网联通信时延下的混合队列控制特性分析

针对CACC协同自适应巡航控制技术,探究其在车联网通信时延影响下,与驾驶员驾驶汽车共存而构成的混合队列系统的性能。从微观跟车行为角度,基于频域传递函数,推导通信时延下的CACC队列稳定最小跟车时距的理论表达式,并通过数值验证指出CACC队列稳定最小跟车时距随通信时延增大而增大的特性。从交通激波特性角度,针对无时延CACC、有时延CACC和时延过大而退化后的ACC自适应巡航3种情形,给定相同的跟车时距,进行不同渗透率下的大规模交通仿真实验,实验结果表明,在无时延和1 s时延这2种情形下,CACC在20%及以上的渗透率时均能显著降低交通扰动,削弱激波,性能差别不明显; 相比而言,退化后的ACC性能明显恶化。      

自适应巡航及协同式巡航对交通流的影响分析

自适应巡航（ACC）和协同式自适应巡航（CACC）等自动驾驶技术正逐渐进入市场,未来一段时间内道路交通流将由人工驾驶车辆与不同等级、不同形式的自动驾驶车辆混合构成。为分析ACC和CACC对交通流的影响,利用实测交通数据NGSim建立人工驾驶车辆跟驰模型,并在综合已有ACC和CACC模型的基础上,提出基于安全间距的自动驾驶跟驰行为模型,进而得出不同ACC,CACC车辆渗透率下交通流的基本图模型。研究结果表明：自动驾驶可以提升交通容量;与ACC车辆比例r_a相比,CACC车辆比例r_c对交通容量的影响更为显著;当r_c>0.5时,饱和流量快速增加,当r_c=1时,饱和流量约为纯人工驾驶时的2倍。进一步,通过仿真考察车辆在车队中的跟驰响应和交通流在瓶颈处的运行情况。研究结果表明：自动驾驶改善了交通流的动态特性,对存在跟驰关系的连续车流来说,自动驾驶使得后车可以更加及时地响应前车的行为,车流会在更短的时间内进入稳态;在交通瓶颈处,自动驾驶降低了拥堵程度,提高了阻塞发生的临界流量。总体来看,自动驾驶对交通流静态和动态性能均有所提升,特别是在协同式自动驾驶场景下,车辆行为更加协调一致,交通流表现出良好的抗扰性,进一步验证了车路协同对自动驾驶的意义。     

协同自适应巡航控制车辆占比对下匝道分流区混合交通流安全性的影响分析

在人工驾驶车辆、自适应巡航控制（ACC）车辆和协同自适应巡航控制（CACC）车辆的行车行为特征分析的基础上，运用跟驰模型和换道模型分别构建人工驾驶车辆、ACC车辆及CACC车辆在下匝道分流区混合交通流仿真环境，解析CACC车辆占比对混合交通流安全性的影响。选取全速度差模型、ACC跟驰模型、CACC跟驰模型分别作为人工驾驶车辆、ACC车辆、CACC车辆的纵向跟驰模型，利用随意换道模型、强制换道模型分别构建下匝道分流主线段、远近端区的横向换道模型。基于碰撞时间（TTC）、暴露碰撞时间（TET）、整合碰撞时间（TIT）等参数构建交通流安全性评价指标。利用MATLAB进行数值模拟，仿真分析不同CACC车辆占比下的混合交通流安全性。结果表明:CACC车辆占比为40%~50%时，混合交通流安全性恶化最严重，TET和TIT分别增加约68%和89%，车辆速度离散系数为0.9以上；通过在下匝道分流区设置远端强制换道区（设置长度≤ 1 000 m），可有效降低混合交通流的追尾碰撞风险。      

自动驾驶专用车道影响下的CACC车流管理策略

自动驾驶专用车道对混合交通流的作用与协同自适应巡航控制(Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC)车流大小相关.为分析已存在自动驾驶专用车道场景下CACC车流在各车道上的分布情况对交通流的影响,利用已有的人工驾驶车辆(Human-driving Vehicle,HV)和CACC跟...     

