油码头海域溢油预警系统研究

油码头作为海上与陆地石油运输的连接枢纽,是溢油事故发生的重点区域,该区域的石油泄漏对周围环境的污染范围大、持续时间长,一旦发生事故需要尽早的发现并及时地采取措施,以降低经济损失和对环境的危害。本论文设计了一套基于紫外荧光光谱的油码头海域溢油预警系统,通过实验确定了特定油品的荧光光谱峰值,设计了溢油预警系统的各个模块,实现了油码头溢油预警功能。     

不同风况条件下码头溢油事故影响分析

由于溢油扩散漂移跟时间、地点、数量及相应的风、流等众多不确定的随机因素有关,油膜的漂移过程是极其复杂的。本文从油品装卸码头风险事故识别、溢油事故统计与概率以及源强确定等方面对拟建码头进行分析,针对不同风况条件下,对码头溢油漂移轨迹进行预测分析,结果显示,由风和海流(或河流)引起的油膜运动过程中,在流场、风速等条件一定时,风向是影响溢油运动轨迹的主要因素。为码头的运营以及管理提供技术依据。     

舟山海域油品码头布局与溢油风险评估

提出了一个基于不确定性分析理论的区域油品码头空间布局的溢油风险模拟与评估方法。该方法可系统分析沿海区域油品码头空间布局及其产生的海域溢油风险的空间分布规律,能够满足我国当前近海高强度开发形势下战略环评和环境风险评估的技术需求。以舟山海域为研究对象,通过油品码头布局模型和不确定性分析,对舟山海域进行综合溢油风险评估,结果表明该方法可以用于综合评估某一海区的溢油风险水平;基于溢油风险概率和污染损害的时空分布,依据风险值集中度最大及风险总值最小的原则,能够实现多种码头布局方案下的海域溢油风险水平的综合比较,并得到最优油品码头布局方案。     

北海铁山港西港区5、6号码头溢油事故模拟仿真研究

为了科学、合理地评估北海铁山港西港区5#、6#泊位码头船舶溢油事故风险,从而为码头开展防治船舶污染海洋环境能力建设提供依据,论文对码头溢油事故进行了模拟仿真研究。论文建立了二维潮流模型用以模拟码头附近水域的潮流场,采用了OILMAP模型对15万吨级散货船10t燃料油N风和SW风特定情境下码头溢油事故进行了模拟仿真,具体包括对溢油的漂移、分散、扩展、蒸发、乳化、岸线沉积等系列过程,最后对模拟仿真结果进行了分析并为码头建设提出了相应建议。     

厦门港嵩屿项目海上溢油数学模拟分析

项目前期论证阶段,通过对油膜扩散理论的研究,在考虑了油膜蒸发、油膜乳化影响的油膜扩展、扩散、迁移和衰减的海上溢油模式,结合水动力数学模型,建立了在潮汐、风浪作用下油膜运动的海上溢油数学模型.应用此模型对厦门港嵩屿码头发生溢油事故后的影响范围进行了模拟,并分析了溢油后油膜运动的几种基本情况.给出了溢油污染区域分布的主要特征.为相关部门控制溢油的影响范围和前期环境影响评价以及应对海上突发溢油事故的污染防治提供了科学依据.     

长江宜都港区溢油风险数值模拟

内陆江河航道发生船舶溢油事故对沿岸生态系统与周边居民健康威胁大,为研究长江航道溢油的漂移扩散规律,建立宜昌市宜都港区二维水动力模型并对其流速、水位进行验证后,耦合油粒子模型模拟溢油的运动过程.模拟结果表明:在SSW风向、1.0 m/s风速条件下,丰水期油膜漂移扩散的速度较枯水期快,油膜面积小,对下游取水口以及水源保护区...     

天津港某液体化工码头船舶污染影响模拟研究

本研究以潮流计算结果和风场资料分析结果为依据,采用溢油模型对海上溢油的扩散、漂移和岸线吸附等物化过程进行模拟,分析研究预测油膜的演变,预测油膜漂移轨迹和归宿.计算结果表明当南港港池口门位置处发生溢油事故后,油膜均会漂出南港口门外,在风的作用下会对周边环境一定范围内产生一定影响.     

海底管道泄漏及扩散特性分析

随着我国海底输油管道的不断发展,海底管道由于其独特的输送特性成为了应用最广泛的海上运输工具。但海底管道投资大、风险高,一旦输油管道出现石油泄漏,造成输油作业中断。泄漏的油品浮到海面后在海流的作用下,对海面上来往的船只和附近的生态带来严重的影响,更对海洋和周边的生态造成严重的破坏。因此需要对海底输油管道泄漏进行数值模拟,找出其扩散特性的规律,从而最大程度预测溢油对海洋造成的影响。本文运用FLUENT软件在不同孔径、不同海流、不同泄漏速度情况下模拟了海底输油管道柴油泄漏的扩散特性,模拟了海上油膜在不同海流情况下的运动特性,并作出相应分析和结论。     

