武隆隧道岩溶暗河整治方案探讨

文章介绍了渝怀线武隆隧道施工中揭示的岩溶暗河及水文地质情况,结合岩溶暗河整治方案的研究,分析了岩溶对隧道工程的影响,并对隧道内岩溶暗河的整治及充填岩溶段的隧道施工方法进行了探讨.     

山区隧道涌突水灾害预警系统研究与应用

岩溶地质以及地下暗河情况下的山区隧道在施工过程中极易引发涌突水灾害,给施工设备及人员的安全带来一定影响,因此,对这类隧道工程中的涌突水灾害进行及时预警显得尤为必要。文章提出了基于多元分析法的隧道涌突水灾害预警系统,并结合工程实例完成相关的试验论证工作。试验结果表明,该系统具有良好的工程应用价值。     

兰渝线桐子林隧道岩溶特征及整治方案探讨

文章介绍了兰渝线桐子林隧道施工中揭示的3处岩溶、暗河、岩溶水的发育特征,以及对不同岩溶提出了几种针对性的整治方案,并进行了方案分析、比选探讨.目前隧道施工已穿过岩溶地段,并已取得初步成效,特别是隧道通过后未产生新的水环境问题.     

武隆隧道暗河突水特点与整治技术分析

文章对渝怀铁路武隆隧道在施工中揭穿的几条特大暗河情况进行了介绍,对几次突水状况、特点进行了归纳总结,阐述了对岩溶地区暗河突水的一般认识.隧道暗河段的整治重点是隧道防排水系统的设计与施工,工程遵循"以排为主,截堵结合,防排水系统可维护"的原则进行综合处理,既对突发涌水进行了有效引排,又消除了建造后的各种水患.文章提出了隧道穿越暗河段的若干工程思路和建议,可供类似工程参考.     

武隆隧道岩溶整治设计构思

武隆隧道通过地段岩溶发育、岩溶水量大,对施工造成了很大影响.结合对岩溶整治方案的研究,从施工安全防护、岩溶水处理、岩溶地段隧道结构、基础处理等方面介绍了岩溶地段隧道设计构思和经验教训,阐述了岩溶对隧道工程的影响,并对隧道内岩溶暗河的整治设计思路进行探讨.     

歌乐山隧道水环境保护及堵水注浆设计

渝怀铁路歌乐山隧道地质复杂,地下岩溶、岩溶水发育,地表水库、水塘、暗河、泉眼众多,地下水与地表连通性好.为保护地表水环境,在本隧道的设计中采取了全方位注浆堵水的措施,对以往隧道设计中地下水"以排为主"的设计原则是一种理念上的革新,对相似隧道的设计和施工具有一定的借鉴价值.     

武隆长大岩溶隧道综合施工技术

武隆隧道为渝怀铁路第二长大隧道.该隧道的施工地质条件非常复杂,存在古滑坡浅埋、软岩、断层、煤层、非煤系地层瓦斯、岩爆、高压富水、岩溶、暗河、涌水等不良地质灾害.岩溶、暗河以及岩溶涌水是本隧道施工的最主要地质问题和整治重点.文章详细介绍了该隧道的主要工程地质条件,并针对不同的地质条件提出了相应的综合施工措施,可为同类长大铁路隧道施工中借鉴.     

武隆隧道2#、3#岩溶暗河探测及施工地质条件分析

武隆隧道为渝怀铁路第二长大隧道,岩溶发育是本隧道的最主要特征之一.尤涫?#和3#岩溶暗河,为本隧道最复杂、最困难的地质条件,多次出现大型～特大型岩溶涌水,给隧道施工造成无法抗拒的自然灾害和经济损失.作者详细介绍了2#和3#岩溶暗河的探测技术,并根据探测结果提出岩溶暗河处理措施和建议.     

在圆梁山隧道高压富水区应用的地质超前预报技术

在隧道施工过程中,由于岩溶发育的不确定性,易造成突水、涌泥沙等突发事故,会给施工带来极大危害.为保证施工安全,在圆梁山隧道毛坝向斜高压富水区采用了超前地质预报技术,并确定了相应的施工方案.文章针对本隧道PDK354+256段处的岩溶地质情况,阐述了超前地质预报技术在施工中所起的重要作用.     

环境同位素在秦岭特长隧道地区地下水研究中的应用

通过对秦岭特长铁路隧道区不同天然水体氢、氧稳定同位素及放射性同位素初步研究,得出隧道区存在浅部风化裂隙水和下部构造裂隙水两个地下水流系统的结论.各系统地下水补、径、排条件不尽相同,下部构造裂隙水既有40年前的"老水”,又有新近渗入水与"老水”的混合水;浅部风化裂隙水主要为新近入渗水及与"老水”的混合水.隧道工程影响范围内的地下深处未发现初生水或封存水.     

Bicycles in large cities in China

Bicycles are a main means of transport in China. This paper discusses several aspects of the current situation and future policy, including the production of bicycles, their possession and utilization in typical large cities, the reasons for their importance in communication, the advantages and problems of bicycle traffic, and two different opinions on solving the existing problems. The paper also deals with road design for bicycles and their regulation in China's cities.     

Travel choices in alcohol-related situations in Virginia

Transportation - Using survey data from 3004 respondents aged 21 and older in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and the Tidewater area, this paper identifies factors associated with respondents’...     

