Phytoplankton size classes competitions at sub-mesoscale in a frontal oceanic region

The effects of mesoscale and sub-mesoscale dynamics on the competition between two different phytoplankton size classes are investigated with a 3D primitive equations model. The model reproduces realistic simulations of mesoscale turbulence generated by a westward current in the southern hemisphere at statistical equilibrium in a summer situation. Effects of two different grazing pressures on phytoplankton competitions are compared and the role of eddy variability is quantified comparing high and low resolution simulations.High resolution simulations reveal a filamentary distribution of biomass and nutrients induced by the combination of vertical advection and horizontal stirring. This fine scale variability is observed not only on the horizontal but also on the vertical into the subsurface chlorophyll maximum.One of the key results is that such a dynamics induces a spatial segregation of the phytoplankton in the southern part of the frontal region that is mainly filamentary. This spatial segregation consists in biomass maxima for large phytoplankton in rich nutrients filaments and maxima for small phytoplankton outside these filaments. This anti-correlation is particularly strong when grazing pressure is low and is confirmed by statistical analysis. In the central frontal region, dominated by mesoscale dynamics, the two phytoplankton classes are strongly correlated together and biomass maxima are located close to downwelling regions that are poor in nutrients.It is shown that the effect of grazing is significantly amplified by the fine scale dynamics and that the combination of these two mechanisms is responsible of a switch of the ecosystem dominance in the surface layers.In addition, the effect of frontal dynamics on the detritus export is very sensitive to grazing pressure: increasing grazing induces a significant decrease of the export in the presence of frontal dynamics whereas it induces an increase of the export without small-scale variability.     

Tragedy of the San Francisco bay commons

Abstract

Although the early efforts to save San Francisco Bay in the 1960's provided the role model for protection of California's 1100 mile ocean coastline, neither Proposition 20 of 1972 nor the California Coastal Act of 1976 provided any benefits to San Francisco Bay. One result is that the Bay is locked into its urban, shoreline‐use dominated plan of 1969 while every other estuary and coastal wetland in California receives much stronger protection of its resources. Furthermore, due to the complexity of California's water laws, there is no instream flow protection for receiving waters such as San Francisco Bay. This is particularly critical considering that 70% of the Bay's freshwater inflow has been diverted. The Bay's present decline as the largest and most important estuary on the West Coast, as well as its possible death as an estuary, may be irreversible. The problem requires the immediate attention of engineering, scientific, economic and legal disciplines if San Francisco Bay is to be saved.     

长江口南槽江亚南沙近期演变及碍航特性分析

利用实测水下地形资料,结合数学模型研究成果,分析南槽江亚南沙演变特征及原因。结果表明:江亚南沙沙头窜沟发育,江亚南沙下沙体整体向下游淤涨,5 m沙尾下延成为南槽5.5 m航道维护困难段,同时江亚北槽冲深发展,主要是由于长江口深水航道治理工程南导堤封堵原九段沙窜沟以及南槽主槽与江亚北槽之间存在的水位差,南槽河床持续发展的结果。随着江亚南沙头部窜沟、江亚北槽的发展、贯通,南槽河段将形成新的分流支汊,对南槽整体河势、航道治理不利。     

Adapting the light · biomass (BZI) models of phytoplankton primary production to shallow marine ecosystems

Several authors have reported a strong linear relationship between daily phytoplankton production and the product of chlorophyll biomass, photic depth, and incident irradiance for a variety of estuaries. This “light · biomass” (BZ_pI_o) formulation has been proposed as an alternative to traditional mechanistic approaches for computing phytoplankton production in numerical estuarine models. One limitation to their application in shallow systems is that the BZ_pI_o models have been developed in relatively deep estuaries where light does not reach the bottom. We propose a nonlinear correction factor to adapt the BZ_pI_o relationship to shallow systems where light does reach the bottom. Our function takes into account variations in incident irradiance, attenuation coefficient for light, photosynthetic efficiency, and maximum rate of photosynthesis. A series of correction polynomials are proposed for various ranges of incident irradiance, and are integrated into a single multiple polynomial which applies across all irradiance levels. Our new correction factor was tested against a ¹⁴C-based productivity dataset from shallow stations in Narragansett Bay, RI and an O₂-based dataset from shallow (1.1 m) lagoon mesocosms at the University of Rhode Island. Results showed that our polynomials accurately correct BZ_pI_o-predicted rates of production in shallow water columns. Application of our correction factor to a series of shallow water productivity datasets from the literature together with theoretical calculations show how significant the shallow water correction can be, especially in very shallow water columns with low turbidity.     

