高速公路突发事件救援车辆诱导

为了提升高速公路突发事件应急救援效率,将交通状况、在途潜在风险等信息纳入高速公路突发事件救援车辆诱导研究中,基于实时和时变路网环境下的交通信息,以车辆出行时间最小,路径可靠性最强为目标,构建基于在途时间和路径可靠性的车辆诱导最优化模型。设计一种实时信息和时变信息结合策略,使模型规划路径随路网交通量变化而相应做出阶段性调整,采用滚动时域策略将该动态决策问题转化为一系列离散时间点的静态决策问题,用于计算应急救援路径时间;在此基础上,考虑到高速公路突发事件发生后路网交通事故率升高,同时容易发生拥堵的状况,进一步将救援规划路径可靠性作为决策目标,即应急救援车辆规划路径在面对道路中断或者严重拥堵时是否拥有更多的调整策略,更新救援路径尽快完成救援任务;为了便于量化计算将上述目标转化为统一的价值成本,共同决定救援车辆的行驶路径。研究结果表明：当行驶路段交叉口间距离较长,中间无其他道路连通,行驶过程中由于突发事件破坏趋势蔓延导致道路中断或拥堵等意外发生时,无法更新调整救援路径,最终导致救援延误;因此,基于救援时间和路径可靠性的车辆诱导最优化模型能够克服以上问题,进一步提高救援效率。     

基于共用信息平台技术的高速公路紧急救援系统研究

为解决高速公路紧急救援系统实时信息共享、协调联动和快速反应的问题,在分析系统体系及层次结构的基础上,提出利用共用信息平台技术的设计思想;通过构建系统框架及分析关键技术,开发了吉林省高速公路路网指挥调度系统数字平台。研究结果实现了高速公路紧急救援系统的整合平台。     

全数字式高速公路紧急电话系统X2001—DS的设计

高速公路紧急电话系统是高速公路监控系统的设备之一,它为解决公路上意外事故的报警,争取救援时间,减轻事故中人员生命伤害和减少财产损失,保证道路畅通有着重要意义.目前国际上发达国家的高速公路上及我国大部分高速公路上均设有紧急电话.随着现代通讯技术的发展,高速公路上紧急电话系统的功能也在不断提高.其主要方向是大容量、远距离、多功能和高度智能化.为此,开发全数字式高速公路紧急电话系统也是目前紧急电话的一个发展趋势.     

美国、日本交通指路标示系统的主要特点（续一）

2科学编码,确认性强——采用编码判定行驶位置与道路逻辑关系 美国和日本的各级道路都进行了数字编码,为交通管理信息化和指路标志的系统连续奠定了科学基础。同时,各城市在路口显著位置广泛安装路名牌．承载道路名称与道路编码信息,充分显现路网的内在规律性,为道路使用者迅速掌握道路的分布规律,在全市范围内方便的寻址定位创造了环境条件。     

雾天绕城高速公路交通事故紧急交通组织技术应用

针对雾天绕城高速公路交通事故对路网车流的显著干扰,立足于路网,在事故影响区划分为保护区、控制区和缓冲区的基础上,通过采集某典型绕城高速交通事故数据,应用干涉车流波模型计算出缓冲区主线干涉作用下最大排队长度Xg和所对应的时刻tg,以及事故消散时间t2;就各个影响区所处空间位置和区内交通流特性,分别探讨了雾天各事故影响区紧急交通组织措施的应用,为最大限度降低二次事故发生和发挥绕城高速公路枢纽作用提供指导。     

基于ITS的高速公路紧急救援管理系统研究

本基于ITS的基本技术和环境背景，首先从现实需要和理论分析两个角度阐述了建立高速公路紧急救援系统的必要性，然后对紧急救援系统的宏观结构、所需资源进行描述，最后以沪宁高速公路（上海段）紧急救援系统为例，对该系统的主要功能、特点进行介绍。     

高速公路交通管理系统的应用研究

高速公路交通管理系统可路网运行状况,提高道路的有效利用率和交通流量,缓解道路的交通拥挤程度、减少交通事故的发生率、保护环境等。本文对高速公路运营管理需求进行系统的分析,在此基础上,详细描述高速公路交通管理系统的结构、流程及其应用。     

高速行车 绷紧安全这根弦--高速公路典型案例及分析

我国高速公路飞速发展的同时,面临的安全形势也日益严峻。针对这一现状,本期特稿约请道路安全研究专家及道路交通管理者,从高速公路典型案例及分析、我国高速公路安全状况及特点分析、交通事故成因及预防、应急车道的使用、紧急救援系统设置、国内外高速公路监控管理等角度进行分析和探讨,力图为提高我国高速公路的行车安全系数做一些有益的探讨和建议。     

高速公路改扩建施工交通分流方案研究

以高速公路改扩建施工中区域公路网络的流量饱和度为评价指标,考虑路网分流条件和施工方案对道路通行能力的影响,建立高速公路改扩建交通流量分配模型。模型以区域路网交通流总行程时间最优为目标,考虑道路服务水平、路网储备容量等约束条件,运用均衡理论,量化计算分流交通量。以南京市机场高速公路扩建项目为例,应用模型对分流方案实施前后的路网运行状态进行了对比,提出了合理的交通量分流比例。结果还表明,对大型车实行强制分流的方案更加有利于保障施工道路的运行效率。     