基于Oilmap模型的胶州湾溢油风险研究

从环境敏感资源、船舶交通量及油品运量、事故案例等方面分析了胶州湾溢油风险现状及发展形势,并研究了溢油事故的危害和致因。根据胶州湾历史上发生的重大溢油事故,采用Oilmap模型对事故情景分为不采取围控措施和采取围控措施两种方案进行模拟。结果表明,通过溢油事故情景模拟,可对围控措施方案进行效果检验,从而提高溢油应急行动的有效性。     

厦门港漳州开发区客运码头设计

厦门港漳州客运码头工程是老码头改造工程,东西两侧均已建有码头,地形狭小。通过对码头结构型式进行比较,选择趸船方案,同时对趸船方案抛锚进行优化设计,提高码头在台风期的安全稳定性,增强趸船结构的适应性,也为狭小区域趸船码头的改造提供借鉴。     

Post OPA-90 vessel oil spill differentials: transfers versus vessel accidents

This study investigates vessel oil spill differentials for transfer and vessel-accident spills for the post Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90) period. In-water and out-of-water transfer/vessel-accident oil spill equations are estimated, utilizing tobit regression analysis and data of individual vessel oil spills (of oil-cargo and non-oil-cargo vessels) investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991-1995 period. In the data, 47.5% (94.1%) of in-water (out-of-water) gallons of oil spilled were transfer spills; non-oil-cargo vessels accounted for 44.2% of all gallons spilled. The estimation results suggest that out-of-water transfer spills are larger in size than vessel-accident spills, but are similar in size for in-water spills. Transfer/vessel-accident spill differentials exist (do not exist) among determinants of in-water (out-of-water) spills. The policy implication of the results is that a vessel oil spill-reduction differentiation regulatory regime is needed that differentiates between transfer and vessel-accident spills and in-water and out-of-water spills for reducing vessel oil spills.     

A comparative analysis of the European and North-American approaches to dealing with major oil spills

Background  

The question of what should be the right level of preparedness to react to a major oil spill (i.e. the EXXON VALDEZ spill, the ERIKA spill, and the PRESTIGE spill) is highly debated, especially in the aftermath of such spills. Little research, however, has been conducted with the aim to identify and compare governments’ best practices not only to fund preparedness measures but also to assess the countries’ ability to respond effectively to catastrophic oil spills. It is the author’s belief that important lessons can be learnt from a comparative analysis of countries’ best practices.     

Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

一种远海油气作业后勤保障的浮式码头概念设计

提出一种基于浮式码头的后勤保障设计，以保障远海油气作业。根据油气作业后勤保障的基本功能需求，对浮式码头的功能体系进行设计，并初步确定主尺度。根据功能模块化体积限制，对船舶进行概念设计，确定浮式码头的主要特性。分析浮式码头的稳定性和系泊要求，对浮式码头概念设计进行数值模型验证。结果表明，浮式码头概念设计可满足我国远海油气作业需求，有望形成一种新型远海油气作业后勤保障的新模式。     

落实科学发展观 提高辽宁辖区船舶溢油应急处置能力

船舶数量的增多和船舶大型化，使海上因船舶交通事故引发的船舶溢油风险概率大增。一直以来。由于我国对船舶溢油应急处置能力建设的滞后，有效应对海上溢油尤其是突发性重大溢油事故的能力还很弱，因此，尽快提高溢油应急处置能力具有重大的现实意义。文中从提高对船舶溢油应急处置能力重要性的认识出发。科学分析了造成应急处置能力低的根源，并从落实科学发展观的角度，具体提出了有效提高海上溢油应急处置能力的方法和途径。     

渤海冰期溢油非常规应对策略和技术

渤海冰期溢油非常规策略主要针对无法使用现有常规回收策略加以回收的有冰环境。文中提出的非常规应对策略依据海冰、溢油、海水之间微妙关系因势利导,提出解决冰期溢油极端情况下的处置难题。     

三峡库区溢油预报模型构建及数值模拟

随着三峡库区通航条件改善和船舶流量的不断增加,库区水上溢油风险形势日益严峻.综合考虑风、流的作用,结合水动力方程、溢油漂移扩散的“油粒子”模型等,设计了适用于三峡库区船舶溢油预报模型,并从应急的角度出发,对水动力模型进行并行化改造,提高了预报速度.在此基础上对175 m水位库区的假想溢油事故进行了模拟,初步检验了溢油预测模型的效果.     

Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and

2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

浮船坞固定装置导柱的修理解析

文章介绍了某船厂的浮船坞的固定装置,即上下游方位的导柱遭到了一次强对流大风的破坏而引起了严重的损伤,该船厂紧急进行了抢修,这是一次具有挑战性的修理,结果比较成功。文章配合不同修理阶段的图片和具体数据对修理过程详细地加以分析和解释。     

Oil spill contingency plans and policies in Norway and the United Kingdom

Abstract

Tankers and offshore exploration and production facilities are the main sources of marine oil spills in the North Sea. Both Norway and the United Kingdom conduct vigorous programs to improve oil spill response, including systematic research and testing of oil spill cleanup technology, regional stockpiling of oil spill response equipment, training of response personnel, and conducting periodic in‐water oil spill “war games.”; The United Kingdom relies on chemical dispersants, while Norway prefers the use of mechanical containment and recovery devices. Norway also requires its offshore operators to demonstrate that their oil spill response equipment and contingency plans meet specific performance standards.