U.S. ports: evolution and structure

U.S. ports are facing competitive pressures similar to those being felt by ports elsewhere around the world. Despite the public enterprise nature of U.S. port authorities, they tend to function as 'business-like' organizations. This enterprise-like approach stems from their evolution from being primarily private railroad ports in the 19th century to public competitive port authorities in the 20th century. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of U.S. ports and the ongoing effect of earlier legislation, the varied resulting institutional structures, and current national and regional level issues. Although there is no national ports plan or strategy in the U.S.A. (the Constitution limits federal actions in the ports field) the federal government is involved in providing dredging services through the Army Corps of Engineers, navigation aids via the Coast Guard and other minor port-related services. U.S. ports typically come under the jurisdiction of state or local governments. Increasing competition coupled with other port issues (growing financial constraints, difficulties in obtaining dredging permits, environmental concerns and restricted landside access) is forcing some U.S. ports to enter into strategic alliances with others at a regional level.     

中美之间的集装箱运输

2003年7月出版的英文“亚洲海运“杂志指出,以往,每当美国的国内经济状况低迷甚至恶化的时候,泛太平洋航线的集装箱运输就会出现明显的萧条,但是这种现象已经成为过去.     

Round-the-world service: The rise of Evergreen and the fall of U.S. Lines

In the mid-1980s two very large steamship lines, Evergreen Marine Corporation and United States Lines, inargurated round-the-world (RTW) container ship service. The concept of tying together major transoceanic trade routes in a complete global network is feasible provided that the cargo volumes and freight revenues are sustainable. United States Lines employed enormous new container ships in their one-directional RTW service while Evergreen used frequent sailings of somewhat smaller vessels both eastbound and westbound in their RTW service. United States Lines, unfortunately, was unable to obtain sufficiently high load factors or enjoy sufficient economies of scale to survive whereas Evergreen, emphasizing their high quality service, not only survived but have continued their successful operations to this day.     

中国电磁弹射器发展探析

弹射器是舰载飞机起飞用辅助加速设备,是与飞机几乎同时出现的航空设备,早期战列舰和巡洋舰上的侦察校射机,普遍采用火药动力弹射器加速起飞,航母则先后采用了压缩空气和液压弹射器。二战后喷气战斗机开始在航母上使用,由于喷气战斗机重量大,     

美国1000hp高温超导电动机

1000hp高温超导电动机的开发具有重大意义,其开发成功是高温超导电动机商业化的里程碑。本文介绍该电动机的构成和关键技术,介绍了主要技术参数。并对该电动机的实验情况做出说明。还简要介绍了高温超导电动机的优点,回顾了1000hp高温超导电动机的开发背景。     

美国航运系统全景透视

美国航运系统全称为MarineTrans-portationSystem,简称MTS。是为服务于水上客货运输和军事运输,由航道、港口和相关设施组成的一个网络,是美国运输系统的一个重要组成部分。它是美国水路与陆路运输的联接和世界联系的桥梁。涵盖水路运输、水陆联运等与水路相关的客货运输方式,涉及到航道、港口和水陆联运码头等航运设施。覆盖了美国的25000英里航道;192个地点的238个闸门;五大湖;圣罗伦斯海道;超过3700个的航运设施;无数的娱乐码头;超过174000英里的连接大陆48个州以及加拿大和墨西哥的铁路;超过45000英里的高速公路,以及超过115000英里…     

Wetlands protection: The regulatory role of the U.S. army corps of engineers

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers administers the only nationwide regulatory program that controls development activities in U.S. waters and wetlands. This article examines the statutory authorities, jurisdictional limitations, and evolution of the current Corps regulations, which express a strong policy to protect wetlands, estuaries, and tidal waters from unnecessary dredging, filling, or other alteration. The article explains the organization and procedures of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and examines in detail several precedential permit cases which have developed and implemented the Corps “wetlands policy.”; The article also evaluates current and potential policies underlying the regulatory efforts of the Corps of Engineers.     

NMCI-美国海军陆战队专用网

作为美国海军网络中心战的新一代的联合计划网络,海军陆战队专用网（NMCI）将全美33.6万海军和海军陆战队用户的计算机连接成网,支持与舰载IT-21和海军陆战队战术网的连接.以“台位管理”合同采办的NMCI为海军及其陆战队的日常事务和作战行动提供全程的网络信息服务,包括加密访问语音、影像和数据通信服务.     

