重型车测试工况研究的一种新方法

为了评估车辆尾气排放和燃油经济性。研究重型车测试工况是一项重要的课题。本论文提出了一种新方法用于从速度—时间曲线的行驶数据中提取典型的测试工况。本文介绍了提取这种测试工况的方法,还使用这样的试验工况做了测试尾气排放和燃油消耗的试验,并得出了较好的试验结果。     

合肥市道路汽车行驶工况的开发与研究

阐述了汽车行驶工况的开发程序和测试方法。通过对合肥市道路交通状况的调查,选择五条具有代表性的路段进行合肥市城区的汽车行驶工况的研究,采集了大量合肥城区道路汽车行驶数据资料,运用多元统计学方法进行了道路汽车行驶工况的解析,从而建立合肥市道路汽车行驶工况。     

Development of E-rickshaw driving cycle (ERDC) based on micro-trip segments using random selection and K-means clustering techniques

In India, auto rickshaws are the most convenient and cheapest mode of near-to-door transport in both rural and urban areas. Such vehicles powered with internal combustion engines (ICEs) are one of the main sources of pollutants on urban corridors. One way to minimize tail-pipe emissions is to use electric motors in place of ICE. To evaluate the vehicle performance, energy consumption, driving behavior, optimal design and management of such electric vehicles, driving cycle is an important tool. So far, only limited studies exist on the development of a driving cycle for e-rickshaw. Moreover, these studies are concentrated in urban traffic environment and research accounting rural and urban environment together remain unexplored. In this study, real world driving data for 100 trips of e-rickshaw are collected on a road stretch passing through rural and urban setting. A high-end GPS data logger was used to collect vehicle kinematics such as continuous speed profile, acceleration/deceleration, heading, and vehicle position coordinates. Nine different driving characteristics representing actual traffic conditions are identified and used for developing e-rickshaw driving cycle (ERDC). Two approaches, random selection and k-means clustering are explored to arrive at best representative ERDC using micro-trips technique. The analysis results revealed that k-means clustering outperforms the random selection method with additional benefit of accounting traffic conditions systematically. The insights from this study can be used to understand and model the performance of e-rickshaw, in terms of energy consumption and driving characteristics, compared to other fossil-fuel driven automobiles.     

武汉市公交车典型行驶工况的构建

利用实测的公交车运行数据,建立符合公交车运营特点的行驶工况.首先将连续行驶数据进行短行程划分并计算各短行程的特征值;之后采用主成分分析将12个特征值降为4个主成分,利用相关系数法建立了武汉市公交车的综合行驶工况;同时采用聚类分析对短行程分类,构建了公交车在拥堵道路、较畅通道路、畅通道路3类交通条件下的行驶工况;各工况同实测数据的相关系数均超过了0.98.研究结果表明,该地区公交车平均运行速度为19.46 km/h,各行驶模式下的时间比例分别为:加速26.39%、减速23.61%、匀速33.33%、怠速16.67%.此外将所建立综合工况与燃油消耗量测试工况C-WTVC比较,发现二者在平均速度和怠速时间比例方面存在较大差别.因此有必要针对公交车专门开发测试工况,从而为交通和环保部门的公交运营管理提供指导.      

耦合不同车辆类型的城市道路交通全生命周期评价研究

城市道路交通是我国节能减碳重要领域,如何量化集成道路和车辆的城市道路交通的能源消耗和碳排放成为交通绿色发展的迫切需求。利用全生命周期评价方法,量化评价了城市道路交通原材料获取、施工制造、运行维护和报废拆除阶段的全生命周期化石能源消耗量ADP(f)和全球变暖潜值GWP (以CO₂当量计),讨论对比了基于传统燃油汽车(ICEV)、混合动力汽车(HEV)、插电式混合动力汽车(PHEV)、纯电动汽车(BEV)和燃料电池汽车(FCV)的城市道路交通的全生命周期ADP(f)和GWP,并对关键因素年均日通行量、FCV的技术进步和不同车型占比进行了敏感性分析。研究发现,基于ICEV的城市道路交通的全生命周期ADP(f)和GWP分别为3.26E+09 MJ和2.16E+08 kg。相比于ICEV,基于BEV的城市道路交通的全生命周期ADP(f)和GWP分别降低32.5%和36.1%。     