Parking policies in large cities in Germany

This article deals with highly motorized large West German cities of about 200,000 inhabitants and more, which usually provide reasonable public transport systems. Illegal parking with shares of about 40 to 50% of the total parking is widespread in the parking problem areas of those cities, especially in the inner-city residential and mixed-use areas. Parking spaces are demanded by residents, employees, customers and visitors, and by delivery and service traffic. The different characteristics of parking demands by different user groups are discussed. The total parking supply consists of public and private spaces. The share of private spaces is about 40 to 50% of the total parking spaces in German cities. The amount of car traffic generated by a parking space depends on parking duration and parking turnover, as well as on search traffic. So the change of a space from long-duration use of an employee to short-duration of customers — as often discussed in parking concepts — generates at least five-fold car traffic. The measurements and effects of parking control of public spaces as well as the parking regulations in zoning ordinances, restrictions on the construction of new private parking spaces and park-and-ride are discussed. Finally, a parking concept methodology — using the example of Frankfurt am Main — is discussed.     

Role of transport in rural development in Africa

Rural Africa is starved of transport services. The transport routes run towards the export enclaves and the coast.

The political, social and developmental rural transport benefits are discussed. Rural transport will help (i) integrate the country and ease its governance; (ii) widen markets; (iii) induce increased agricultural output, through new technologies, reduced transport costs, etc. The transport cost savings should be passed on to rural firms and producers. The paper warns against their accruing only to middlemen — agricultural parastatals inclusive, thereby stifling the benefits to production. This could happen under some forms of pan‐territorial pricing. Negative aspects of road development, e.g. the substitution of local goods by imports, increased migration and noise, are noted.

The place and role of project appraisal in rural road planning is acknowledged. The broad‐based development packages approach associated with Integrated Rural Development Projects has, despite its attractions, some pitfalls. It favours well established villages and ignores distribution benefits within villages.

Project appraisal can be used to justify socially uneconomic transport developments. However, rural road investment projects with immediate negative returns are unlikely to be funded. Given clear priorities, short of elaborate cost/benefit analysis, obvious road investments choices can be made by the local community. Greater public accountability of transport planners and peoples’ participation in determining rural transport needs and priorities is emphasized. Increased rural road maintenance especially through self‐help schemes and increased use of traditional modes of transport, e.g. walking, animal and water transport, is recommended.     

Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013

Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n?=?592) and 2013 (n?=?1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.     

Logistics opportunities in Asia and development in Taiwan

The economy in Asia is growing rapidly. As a consequence, transportation and communication technologies and the changing needs of customers and shippers have resulted in Asian and Taiwan's logistics being in transition. This paper discusses why logistics changes, and explores the opportunities for Asian logistics development. The issues of logistics perspectives of private sectors in Taiwan are then raised. Finally, logistics development in Taiwan is described.     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.     

Passenger rail in North America in the light of developments in Western Europe and Japan

Because of different geo‐demographic and economic conditions, the impact of the new passenger modes (road and air) on rail travel was much larger in North America than in Europe. In 1960s and 1970s, as the railway share of intercity traffic in North America shrunk to a negligible one or two percent, the passenger trains were abandoned by private railway companies and taken over by state organizations, which have continued to operate traditional trains and generate mounting losses. On the technology side, no attempts have been made to improve competitiveness of trains vis‐a‐vis automobiles and airplanes.

In Europe and Japan, the railways responded to the challenge by (i) upgrading the performance (speed) and comfort of traditional trains operating on existing tracks and (ii) developing trains which could, on short and intermediate range distances, compete successfully, in terms of speed and economy, with the road and air modes. The Japanese (Shinkansen trains) and French (TGV trains) experience clearly shows that trains operating on dedicated lines at average speeds of 150 to 200 km/hr provide a superior transportation service and economy on high‐traffic intercity routes of up to about 500 km length. In this paper the factors responsible for the present status of passenger rail in North America are analysed, the current policies in the U.S. and Canada are evaluated in the light of experience to date and developments abroad, and suggestions for a long‐term passenger rail policy are made. This includes examination of (i) the viability of continued subsidization of traditional train services, (ii) the viability of operation of faster trains on existing tracks, (iii) the scope for introduction of modern, fast trains on dedicated lines in high‐density, intercity corridors, (iv) the application of fast trains as access to major airports and integration of airports with fast intercity lines, and (v) the impact of energy (oil) consumption in transportation.

     

美国煤浆体管道检测方法的新进展

从煤浆密度和浓度、流变参数和粒子带电量测量3个方面简要地总结了美国煤浆检测技术的新方法、新仪器的发展状况,分析了其发展特点。这将有助于促进国内煤炭浆体管道输送的发展。     

Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan

Using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time-Use Survey, this paper examines gender differences in daily trip rate, mode choice, travel duration, and purpose of travel, which are previously unreported because of limited data availability. Wide gender mobility gaps are observed in the country, where women are less likely to travel, are half as mobile as men and may rely heavily on walking. The particular social and cultural context of the country, that renders women as private, secluded and family honor, seems influential in shaping their mobility and choice of activities. Demographic factors such as age, household income, and marital status significantly decrease female mobility levels. Hence, these findings call for a gender-based culturally responsive transportation policy in the country.