Development of advanced driver assistance systems with vehicle hardware-in-the-loop simulations

This paper presents a new method for the design and validation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs). With vehicle hardware-in-the-loop (VEHIL) simulations, the development process, and more specifically the validation phase, of intelligent vehicles is carried out safer, cheaper, and is more manageable. In the VEHIL laboratory, a full-scale ADAS-equipped vehicle is set up in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment, where a chassis dynamometer is used to emulate the road interaction and robot vehicles to represent other traffic. In this controlled environment, the performance and dependability of an ADAS is tested to great accuracy and reliability. The working principle and the added value of VEHIL are demonstrated with test results of an adaptive cruise control and a forward collision warning system. On the basis of the ‘V’ diagram, the position of VEHIL in the development process of ADASs is illustrated.     

无级变速汽车速度巡航模糊控制器的研究

为开发无级变速汽车的车速巡航自动控制系统，本文建立了汽车直线行驶的动态模型，设计了控制系统的模糊控制器，并对控制器在系统的时变参数和变外界负荷情况下的稳定性进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明，模糊控制器具有良好的性能，具实用价值。     

智能网联环境下的混合交通流LWR模型

LWR（Lighthill,Whitham and Richards,LWR）模型可推演交通流宏观状态演化过程,在智能网联环境下混有协同自适应巡航控制（Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC）车辆混合交通流LWR模型的研究,可为该混合交通流的宏观动力学特性分析提供理论工具。应用加州伯克利PATH真车试验验证的CACC模型作为CACC车辆跟驰模型,采用智能驾驶人模型（Intelligent Driver Model,IDM）模拟驾驶人在智能网联环境中的"智能"驾驶特性。基于不同CACC车辆比例下的混合交通流基本图,证明混合交通流基本图的切线斜率为交通波在混合车队中传播的波速,建立混合交通流LWR模型的一般性解析框架,得到混有CACC车辆的混合交通流LWR模型。最后,针对LWR模型冲击波特性,在6组平衡态条件下进行数值仿真试验。研究结果表明：所建立的混合交通流LWR模型可较好地描述不同CACC车辆比例时冲击波在混合车队中的传播波速;冲击波波速理论值与仿真均值的相对误差基本控制在10%以内,当冲击波处于由正向波转变为反向波的过渡阶段时,相对误差较大,为19%~26%,但绝对误差仍然较小。研究结果一方面可为混有CACC车辆的交通流宏观状态演化提供理论参考,具有推动该混合交通流其他宏观模型研究进展的积极作用;另一方面,建立的混合交通流LWR模型解析框架能够适应CACC车辆与人工-网联车辆跟驰模型选取的多样性,同时可为其他类型混合交通流LWR模型的建立提供理论支撑。     

Development of advanced driver assistance systems with vehicle hardware-in-the-loop simulations

This paper presents a new method for the design and validation of advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs). With vehicle hardware-in-the-loop (VEHIL) simulations, the development process, and more specifically the validation phase, of intelligent vehicles is carried out safer, cheaper, and is more manageable. In the VEHIL laboratory, a full-scale ADAS-equipped vehicle is set up in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment, where a chassis dynamometer is used to emulate the road interaction and robot vehicles to represent other traffic. In this controlled environment, the performance and dependability of an ADAS is tested to great accuracy and reliability. The working principle and the added value of VEHIL are demonstrated with test results of an adaptive cruise control and a forward collision warning system. On the basis of the 'V' diagram, the position of VEHIL in the development process of ADASs is illustrated.     

智能网联环境下异质交通流基本图和稳定性分析

为研究人工驾驶车辆和智能网联车辆（CAVs）的混合运行对交通流产生的影响，以其基本图和稳定性为突破口研究提高异质交通流运行效率的关键技术与方法。选择全速度差模型（FVDM）作为人工驾驶车辆跟驰模型，将加州伯克利分校实车数据标定的协同自适应巡航控制（CACC）模型作为CAVs跟驰模型。建立了异质交通流基本图模型，研究了CACC车辆的混入对道路通行能力的影响；对比了不同人工驾驶模型对异质流通行能力产生的差异性。从大车-小车组成的传统异质交通流研究方法入手，利用跟驰模型建立人工-网联异质流的稳定性解析方法，并运用Matlab验证了不同CACC比例下的稳定性分析。结果表明:与人工驾驶交通流相比，CACC同质交通流的道路通行能力大约提升了95%；实验中选用不同人工驾驶模型对通行能力实验结果造成的差异不大。平衡态速度为15 m/s时，低比例CAVs（如低于20%）并不能改善交通流；当CAVs比例达到20%及以上时，异质流稳定性随着CAVs的比例增加逐渐呈现出稳定趋势；当CAVs比例达到70%以上时，异质流基本稳定。      