绕城高速公路雾天交通事故紧急交通组织技术

针对绕城高速公路的重要性及雾天交通事故对路网车流的显著干扰,在事故影响区划分为保护区、控制区和缓冲区的基础上,通过采集某典型绕城高速公路交通事故数据,首先应用干涉车流波模型计算出缓冲区主线干涉作用下最大排队长度和所对应的时刻,以及事故消散时间;其次就各个影响区所处空间位置和区内交通流特性,分别探讨了雾天各事故影响区紧急交通组织措施应用,为最大限度地降低二次事故发生和发挥绕城高速公路枢纽作用提供指导.     

基于GIS的城市道路编码算法实现与系统开发

选取了基于地理位置的编码方法,根据该方法建立了城市道路编码结构,并设计了编码规则.由此,按照编码规则以实现道路编码算法,最终基于GIS利用Visual Basic和Map Obiects完成了编码系统的开发,并对其进行实际测试,以完成对城市道路网中所有编码对象的编码编制工作.     

Study of aged drivers’ behaviors when using the Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway Systems (AHS) at an intersection

This study focuses on aged drivers’ behaviors when making a right turn at an intersection, while utilizing the information services of AHS (Advanced Cruise-Assist Highway Systems), which consist of a “Support System for Prevention of Right Turn Collisions” and a “Support System for Prevention of Collisions with Crossing Pedestrians”. A motion based driving simulator was utilized in the experiment and how aged drivers were influenced by the content and the location of the information services of the AHS, as compared to young drivers, was measured. The drivers’ behaviors were evaluated and reported in terms of driving performance, eye movement and subjective ratings.     

美国驾考及交通规则分析

根据在美国缅因州一年的驾驶经历及驾考经验,对缅因州的驾考及交通规则进行了分析。针对中美两国在驾考规则及考试内容上一些较大的区别进行了分析,并对在交通规则上的存在的差异进行了讨论,最后对中美两国在驾考方面及交通规则上的优劣进行了对比分析,并针对中国的现状提出了建设性的建议。     

自动驾驶系统交通规则符合性仿真验证方法

随着自动驾驶技术的不断发展，高级别自动驾驶车辆逐步在限定区域开展实际道路测试，确保和提高自动驾驶系统安全驾驶能力是当前研究、测试和工程开发的热点难点。面对自动驾驶车辆将长期与人类驾驶车辆混行，并与其他交通参与者遵守同样交通规则的现实需要，提出一种验证和测试自动驾驶系统交通规则符合性的方法，以期降低多车混行条件下的交通安全风险。针对各类交通法律法规语义自动解析技术瓶颈，提出规范化-逻辑化两阶段交通规则数字化模型，基于改进谓词度量时序逻辑框架(Metric Temporal Logic，MTL)，将自然语言交通规则转换为命题、逻辑连接词和时序算子组成的逻辑编码，生成了自动驾驶系统可理解、可执行、可验证的数字化交通规则，并构建了交通规则命题的分级分类体系。提出了一套基于自动驾驶车辆高精度运动轨迹的交通规则符合性验证算法，并搭建仿真试验平台，在高速公路交通场景下开展了试验验证。理论分析与试验表明：精简命题空间、新增时序算子和谓词逻辑词等改进有效提高了原有MTL框架的时间表现能力，解决了时序逻辑性不足等问题，大幅提高了交通规则数字化转换效率，对地方性交通法规和未来交通法规修订提供了良好的兼容性。提出的交通规则符合性验证方法及试验平台可以有效测试自动驾驶系统对现有交通规则的遵守能力，相关成果对提高自动驾驶系统安全性能和未来混行交通安全管控水平具有重要意义。     

基于MATLAB的汽车电动座椅控制系统仿真研究

根据电动座椅的结构特征及其驱动机构的性能要求,本文设计并建立了相关的系统数学模型。并根据自动控制理论对电动座椅各调节机构的调节过程建立电流环、速度环、位置环的三闭环动态模型控制系统。利用Matlab/Simulink对电动座椅进行仿真计算和时域、频域分析,确定电动座椅控制器的佳控制参数匹配,为电动座椅ECU的控制规律提供理论依据。     