美国海军潜艇潜望镜史(续二)

对博士伦公司在美国两次世界大战期间的作用、美国海军军方和科尔摩根光学公司围绕潜望镜的发展所采取的措施、特别是对美国海军建造和修理局的潜望镜标准化初衷做了扼要论述。对二战期间的2型潜望镜和4型潜望镜一些情况作了回顾。     

美国海军潜艇潜望镜史(待续)

回顾美国潜艇部队建立初期围绕潜望镜发展人们所做的各种探索,叙述美国海军所使用的第一根潜望镜和美国制造的第一根潜望镜情况,对美国潜艇潜望镜的创始人科尔摩根及其公司的发展过程作了较为详细的介绍。同时叙述早期潜望镜隐身术的设想和有关德国战利品潜艇的奇闻轶事。     

美国海军潜艇潜望镜史(续完)

对二战后的潜望镜、潜望镜制造商和海军声纳实验室在潜望镜方面所起的作用等做了深入论述。     

美国海岸警卫队简介

一、美国海岸警卫队的历史沿革美国海岸警卫队(U．S．Coast Guard)在美国五大武装力量中是唯一拥有执法权力的队伍,也是唯一不受国防部(Department of Defense)节制的一支队伍。美国海岸警卫队的历史渊源比较复杂,它是由五个不同的联邦机构逐渐合并而成的,而且主管部门也几经变更。     

美国海军GCCS-M及其发展

作为美国海军网络中心战信息基础设施的联合计划网络，海军全球指挥控制系统(GCCS-M)提供C^4I能力和辅助指挥官制定作战决策。GCCS-M为海军部队建立和维护通用作战图(00P)，并与联合部队共享作战空间感知。从顶层体系结构的观点出发，综述GCCS-M计划发展概貌。     

The U.S. national marine sanctuary program: An analysis of the program's implementation and current issues

Abstract

The U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program was established in 1972 by Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. §1431 et seq.). In this article, we discuss the development of the sanctuary concept, and the original intent of Congress, and analyze how it was applied by the sanctuary program. Differences in interpretation of the program's purpose are examined, including discussion of the multiple‐use management concept, an important but controversial management technique used in the sanctuaries. The continuing efforts by Congress and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to clarify the program's purpose are investigated. The program's administrative history is explained and the current sanctuaries and active candidates are briefly described. In light of the 1988 reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary Act, the current issues facing the program are analyzed. Finally, we draw conclusions and make recommendations for the program's future.     

从密苏里到纳坦兹——美国全球打击能力的发展

最近一段时间,有关美国和以色列是否会对伊朗动武的猜测充斥着许多媒体。大多数军事专家认为,如果以色列充当美国的打手对伊动武,那么最可能的打击方式将是使用F-15I和F-16I战斗机携带精确制导武器对伊朗进行突然打击。然而,如果美国亲自上阵打击伊朗,又会使用何种作战方式呢？以色列专家诺曼·奥菲尔认为,如果美国直接对伊朗动武,将会使用一种全新的作战手段——全球打击。     

美军综合集成上层建筑(InTop)演示验证项目探析

针对水面舰船上层建筑总体设计中的种种挑战,美国海军通过集成上层建筑(Integrated Topside,InTop)演示验证项目,实现了船载多功能射频孔设计、模块化开放式的射频构架设计和动态资源分配设计,有效提高舰船的电磁频谱作战能力,显著缩减总体资源消耗和全寿命使用花费。本文在梳理InTop项目的研究基础、基本情况、后续衍生项目的基础上,分析该项目解决的关键技术问题,给出了该项目对我国舰船上层建筑综合集成设计及综合射频研究工作的启发和思考。     

美国出口现重大转折

2010年3月,当奥巴马总统宣布振兴美国出口计划时,怀疑者嘲笑他的美国出口5年内翻番的目标不切实际.当前9个月出口增长22‰评论家注意到该数字与令人讨厌的2009年比较起来仅仅好一点.而且,当美国和韩国在2010年11月之前还没有达成两国之间长达3年的自由贸易谈判的时候,情况就更不乐观了.     

美国海军潜艇通信支持系统

介绍美国海军潜艇通信支持系统各阶段的发展概况和技术特点。     

美国卫星系统面临的问题及其对策

美国是目前拥有在轨卫星最多的国家，在充分利用卫星价值的同时，美国十分重视对卫星系统的防护。分析了美国卫星系统面临的三个问题，即：空间武器的威胁、空间武器以外的威胁和GPS星座的损失，并结合相关资料总结了美国的对策。     

U.S. public transit earnings, employment and privatization

This paper uses individual worker and municipal information to examine privatization's influence on public transit workers' earnings and employment. OLS findings on labor earnings reveal that privatization is associated with an erosion of the public transit union premium. These labor earning findings do not change when correcting for privatization heterogeneity, as unobserved worker characteristics do not differ with differing levels of municipal privatization of public transit services. The employment findings reveal that union public transit workers are more likely to be employed in the public sector and this union-nonunion employment probability differential, declines with increasing levels of privatization. This employment result is interpreted as suggesting that labor cost savings from privatization can be derived from the enhanced employment of relatively low wage nonunion workers in the public sector of public transit services.