Design and Evaluation of Robust Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Systems in Parameter Space

This paper is on the design of cooperative adaptive cruise control systems for automated driving of platoons of vehicles in the longitudinal direction. Longitudinal models of vehicles with simple dynamics, an uncertain first order time constant and vehicle to vehicle communication with a communication delay are used in the vehicle modeling. A robust parameter space approach is developed and applied to the design of the cooperative adaptive cruise control system. D-stability is chosen as the robust performance goal and the feedback PD controller is designed in controller parameter space to achieve this D-stability goal for a range of possible longitudinal dynamics time constants and different values of time gap. Preceding vehicle acceleration is sent to the ego vehicle using vehicle to vehicle communication and a feedforward controller is used in this inter-vehicle loop to improve performance. Simulation results of an eight vehicle platoon of heterogeneous vehicles are presented and evaluated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design method. Also, the proposed method is compared with a benchmark controller and the feedback only controller. Time gap regulation and string stability are used to assess performance and the effect of the vehicle to vehicle communication frequency on control system performance is also investigated.     

Design of Reinforcement Learning Parameters for Seamless Application of Adaptive Traffic Signal Control

Adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) is a promising technique to alleviate traffic congestion. This article focuses on the development of an adaptive traffic signal control system using Reinforcement Learning (RL) as one of the efficient approaches to solve such stochastic closed loop optimal control problem. A generic RL control engine is developed and applied to a multi-phase traffic signal at an isolated intersection in Downtown Toronto in a simulation environment. Paramics, a microscopic simulation platform, is used to train and evaluate the adaptive traffic control system. This article investigates the following dimensions of the control problem: 1) RL learning methods, 2) traffic state representations, 3) action selection methods, 4) traffic signal phasing schemes, 5) reward definitions, and 6) variability of flow arrivals to the intersection. The system was tested on three networks (i.e., small, medium, large-scale) to ensure seamless transferability of the system design and results. The RL controller is benchmarked against optimized pretimed control and actuated control. The RL-based controller saves 48% average vehicle delay when compared to optimized pretimed controller and fully-actuated controller. In addition, the effect of the best design of RL-based ATSC system is tested on a large-scale application of 59 intersections in downtown Toronto and the results are compared versus the base case scenario of signal control systems in the field which are mix of pretimed and actuated controllers. The RL-based ATSC results in the following savings: average delay (27%), queue length (28%), and l CO₂ emission factors (28%).     

Connected cruise control: modelling,delay effects,and nonlinear behaviour

Connected vehicle systems (CVS) are considered in this paper where vehicles exchange information using wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The concept of connected cruise control (CCC) is established that allows control design at the level of individual vehicles while exploiting V2V connectivity. Due to its high level of modularity the proposed design can be applied to large heterogeneous traffic systems. The dynamics of a simple CVS is analysed in detail while taking into account nonlinearities in the vehicle dynamics as well as in the controller. Time delays that arise due to intermittencies and packet drops in the communication channels are also incorporated. The results are summarised using stability charts which allow one to select control gains to maintain stability and ensure disturbance attenuation when the delay is below a critical value.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

网联车辆并线预测与巡航控制的研究

为检测旁车道车辆驾驶员的并线意图,提升网联车辆巡航跟车的主动安全性,提出了一种基于NAR神经网络学习的迭代循环预测算法。NAR神经网络的训练样本由实际交通环境中的车辆并线数据获得,通过训练的网络预测未来一段时间内旁车的横向行驶轨迹,并根据划定的监控区域计算旁车的切入概率。同时,提出了一种考虑并线概率的跟车距离策略,并应用到网联车辆CACC系统中。结果表明,所提出的并线预测算法能精确计算出旁车的横向换道轨迹,所提出的跟车策略可提升车辆的跟车安全性。     