Seasonal variation of riverine nutrient inputs in the northern Bay of Biscay (France), and patterns of marine phytoplankton response

Seasonal variations in nutrient inputs are described for the main rivers (Loire and Vilaine) flowing into the northern Bay of Biscay. The river plumes are high in N/P ratio in late winter and spring, but not in the inner plume during the summer. Conservative behavior results in most nutrients entering the estuary and eventually reaching the coastal zone. Temporal and spatial aspects of phytoplankton growth and nutrient uptake in the northern Bay of Biscay distinguish the central area of salinity 34 from the plume area. The first diatom bloom appears offshore in late winter, at the edge of the river plumes, taking advantage of haline stratification and anticyclonic “weather windows.” In spring, when the central area of the northern shelf is phosphorus-limited, small cells predominate in the phytoplankton community and compete with bacteria for both mineral and organic phosphorus. At that period, river plumes are less extensive than in winter, but local nutrient enrichment at the river mouth allows diatom growth. In summer, phytoplankton become nitrogen-limited in the river plumes; the central area of the shelf is occupied by small forms of phytoplankton, which are located on the thermocline and use predominantly regenerated nutrients.     

Large-scale physical controls on phytoplankton growth in the Irminger Sea, Part II: Model study of the physical and meteorological preconditioning

The upper water column in the Irminger Sea is characterized by cold fresh arctic and subarctic waters and warm saline North Atlantic waters. In this study the local physical and meteorological preconditioning of the phytoplankton development over an annual cycle in the upper water column in four physical zones of the Irminger Sea is investigated. Data from four cruises of the UK's Marine Productivity programme are combined with results from a coupled biological–physical nitrogen–phytoplankton–zooplankton–detritus model run using realistic forcing. The observations and model predictions are compared and analyzed to identify the key parameters and processes which determine the observed heterogeneity in biological production in the Irminger Sea. The simulations show differences in the onset of the bloom, in the time of the occurrence of the maximum phytoplankton biomass and in the length of the bloom between the zones. The longest phytoplankton bloom of 90 days duration was predicted for the East Greenland Current of Atlantic origin zone. In contrast, for the Central Irminger Sea zone a phytoplankton bloom with a start at the beginning of May and the shortest duration of only 70 days was simulated. The latest onset of the phytoplankton bloom in mid May and the latest occurrence of the maximum biomass (end of July) were predicted for the Northern Irminger Current zone. Here the bloom lasted for 80 days. In contrast the phytoplankton bloom in the Southern Irminger Current zone started at the same time as in Central Irminger Sea, but peaked end of June and lasted for 80 days. For all four zones relatively low daily (0.3–0.5 g C m^− 2d^− 1) and annual primary production was simulated, ranging between 35.6 g C m^− 2y^− 1 in the East Greenland Current of Atlantic origin zone and 45.6 g C m^− 2y^− 1 in the Northern Irminger Current zone. The model successfully simulated the observed regional and spatial differences in terms of the maximum depth of winter mixing, the onset of stratification and the development of the seasonal thermocline, and the differences in biological characteristics between the zones. The initial properties of the water column and the seasonal cycle of physical and meteorological forcing in each of the zones are responsible for the observed differences during the Marine Productivity cruises. The timing of the transition from mixing to stratification regime, and the different prevailing light levels in each zone are identified as the crucial processes/parameters for the understanding of the dynamics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Irminger Sea.     

长顺直河段边滩冲淤对新洲—九江河段航道的影响及治理

针对新洲—九江河段顺直段边滩频繁冲淤对航道的影响和治理问题,通过实测资料分析,探讨边滩冲淤与河段浅区航道条件之间的关系。结果表明河段浅滩航道条件与顺直段边滩冲淤有直接关系:边滩完整、位置偏上时,航道条件较好;反之,则较差。基于此提出增强滩体控制力度、限制沿岸槽发展、适当增加浅区冲刷的河段6 m航道治理思路和治理措施。     