Urban driving cycle for performance evaluation of electric vehicles

Nowadays, a number of environmental issues have seriously come to the fore. For this reason, the R & D spending on eco-friendly vehicles that use electric power has been gradually increasing. In general, fuel economy and pollutant emissions of both conventional and eco-friendly vehicles are measured through chassis dynamometer tests that are performed on a variety of driving cycles before an actual driving test. There are a number of driving cycles that have been developed for the for performance evaluation of conventional vehicles. However, there is a lack of research into driving cycle for EV. Because large differences exist between the drive system and driving charateristics of EV and that of CV, a study on driving cycle for EV should be conducted. In this study, the necessity of an urban driving cycle for the performance evaluation of electric vehicles is confirmed by developing the driving cycle. First, the Gwacheon-city Urban Driving Cycle for Electric Vehicles (GUDC-EV) is developed by using driving data obtained through actual driving experiments and statistical analysis. Second, GUDC-EV is verified by constructing EV simulators and performing simulations that use the actual driving data. The simulation results are then compared against existing urban driving cycles, such as FTP-72, NEDC, and Japan 10–15. These results confirm that GUDC-EV can be used as an urban driving cycle to evaluate the performance of electric vehicles and validate the necessity of development of the driving cycle for electric vehicles.     

Comparative study between Korea and UK: relationship between driving style and real-world fuel consumption

It is known that differences in driving styles have a significant impact on fuel efficiency and driving styles are affected by various factors such as driver characteristics, street environment, traffic situation, vehicle performance, and weather conditions. However, existing knowledge about the relationship between driving style and fuel consumption is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship beteen driving style and fuel consumption. The analysis presented in this paper used data from three on-road experiments were conducted independently in two different countries, i.e. South Korea and the United Kingdom. In this study, 91 participants, consisting 44 UK drivers and 47 Korean drivers, were asked to drive approximately 28 km of UK road and 21 km of Korean road, respectively. Driving data, including real-time fuel consumption, vehicle speed, and acceleration pedal usage were collected. The results suggested that driving styles including average vehicle speed and average throttle position were highly correlated with the real-world fuel consumption, and the cultural factors, e.g. road environment, traffic design, and driver’s characteristics affected the driving styles and, consequently, fuel efficiency.     

典型城市车辆行驶工况构成的研究

通过把记录的车速曲线在连续的停顿处分割成运动学片段的方法来研究交通状况特征。用主成份分析法和聚类技术提炼这些运动学片段的特征。根据统计分析的概率随机选择并重组实际运动学片段,构造了一系列行驶工况。     

城市机动车污染物排放总量调查

利用先进的GPS技术调查了宁波市不同道路汽车行驶工况,分析了城市机动车排放污染的状况及影响因素,重点讨论了机动车车型和汽车城市道路运行工况对机动车排放污染物的影响。对宁波市主要道路机动车流量进行了连续12h测量,并根据行驶工况和流量调查估算了宁波城市道路污染物排放总量。     

中国典型城市车辆行驶状况的测试统计

介绍了在北京市（大型），长春市（中型）和四平市（小型）三个具有典型特征的代表城市所做的车辆行驶状况的试验及交通状况的调查结果，通过对行驶速度，油耗，档位和加速度等参数的测量与统计，对我国城市车辆行驶状况了最新了解。     

New Optimal Power Management Strategy for Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Recently Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have gained increasing attention due to their ability to reduce the fuel consumption and emissions. In this paper a new efficient power management strategy is proposed for a series PHEV. According to the battery state of charge (SOC) and vehicle power requirement, a new rule-based optimal power controller with four different operating modes is designed to improve the fuel economy of the vehicle. Furthermore, the teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO) method is employed to find the optimal engine power and battery power under the specified driving cycle while the fuel consumption is considered as the fitness function. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, four different driving cycles with various numbers of driving distances for each driving cycle are selected for the simulation study. The performance of the proposed optimal power management strategy is compared with the rule-based power management method. The results verify that the proposed power management method could significantly improve the fuel economy of the series PHEV for different driving conditions.     