智能汽车横纵向运动控制方法综述

在我国随着人民生活水平的提高,车辆保有量也在呈倍速增长,进而引起了大量的交通安全问题,其中由驾驶员操作不当引起的交通事故约占所有交通事故的75%。而汽车的智能化发展可以很好地解决此类交通安全问题。智能汽车的核心技术主要包括环境感知、行为决策及运动控制三方面。其中运动控制作为智能汽车核心技术之一,有着重要的研究意义。智能汽车的运动控制包括横向控制和纵向控制两部分,对汽车横、纵向运动控制中的多种方法进行了分析介绍,包括模型预测控制、模糊逻辑控制、神经网络的自适应滑膜控制、直接式控制和分层式控制;同时介绍了横纵向耦合实现运动控制的重要性,并分析了其研究现状;最后,对智能汽车运动控制的后续发展方向进行了展望,有助于智能汽车运动控制的进一步优化发展。     

混合交通状态下交叉口排队机动车流启动车头时距研究和应用

研究的主要内容包括:信号灯控制道路交叉口红灯周期形成的排队车辆,在放行后不同车型的启动时间和不同车型组成的混合机动车流车头时距的分布研究;混合交通状态下机动车启动通过交叉口时受到干扰后的延误时间研究;利用上述研究成果对混合交通状态下交叉口排队车辆的放行绿灯时间进行估算。课题以现实交通数据为基础,通过统计分析结果最终建立放行绿灯时间估算表,对混合交通状态下道路交叉口信号灯的配时起到指导意义。     

A Simplified Framework for String Stability Analysis of Automated Vehicles*

Automated vehicles traveling in platoons must exhibit stability both individually and as a group, a property referred to as “string stability”. We propose a new framework for evaluating the longitudinal string stability properties of platoons of automated vehicles. In this framework, the platoon is considered to be a mass-spring-damper system with linear characteristics. The resulting closed-loop representation yields transfer functions and impulse responses that can be analyzed to determine the string stability properties of the platoon. This framework facilitates qualitative comparisons of the effects of various controller characteristics, such as time headway and intervehicle communication, on string stability.     

A Simplified Framework for String Stability Analysis of Automated Vehicles∗

SUMMARY

Automated vehicles traveling in platoons must exhibit stability both individually and as a group, a property referred to as “string stability”. We propose a new framework for evaluating the longitudinal string stability properties of platoons of automated vehicles. In this framework, the platoon is considered to be a mass-spring-damper system with linear characteristics. The resulting closed-loop representation yields transfer functions and impulse responses that can be analyzed to determine the string stability properties of the platoon. This framework facilitates qualitative comparisons of the effects of various controller characteristics, such as time headway and intervehicle communication, on string stability.     

Connected variable speed limits control and car-following control with vehicle-infrastructure communication to resolve stop-and-go waves

The vision of intelligent vehicles traveling in road networks has prompted numerous concepts to control future traffic flow, one of which is the in-vehicle actuation of traffic control commands. The key of this concept is using intelligent vehicles as actuators for traffic control systems. Under this concept, we design and test a control system that connects a traffic controller with in-vehicle controllers via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The link-level traffic controller regulates traffic speeds through variable speed limits (VSL) gantries to resolve stop-and-go waves, while intelligent vehicles control accelerations through vehicle propulsion and brake systems to optimize their local situations. It is assumed that each intelligent vehicle receives VSL commands from the traffic controller and uses them as variable parameters for the local vehicle controller. Feasibility and effectiveness of the connected control paradigm are tested with simulation on a two-lane freeway stretch with intelligent vehicles randomly distributed among human-driven vehicles. Simulation shows that the connected VSL and vehicle control system improves traffic efficiency and sustainability; that is, total time spent in the network and average fuel consumption rate are reduced compared to (uncontrolled and controlled) scenarios with 100% human drivers and to uncontrolled scenarios with the same intelligent vehicle penetration rates.