通州沙滩面串沟封堵高程数学模型研究*

通州沙与狼山沙之间存在的串沟与通州沙东水道下段浅区存在一定的关联关系,串沟的存在不仅不利于滩体的守护,也会对主流起到一定分散或冲散作用。因此在长江南京以下12.5 m深水航道建设工程一期工程通州沙段航道整治中,在考虑增强浅区水流动力的同时,必须考虑限制串沟的过流来巩固护滩效果。采用二维潮流数学模型对现状滩面串沟分流能力进行分析,通过多方案比选,综合考虑护滩效果、限流导流作用以及投资效率,提出可兼顾固滩稳槽与导流增深双重作用的滩面串沟整治思路,本研究为其它类似滩面串沟封堵及分流河段的整治工程方案探讨提供了参考。     

细颗粒泥沙运动及滩槽交换对航道回淤的影响

潮汐河口细颗粒泥沙为主的泥沙运动方式呈现出复杂的形态,其不同的运动形态对河口演变和航道回淤问题的研究十分重要。讨论在潮汐、波浪条件下,非黏性沙的层移运动和黏性细颗粒泥沙近底高浓度悬沙层的类推移运动,以及浮泥层的推移运动等泥沙运动形态的特点、发生条件和运移规律。针对长江口南槽水动力条件,利用前人水槽试验成果,估算了主槽水体含盐度高于浅滩时,航道两侧浅滩近底高浓度悬沙横向输移进槽的输沙量,得到与实际基本相符的结果。     

澜沧江曼厅大沙坝水道河床演变及航道整治

以曼厅大沙坝浅滩航道整治为依托,针对滩险整治过程中提升航道等级并维护航槽稳定的问题,从水文特征、河床演变和历史航道整治状况等3个方面总结澜沧江曼厅大沙坝河段河势变化及航道现状,分析此滩险河段现有的滩槽格局及滩险成因,提出以守护为基础、采用中枯水两级整治思路的整治方案。结果表明,在兼具库区特征的滩险整治过程中,采用疏浚增加航槽水深,并布置整治建筑物守护洲滩、束水攻沙,能够提高航道尺度,保障航槽稳定。     

A spatially explicit ecosystem model of seston depletion in dense mussel culture

A fully-coupled biological–physical–chemical model of a coastal ecosystem was constructed to examine the impact of suspended mussel culture on phytoplankton biomass in Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Due to the extent of mussel culture there, we hypothesised that shellfish filtration would control the concentration and distribution of phytoplankton and other suspended particles in the bay. Circulation was delineated with a tidally-driven 2D numerical model and used to drive an ecosystem model with a focus on pelagic components including phytoplankton production, nutrients, detritus, and mussels. The benthos were treated as a sink. Nutrients and seston were forced by tidal exchange and river input, with phytoplankton additionally forced by light. Boundary conditions of seston and nutrients were derived from field studies with an emphasis on the contrast between spring (high river nutrients, low temperature) and summer (low river inputs and high temperatures). Model output was used to map phytoplankton carbon over the bay for each season and in the presence of mussels and river nutrient input. Results indicate severe depletion effects of mussel culture on overall phytoplankton biomass, but no spatial pattern that can be attributed to grazing alone. Primary production generated by nutrient-rich river water created a mid-bay spike in phytoplankton that dominated the spatial pattern of chlorophyll-based carbon. Model results were validated with surveys from a towed sensor array (Acrobat) that confirmed the river influence and indicated bay-wide depletion of 29% between high and low water. Our model results indicate that the farm-scale depletion emphasised in previous studies cannot simply be extrapolated to seston limitation at the ecosystem level.     

九段沙北侧输沙对长江口深水航道的影响

为了研究南汇边滩促淤圈围工程对长江口九段沙滩面输沙和南导堤越堤水沙运动带来的影响,在长江口整体潮 流河工模型上,采用定床输沙物理模型试验方法,研究了九段沙沿程滩面泥沙起动后的跨槽越堤输移,根据底沙在北槽的 分布分析了促淤圈围工程对北槽航道的影响。研究表明：无论有无圈围工程,九段沙的底沙均能够越堤进入长江口深水航 道,但促淤工程使九段沙头部进入北槽航道的泥沙略有减少,九段沙中部进入北槽航道的泥沙略有增加。     

An eddy-permitting, coupled ecosystem-circulation model of the Arabian Sea: comparison with observations

