我国首艘环保型绿色电力推进示范船试航成功

2010年1月22日，在昆明滇池码头隆重举行了“滇游1号”电力推进客渡船的开航仪式。“滇游1号”电力推进客渡船是应用西部交通建设科技项目“内河小型船舶电力推进系统研制”成果——内河小型船舶电力推进系统研制的示范船。由上海海事大学和云南省航务管理局组成的课题组经过三年研究，取得了多项创新成果。     

内河小型船舶电力推进系统助推西部绿色航运

＂滇游1号＂电力推进客渡船是应用西部交通建设科技项目＂内河小型船舶电力推进系统研制＂成果制造的示范船。该船环保性能优越,能够有效遏制航运船舶对空气及水体的污染,有利于保护高原湖库区水域环境,可满足西部地区对环保型绿色航运船舶的迫切需求,对实现水路交通事业的健康可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

基于直翼全向推进的纯电力船舶设计应用

针对直翼全向推进的纯电力系统在船舶上的设计和实际应用问题,文章以公务巡逻船作为对象,研究直翼全向推进器的优势、电力系统组成、电池舱室布置以及规范要求,并结合船舶实际工况、水域情况,计算船舶的电力负荷。研究表明,选用合理的磷酸铁锂动力电池系统、直翼推进系统,通过有效的安全保护措施、合理的系统设计及容量计算,可以满足船舶应用要求。     

船型优化设计与高效推进系统研究及应用

本技术是基于江海直达船型线型优化和高效推进系统的应用,通过优化,采用直首型船体线型减少阻力,与机桨合理匹配,加装水动力节能装置,提高螺旋桨的推进效率。通过项目的实施,综合22000DWT江海直达船阻力和推进性能,相比旧船型达到了预期目标,减少了燃油消耗,降低了二氧化碳排放,降低了船舶主机故障率,减少了船舶噪声和振动,改善了船员生活环境。经过推广使用,公司营运成本明显降低,提高了现有船舶的市场竞争能力,同时实现了构建“绿色船舶”的重要目标。     

新技术新工艺

正多能源游览船舶综合电力推进系统研发成功由集美大学承担的交通运输部应用基础(主干学科)研究项目"多能源船舶电力系统能量动态规划及控制策略研究"通过验收。项目采用太阳能、锂电池组及柴油发电机,结合电力推进技术,对三种不同应用环境下多能源电力系统的拓扑结构进行研究,提出了多重冗余技术和电压均衡技术的电池能量管理系统,设计了基于逻辑门限值的能量分配控制和动态规划调度策略,开发能量动态管理和控制系统,采用工业网络技术和信息技术,研发了太阳能船舶综合监视与报警系统,以及多能源游览船舶综合电力推进系统集成技术。项目研发的具有自主知识产权的     

天生桥客渡船船体结构检验分析

文章从船舶检验的角度出发,依据有关规范从船体结构完整性与构件强度两方面分析了天生桥库区乡镇客渡船船体结构强度欠佳的成因,并提出了加强船体结构强度的建议,为客渡船改造提供参考。     

世界最早的蒸汽机轮船

<正>克莱蒙特号轮船是世界上最早出现的蒸汽机轮船,其为一艘明轮船。船舶上使用蒸汽机,出现蒸汽机轮船是船舶动力发展史上的革命性演变。明轮船是用明轮推进器推进的船舶,是早期的一种机械动力船(明轮推进器即明轮,是船舶的一种推进工具,利用明轮转动,叶片拨水来推进船舶),是在中国古代车轮船的基础上演变而来的。近代以后,蒸汽机应用到船舶成为船舶动力,与蒸汽机配合使用的推进工具是明轮。它是在转轮的外周装上叶片,成为能旋转的桨轮,装在船舶两舷或船尾。蒸汽机带动明轮,使桨轮转动,     

新技术新工艺

<正>船舶动力定位控制研究取得新进展近日,交通运输部应用基础研究(主干学科)项目"船舶全天候动力定位自适应控制技术研究"通过验收。项目提出了"以不变应万变"的控制方案,解决船舶全天候动力定位的自适应控制问题。项目综合分析了国内外关于船舶动力定位控制问题的研究现状,采用自适应技术、矢量逆推、动态面、神经网络等控制方法,分析、确定和量化船     

基于现代混合推进技术的船舶节能

船舶节能的措施有多种,船舶混合动力推进系统是其中一个很有潜力的研究课题。文章主要介绍了混合推进装置的组成、排气热能回收系统以及热能回收系统的工作模式,阐述了船舶混合推进的发展现状,然后通过实例说明了混合推进带来的经济效益和节能效果,最后阐述了效率更高且实用的动力装置的发展方向。     