智能网联环境下异质交通流基本图和稳定性分析

为研究人工驾驶车辆和智能网联车辆（CAVs）的混合运行对交通流产生的影响，以其基本图和稳定性为突破口研究提高异质交通流运行效率的关键技术与方法。选择全速度差模型（FVDM）作为人工驾驶车辆跟驰模型，将加州伯克利分校实车数据标定的协同自适应巡航控制（CACC）模型作为CAVs跟驰模型。建立了异质交通流基本图模型，研究了CACC车辆的混入对道路通行能力的影响；对比了不同人工驾驶模型对异质流通行能力产生的差异性。从大车-小车组成的传统异质交通流研究方法入手，利用跟驰模型建立人工-网联异质流的稳定性解析方法，并运用Matlab验证了不同CACC比例下的稳定性分析。结果表明:与人工驾驶交通流相比，CACC同质交通流的道路通行能力大约提升了95%；实验中选用不同人工驾驶模型对通行能力实验结果造成的差异不大。平衡态速度为15 m/s时，低比例CAVs（如低于20%）并不能改善交通流；当CAVs比例达到20%及以上时，异质流稳定性随着CAVs的比例增加逐渐呈现出稳定趋势；当CAVs比例达到70%以上时，异质流基本稳定。      

城市客运交通引入电动汽车二氧化碳减排量研究——以哈尔滨市为例

新能源车辆引入城市客运交通,是解决环境污染的有效方法之一.从二氧化碳排放量角度出发,通过扩展二氧化碳排放"自下而上"的研究思路和计算方法,以哈尔滨为案例计算了城市客运交通的总能耗及二氧化碳总排放量.通过分析《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》计算城市客运交通二氧化碳排放的局限性,从交通使用者角度出发,即根据分车型运距、油耗、电耗、气耗等数据,计算城市客运交通的总能耗,乘以相应的排放因子,计算二氧化碳的排放量.以汽油和柴油燃料汽车作为纯电动汽车(BEV)的替代对象,考虑完全替代的极限情况,计算城市客运交通引入BEV车辆二氧化碳的减排量,并对单位能耗、单位电耗、电力二氧化碳排放因子等影响因素进行分析.通过计算可知, 2015年哈尔滨市城市客运交通排放二氧化碳总量为290.1万t,其中,汽油和柴油燃料车辆排放二氧化碳为153.9万t.考虑采用BEV车辆代替全部汽油和柴油车辆,可实现41.3万t/年的二氧化碳减排量.      

城市客车GTL燃料的全生命周期分析

通过发动机台架试验和道路运行,比较了城市客车使用天然气合成柴油(GTL)和普通柴油的能耗与排放;结合燃料生产阶段和运输过程的数据,分析和比较了两种燃料在城市客车上应用的全生命周期指标.结果表明,与柴油相比,在全生命周期内GTC的总能耗增加63%,石油消耗降低91%,排放有所恶化;而在车辆应用阶段,GTL在不同程度上改善了车辆的性能,其中以质量计的燃料经济性改善5%,VOC,NOx,CO,PM和SOx等排放均有大幅度的降低.     

Towards connected autonomous driving: review of use-cases

Connected autonomous vehicles are considered as mitigators of issues such as traffic congestion, road safety, inefficient fuel consumption and pollutant emissions that current road transportation system suffers from. Connected autonomous vehicles utilise communication systems to enhance the performance of autonomous vehicles and consequently improve transportation by enabling cooperative functionalities, namely, cooperative sensing and cooperative manoeuvring. The former refers to the ability to share and fuse information gathered from vehicle sensors and road infrastructures to create a better understanding of the surrounding environment while the latter enables groups of vehicles to drive in a co-ordinated way which ultimately results in a safer and more efficient driving environment. However, there is a gap in understanding how and to what extent connectivity can contribute to improving the efficiency, safety and performance of autonomous vehicles. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the potential benefits that can be achieved from connected autonomous vehicles through analysing five use-cases: (i) vehicle platooning, (ii) lane changing, (iii) intersection management, (iv) energy management and (v) road friction estimation. The current paper highlights that although connectivity can enhance the performance of autonomous vehicles and contribute to the improvement of current transportation system performance, the level of achievable benefits depends on factors such as the penetration rate of connected vehicles, traffic scenarios and the way of augmenting off-board information into vehicle control systems.     