Car drivers' road safety performance: A benchmark across 32 countries

The road safety performance of a country and the success of policy measures can be measured and monitored in different ways. In addition to the traditional road safety indicators based on the number of fatalities or injured people in road traffic crashes, complementary road safety performance indicators can be used in relation to vehicles, infrastructure, or road users' behaviour. The last-mentioned can be based on data from roadside surveys or from questionnaire surveys. However, results of such surveys are seldom comparable across countries due to differences in aims, scope, or methodology.This paper is based on the second edition of the E-Survey of Road Users' Attitudes (ESRA), an online survey carried out in 2018, and includes data from more than 35,000 road users across 32 countries. The objective is to present the main results of the ESRA survey regarding the four most important risky driving behaviours in traffic: driving under the influence (alcohol/drugs), speeding, mobile phone use while driving, and fatigued driving. The paper explores several aspects related to these behaviours as car driver, such as the self-declared behaviours, acceptability and risk perception, support for policy measures, and opinions on traffic rules and penalties.Results show that despite the high perception of risk and low acceptability of all the risky driving behaviours analysed, there is still a high percentage of car drivers who engage in risky behaviours in traffic in all the regions analysed. Speeding and the use of a mobile phone while driving were the most frequent self-declared behaviours. On the other hand, driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs was the least declared behaviour. Most respondents support policy measures to restrict risky behaviour in traffic and believe that traffic rules are not being checked regularly enough, and should be stricter.The ESRA survey proved to be a valuable source of information to understand the causes underlying road traffic crashes. It offers a unique database and provides policy makers and researchers with valuable insights into public perception of road safety.     

考虑驾驶人风格的跟车预警规则研究

为研究驾驶人的跟车特性及探究可适用于不同风格驾驶人的跟车预警规则,为自动驾驶车辆开发可满足不同用户驾驶需求和驾乘体验的主动安全预警系统,选取50名被试驾驶人开展实车试验,采集驾驶人跟车行为表征参数并基于雷达数据确定跟车事件提取规则。选取平均跟车时距和平均制动时距为二维向量,使用基于K-means聚类结果的高斯混合模型将驾驶人聚类为3种风格类型(冒进型、平稳型、保守型)。通过分析3组驾驶人的跟车及制动数据,将不同类型驾驶人的制动时距分位数作为跟车预警阈值,结合实际预警数据及不同制动时距分位数对应的预警正确率,对现有跟车预警规则进行调整,以适应不同类型驾驶人的驾驶需求。研究结果表明:3组驾驶人的平均跟车时距和平均制动时距差异显著,冒进型驾驶人倾向于选择较小的跟车时距和制动时距,保守型驾驶人的跟车时距和制动时距则普遍较大;3组驾驶人的实际跟车预警次数为215次,驾驶人采取制动操作而系统未予以预警的次数为329次,系统整体预警正确率为21.9%,漏警率为87.5%,通过分析信息熵等判定当前预警规则并不合理;将每类驾驶人制动时距的10%分位数作为阈值时的预警效果较好,调整后的跟车预警规则能在一定程度上适应不同的驾驶人类型。     

Human-Centered Design of an Acc-With-Braking and Forward-Crash-Warning System

This paper addresses the development of driver assistance systems whose functional purposes are to provide both adaptive cruise control (ACC) and forward collision warning (FCW). The purpose of the paper is to combine concepts from human factors psychology, vehicle-dynamics, and control theory, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge and understanding concerning human-centered approaches for designing and evaluating driver assistance systems. Conceptual and experimental results pertaining to driving manually and with the assistance of ACC and FCW are presented. The following human-centered aspects of driver-assistance systems are analyzed and presented: the looming effect; including rule-based and skill-based behavior in the design of ACC systems; using desired dynamics in controlling the driving process; braking rules that trade headway range for deceleration level; and collision-warning rules based on two different stress indicators. Field-test data are examined to justify and verify the parametric values selected for use in human-centered ACC systems. Measured data from on-road driving are used to evaluate the performance of proposed FCW systems in braking situations. The paper concludes with observations concerning the difficulty of developing a clear understanding of when and why drivers brake.     

Analysis of Driver's Decelerating Strategy in a Car-following Situation

This report describes a decelerating driver-model expressed by driving mode transition in car-following situations. The assumptions for constructing the model are that decelerating strategy of a driver is classified into several simple driving modes and that a driver changs his driving modes based on his perceptible characteristics and experiential rules. Deceleration action is divided into three states; following, standing and braking, which are applied to the model. The model has two paths for driver's decelerating action, one of which is selected by the driver based on the perceptible characteristics and experiential rules. The suitability of the model has been experimentally verified.     

Human-Centered Design of an Acc-With-Braking and Forward-Crash-Warning System

This paper addresses the development of driver assistance systems whose functional purposes are to provide both adaptive cruise control (ACC) and forward collision warning (FCW). The purpose of the paper is to combine concepts from human factors psychology, vehicle-dynamics, and control theory, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge and understanding concerning human-centered approaches for designing and evaluating driver assistance systems. Conceptual and experimental results pertaining to driving manually and with the assistance of ACC and FCW are presented. The following human-centered aspects of driver-assistance systems are analyzed and presented: the looming effect; including rule-based and skill-based behavior in the design of ACC systems; using desired dynamics in controlling the driving process; braking rules that trade headway range for deceleration level; and collision-warning rules based on two different stress indicators. Field-test data are examined to justify and verify the parametric values selected for use in human-centered ACC systems. Measured data from on-road driving are used to evaluate the performance of proposed FCW systems in braking situations. The paper concludes with observations concerning the difficulty of developing a clear understanding of when and why drivers brake.