A nitrogen-based, pelagic ecosystem model has been coupled with an eddy-permitting ocean general circulation model of the Arabian Sea, and the results are compared with observations. The seasonal variability simulated by the model is in good agreement with observations: during the southwest monsoon season, phytoplankton increases in the western Arabian Sea due to upwelling along the coast; during the northeast monsoon season, phytoplankton abundance is large in the northern Arabian Sea because of the enhanced nitrate entrained by relatively deep vertical mixing. Two major differences are, however, found in the basin-wide comparison between model results and observations: an unrealistic nitrate maximum in the subsurface layer of the northern Arabian Sea and too low primary production in oligotrophic regimes. The former may be attributed to the lack of denitrification in the model. Possible causes for the latter include the present model's underestimation of fast nutrient recycling, the neglect of carbon fixation decoupled from nitrogen uptake and of nitrogen fixation, and inadequate nitrate entrainment by mixed layer deepening. The rate at which simulated nitrate increases in the northern Arabian Sea is 11–24 TgN/year, and should correspond to the denitrification rate integrated over the northern Arabian Sea assuming that the loss of nitrogen through denitrification is balanced by advective input. The model does not reproduce the observed phytoplankton bloom in the late southwest monsoon season. Possible causes are that the mixed layer may be too shallow in summer and that the horizontal transport of nitrate from the coast of Oman may be too weak. Sensitivity experiments demonstrate a strong dependence of the simulated primary productivity on the vertical mixing scheme and on the inclusion of a fast recycling loop in the ecosystem model.     

Seasonal and interannual variation of physical and biological processes during 1994–2001 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea: A three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical modeling study

A Pacific basin-wide physical–biogeochemical model has been used to investigate the seasonal and interannual variation of physical and biological fields with analyses focusing on the Sea of Japan/East Sea (JES). The physical model is based on the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS), and the biogeochemical model is based on the Carbon, Si(OH)₄, Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model. The coupled ROMS–CoSiNE model is forced with the daily air–sea fluxes derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis for the period of 1994 to 2001, and the model results are used to evaluate climate impact on nutrient transport in Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) and phytoplankton spring bloom dynamics in the JES.The model reproduces several key features of sea surface temperature (SST) and surface currents, which are consistent with the previous modeling and observational results in the JES. The calculated volume transports through the three major straits show that the Korea Strait (KS) dominates the inflow to the JES with 2.46 Sv annually, and the Tsugaru Strait (TS) and the Soya Strait (SS) are major outflows with 1.85 Sv and 0.64 Sv, respectively. Domain-averaged phytoplankton biomass in the JES reaches its spring peak 1.8 mmol N m^− 3 in May and shows a relatively weak autumn increase in November. Strong summer stratification and intense consumption of nitrate by phytoplankton during the spring result in very low nitrate concentration at the upper layer, which limits phytoplankton growth in the JES during the summer. On the other hand, the higher grazer abundance likely contributes to the strong suppression of phytoplankton biomass after the spring bloom in the JES. The model results show strong interannual variability of SST, nutrients, and phytoplankton biomass with sudden changes in 1998, which correspond to large-scale changes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Regional comparisons of interannual variations in springtime were made for the southern and northern JES. Variations of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass related to the PDO warm/cold phase changes were detected in both the southern and northern JES, and there were regional differences with respect to the mechanisms and timing. During the warm PDO, the nutrients integrated in the MLD increased in the south and decreased in the north in winter. Conversely, during the cold PDO, the nutrients integrated in the MLD decreased in the south and increased in the north. Wind divergence/convergence likely drives the differences in the southern and northern regions when northerly and northwesterly monsoon dominates in winter in the JES. Subjected to the nutrient change, the growth of phytoplankton biomass appears to be limited neither by nutrient nor by light consistently both in the southern and northern regions. Namely, the JES is at the transition zone of the lower trophic-level ecosystem between light-limited and nutrient-limited zones.     

Modelling the ice-ocean-plankton interactions in the Souther Ocean

Our goal is the study of interactions between sea ice and ocean and of their influence on planktonic communities. We use a physical model which includes explicitly melting dynamics and mixed-layer physics. A one-dimensional model of the water column with a k-1 turbulent closure is applied. The sea-ice model is the one proposed by Semtner (1976); we add a parameterization of leads. We enlighten the importance, in this kind of model, of the sharing of the energy between lateral and basal meltings. The biological model comprises two state variables: phytoplankton and zooplankton biomasses. Melting induces a persistent shallow mixed layer and thus appropriate conditions for primary production. If ice melting is present, high biomasses are possible even with high losses. The absence of ice nearly forbids a massive bloom to form. Some sensitivity studies have shown that grazing pressure is a key factor governing the evolution of biomasses. The biomasses are also sensitive to little modifications of the photosynthetic production. The initial amount of phytoplankton or the presence of ice algae seems to be of lesser importance.     