基于MCTS-HM的重型汽车多参数运行工况高效构建方法

提出了一种基于蒙特卡洛树搜索 （Monte Carlo Tree Search,MCTS） 和启发式方法 （Heuristic Method, HM）的多参数运行工况高效构建方法。根据工况质量要求,选取表征行驶工况特征的速度、加速度和坡度参数相关指标,设计工况的目标函数;改进多个启发式方法,确保被作用后的工况序列仍可满足行驶工况动态转移特性;采用MCTS选择更适合的启发式方法,进而高效地收敛至多参数目标行驶工况。基于重型汽车实际采集的试验数据,多次分析结果表明,生成的多参数行驶工况所有特征指标相对偏差均可保持在设定阈值以内,表明生成工况与原始数据特征具备一致性;相比于纯随机启发式方法,该方法能快速构建多参数期望运行工况。     

二甲醚—柴油混合燃料客车生命周期分析

比较了客车燃用两种不同比例二甲醚—柴油混合燃料及普通柴油的能耗与排放。结合燃料生产阶段和运输过程的数据,分析和比较了不同燃料在客车上应用的全生命周期指标。结果表明,与柴油车相比,在全生命周期内二甲醚—柴油混合燃料车的VOC,CO,NOx和PM的排放分别降低,且随着混合燃料中二甲醚比例的增加,有害排放物下降得更多,但混合燃料车的总能耗、CO2和SO2排放分别增加。     

A study of the environmental impacts of intelligent automated vehicle control at intersections via V2V and V2I communications

This article presents a novel intersection traffic management system for automated vehicles and quantifies its impact on fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of CO₂ relative to traditional traffic signal and roundabout intersection control. The developed intelligent traffic management (ITM) techniques, which are based on a spatiotemporal reservation scheme, ensure that vehicles proceed through the intersection without colliding with other vehicles while at the same time reducing the intersection delay and environmental impacts. Specifically, the spatiotemporal reservation scheme provides each vehicle a collision-free path that is decomposed into a speed profile along with navigational instructions. The integration of the developed microscopic traffic simulator with instantaneous emission model, provides improved assessments of the environmental impact of traffic control strategies at intersections. The simulator architecture integrates several ITM algorithms, vehicle sensors, V2V/V2I communications, and emission and fuel consumption models. Each vehicle is modeled by an agent and each agent provides information depending on the specific vehicle sensors. The ITM system is supported by V2V and V2I communications, allowing the exchange of information among vehicles and infrastructure. The data include the estimated vehicle position and speed. Compared with traditional traffic management techniques, the simulation results prove that the proposed ITM system reduces CO₂ emissions significantly. The research also shows that these reductions are more significant when the traffic flow increases.     

驾驶模拟器在自动驾驶系统中的应用研究

自动驾驶车辆在实际道路上行驶之前的测试阶段是一个至关重要的环节。一个低成本、高效率以及高精度测量的自动驾驶车辆的测试方式,对于自动驾驶车辆的开发具有重要意义。将驾驶模拟器运用到研究自动驾驶车辆测试已是近年来的一个研究热点。基于虚拟驾驶场景的自动驾驶车辆的检测,通过组合虚拟驾驶场景的背景车辆、行人、交通灯、建筑、指示标牌等元素,研究将驾驶模拟器与虚拟驾驶场景的联合应用来测试自动驾驶车辆。设计了典型的交通场景,通过自动驾驶车辆和背景车辆的实时交互,研究自动驾驶车辆的各项性能指标。研究结果表明:该驾驶模拟器可以高度拟合人类驾驶体验,驾驶员通过驾驶模拟器控制背景车辆能够很好的模拟现实中的驾驶行为,对自动驾驶车辆的仿真测试起到了促进作用。     

快递运输车油耗研究与动力配置优化

以快递运输车为研究对象,针对用户使用情况进行了调研和实车道路采集,解析出快递运输车典型用户行驶循环工况。基于所提取的循环工况进行了综合油耗仿真分析,并进行了客户试验验证。结果表明,仿真计算油耗与客户实际使用油耗一致,得出适合快递运输车的最佳动力配置。