大于行程时间的情况,为在相同浮动车比例以及采样时间间隔的条件下,提高数据利用率,以提高速度估计结果的路网覆盖率,提出两种速度估计算法:车辆跟踪法、速度-距离积分法,并给出路段区间平均速度自适应估计模型.使用真实交通流OD 数据进行仿真,结果表明...     

基于探测车数据的路段行程时间估计

利用探测车数据进行路段行程时间估计面临着两类误差：采样误差和非采样误差,从而导致估计结果精度不高和可靠性差。在回顾已有估计方法的基础上,有针对性地引入了自适应式卡尔曼滤波,建立了相应的状态方程和观测方程,利用相似时间特征的历史数据标定了状态转移系数,并对滤波进行了求解。以实际数据对估计方法进行了验证,平均相对误差为13.13%。研究表明,自适应式卡尔曼滤波能够应用到基于探测车数据的路段行程时间估计中来,并具有估计精度高、收敛速度快、参数少、对初值不敏感等优点。     

南京市轻型车行驶工况的研究

通过对南京市主城区道路网进行研究分析,对道路进行分类,选择典型道路采集交通流量以及道路状况的调查分析,采用GPS定位技术,实时记录了南京市实际道路状况下轻型车的运行状况,通过对从GPS轨迹记录仪中获取的大量速度数据的分析处理,合成了南京市轻型车的综合行驶工况,并与标准测试工况、主要城市工况进行了对比分析,指出了南京城市轻型车运行的特点。     

北京市道路交通资源占有率分析

为了从宏观上了解城市交通基础设施的利用和使用情况,引入了交通资源占有率的概念表征车辆在全天、全路网上的运行状况。以北京市为研究对象,通过历年的统计数据和交通调查数据,分别从客运交通结构、行车里程、行车时间、交通调查中核查线车型比例等角度对北京市2000年和2005年的公交车、小汽车、出租车等不同交通方式的道路资源占有率进行计算。     

基于元胞自动机的动态路段走行时间计算模型

为建立合理的动态交通网络中路段走行时间模型,分析了动态路段走行时间函数的一般形式,对比国内外常用的几种离散型动态路段走行时间函数,基于元胞自动机交通流模型,建立了动态路段走行时间模型。模型可以根据实际路段驶入率、驶出率,推算出任意时刻进入路段车辆的走行时间,并利用M atlab对模型进行求解和数值分析。结果表明,车辆进入路段后的交通状态是动态路段走行时间的主要影响因素;根据累积驶入驶出车辆数曲线可以直接求出动态路段走行时间,能够为动态交通网络中路径走行时间求解奠定基础。      

车队管理系统的理论与实践

车队管理系统是以车辆为基础,整合车辆数据记录、卫星定位和数据通信等功能的后台应用系统．可提供有效的车辆及驾驶员管理、实时车辆运送信息及安全监管信息。本文分析车队管理系统的发展历程;介绍车队管理系统的行业标准并提出相关建议。     

预约出行条件下私家车通勤客流分配方法

预约能调整城市交通的供需关系, 最大化利用交通资源。针对私家车通勤引发的交通拥堵, 研究了预约出行条件下私家车通勤客流分配方法。将车辆分为受控的预约车辆和不受控的非预约车辆, 道路状态分为可预约状态和不可预约状态, 给出了道路状态判别及车辆行程时间计算方法, 构建了城市通勤私家车的预约出行模型。以Nguyen-Dupuis网络作为算例, 从行程时间和预约数量2个方面评价车辆实施预约出行的效果。结果表明: 预约比例由0%提升至100%时, 路径的行程时间降低20%~30%, 平均行程时间从610 s降低至466 s; 当预约比例为30%时能获得全部预约比例的80%收益; 全部车辆均期望参与预约时, 由于预约需求的不均衡仍有2%的车辆预约失败。得出结论, 当预约出行的比例达到30%~40%时, 即可达到缓解拥堵的预期效果。      

便携式智能平衡车的开发与设计

目前,人类的出行越来越多的依靠代步机器,在代步工具中平衡车又是人们心中的最佳选择。但代步工具的安全问题是人们关注的重点。针对于一种安全系数比较高的出行代步工具是目前产品生产的重中之重。因此,针对平衡车使用的安全问题进行建模研究,进一步提高平衡车安全性能。应用超声波探测装置对路面及其前方路况进行采集,使用STM32微控制器为控制核心,搭载系统的各部分硬件及相关的控制电路对所采集的信息进行解析,处理。对危险状况进行避让。本系统带有GPS定位系统和蓝牙连接组件,针对于平衡车使用者出现以外情况可自动进行呼救。本设计具有研发成本低,实用性强,将会在未来人们的出行中起重要作用。并将得到更多的社会实际应用普及。