长江中游界牌河段已建航道整治工程效果分析

界牌河段航道整治工程实施后,航道条件明显改善,如河段中、洪水河势得到了初步控制,航道尺度和流速、流态基本达到了设计标准。由于整治工程实施时机偏晚,工程实施后过渡段位置偏下、河道过宽,主流在鱼嘴前沿摆动空间较大,过渡段航槽不稳定,主支汊易位。在两汊转化的过程中,过渡段进口易出浅。同时,河道内螺山边滩未得到有效控制,在螺山边滩下移过程中,鱼嘴工程受强烈顶冲,其稳定受到威胁,同时鱼嘴部分功能发生了转化,由防守型变为具有一定挑流作用的整治建筑物。     

长兴潜堤后方滩涂圈围工程疏浚土利用研究*

疏浚土正逐渐成为长江口滩涂造地泥沙资源供给的有效补充。长兴潜堤后方滩涂圈围工程紧邻长江口12.5 m深 水航道南港圆圆沙段,航道疏浚土利用的区位优势显著。在调查掌握南港圆圆沙段航道疏浚土产量、分布、土质及稳定性 的基础上,针对圈围工程特点,比选适合的疏浚吹填工艺,并提出可行的吹泥上滩技术方案。结果表明：南港圆圆沙段航 道疏浚土产量丰富稳定、运距短且土质条件较好,可满足圈围工程吹填用砂的要求。各类疏浚吹填工艺中,艏吹和耙吸装 驳工艺的技术适用性较好,现阶段可采用技术成熟的艏吹方案进行疏浚吹填,而耙吸装驳方案可作为备选,待2013年底正 式投入运营时可应用于圈围工程。研究成果为圈围工程吹填开辟了砂源,实现了航道疏浚与圈围造地的双赢。     

伶仃洋滩槽演变及其发展趋势

伶汀洋水面开阔 ,岛屿众多 ;径流来水来沙量大 ,入汇口门多而分布不均匀 ;潮汐弱 ,潮流强弱平面分布不均匀 ,因而造就了当今的三滩两槽的淤积形态。两槽的形成与中滩的发育演变相辅相成 ,随着东、西滩淤积抬高和中滩淤积南移 ,必将导致东槽南段的西南汊进、排水能力不断减小 ;与此同时西槽北端因西滩的挤逼和推移质淤积也将日益萎缩 ,中滩北段漫流日益增强 ,必将导致切滩夺主 ,在伶仃浅滩与拦江沙之间将重新冲开通道。顺应滩槽演变趋势 ,因势利导 ,挖通拦江沙与伶仃浅滩间的沙梗 ,不仅可使伶仃洋航道收“一劳永逸”和事半功倍之效 ,而且还可提高排沙能力 ,使伶仃洋延年益寿     

长江口深水航道疏浚土“十三五”造地利用研究Ⅱ——疏浚吹填工艺和方案

在分析评价长江口不同疏浚吹填工艺的特点及适用性的基础上,结合疏浚土资源供需关系和圈围工程现状条件,提出"十三五"期长江口深水航道疏浚土造地利用的初步技术方案。结果表明:1)长江口航道常用的"挖运抛+挖吹"和"挖运吹"工艺仅适用于较短运距的疏浚吹填工程;新研制的"耙吸装驳"工艺能适用于长运距的疏浚吹填工程,"十三五"投入应用后可显著拓展深水航道疏浚土的利用空间。2)"十三五"期间,横沙东滩七、八期圈围工程可利用深水航道北槽段疏浚土,采用"挖运抛+挖吹"和"耙吸装驳"的"挖+运+吹"工艺实施疏浚吹填;南汇东滩圈围工程N1库区可部分使用深水航道疏浚土,采用"耙吸装驳"工艺实施吹填;其他零星建设用地圈围工程可使用深水航道南港圆圆沙段疏浚土,采用"挖运吹"工艺吹泥上滩。     

“锦江”轮座滩后的安全性分析

本文介绍一大型客轮搁座于浅水区域，作为水上游乐设施的可行性研究成果。根据实际航道情况，确定就位和座滩的状态，计算了压载量并分析了在该状态时船舶的强度状况、地基反力及船体变形，认为船舶在座滩状态是安全和稳定的，能满足使用要求。