水翼船动力装置技术特点及未来发展趋势研究

本文介绍了水翼船的技术特点及我国水翼船行业的发展,以船舶动力装置为论题切入点,阐明了蒸汽机、汽轮机、汽油机、柴油机、燃气轮机、核动力装置及联合动力装置的技术特点,重点对柴油机及燃气轮机两类动力装置在水翼船领域的应用及发展进行了研究。柴油机具有较高的经济性及技术成熟度,曾长期在水翼船动力领域占据重要地位,但考虑到当前水翼船动力性及轻量化等方面的特性要求,航空改型燃气轮机目前在水翼船上有着更好的应用前景。     

Operational profiles of ships in Norwegian waters: An activity-based approach to assess the benefits of hybrid and electric propulsion

Various regulations are imposed on shipping to increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Alternative fuels and power systems are among the solutions for compliance with these regulations. The power system of a ship may not operate optimally because of the diversity of the operational profile during its lifetime. This article uses an activity-based approach and big data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to study the operational profiles of eight ship types operating in Norwegian waters around mainland Norway in 2016. The aim is to identify ship types that can benefit from electric and hybrid propulsion through analysis of their operational profiles. Close to shore, the operational profiles of various ship types are similar, and all ships spend a great proportion of their time with lower loads. As the distance from shore increases, the operational profiles of various ship types follow distinct trends. Among the considered ship types, reefers spend more operational time close to the diesel engine design condition. On the other hand, offshore and passenger ships show the most dynamic operational profiles and spend a large percentage of their operational time with a partial load, away from diesel engine design conditions. Such ships can benefit from hybridisation, diesel-electric propulsion, and other electric concepts, such as batteries and fuel cells. Another option is to downsize diesel engines for better operation while fuel cells and batteries supply peak and partial loads. Operational profiles are plotted and details of the approach are presented in the article.     

Technical innovation vs. sustainability – A case study from the Taiwanese automobile industry

The impact of global warming and climate change is the most critical challenge of the 21st century. The greenhouse effect caused by technological development and industrial pollution has accelerated the speed of global warming. To effectively reduce global warming and encourage sustainable enterprise development, a comparative analysis approach is used to examine various domestic automotive products which utilize the up-to-date innovative technology. Their contributions to fuel consumption and emissions of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO₂), are then investigated. This study focuses on technical innovation in a conventional engine and output power. The results indicate that innovative engines (such as the Ford turbo petrol/diesel engine, the EcoBoost/TDCi) have improved energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. In addition, an improvement in output power (such as Toyota hybrid vehicles) has also improved energy consumption and CO₂ emissions.     

船用柴油机12PA6B超负荷性能试验研究

我国船用柴油机功率标准规定柴油机应能够在超负荷功率(即110%标定功率)下连续运转。超负荷工况各参数变化可以反映柴油机的整体性能,是船用柴油机负荷试验的重要工况点。本文通过陕柴重工生产的12PA6B柴油机的负荷试验,研究证实该机型在超负荷工况下能保持较低的燃油消耗率和烟度排放,以及较高的功率和扭矩输出。     

The viability of pure vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for large ships

Heavy fuels are likely to remain the dominant fuel source for two-stroke, low-speed diesel engines for large ship propulsion for the next decade or more. There is however, potential for increased use of pure vegetable oils (PVO) as an alternative and, by emitting lower levels of several pollutants, this can help the attainment of Annex VI of the MARPOL 73/78 convention aimed at large ships using fuels with less than 4.5% sulphur or 1.5% sulphur in SO_X emission control areas The use of alternative fuels can also influence the attainment of the Kyoto protocol that requires greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced by 5% by 2010 compared to 1990. This paper analyses the physical and chemical properties of various pure vegetable oils as an alternative to heavy fuel oil for large ship propulsion.     

Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

Introducing specific power to bicycles and motorcycles: Application to electric mobility

Electric bicycles and motorcycles have emerged as a possible way of improving the transportation system sustainability. This work’s aim was to quantify the energy consumption, the trip travel and the driving dynamics on specific routes in Lisbon, Portugal. Six electric and conventional bicycles and motorcycles were monitored, and a methodology to quantify the power required in each driving second was developed: Motorcycle and Bicycle Specific Power (MSP and BSP respectively). MSP and BSP allows characterizing energy consumption rates based on on-road data and to define real-world operation patterns (driving power distribution), as well as to benchmark the different propulsion technologies under the same baseline of specific power. For negative MSP and BSP modes, the conventional and the electric motorcycles and bicycles demonstrated a similar pattern. However, their behavior was different for positive modes, since electric technologies allow reaching higher power conditions. The methodology developed estimates accurately the energy consumption (average deviation of −0.19 ± 6.76% for motorcycles and of 1.41 ± 8.91% for bicycles). The MSP and BSP methodologies were tested in 2 Lisbon routes. For the electric motorcycle an increase in trip time (+36%) was observed when compared to the conventional one, while for the electric bicycle a 9.5% decrease was verified when compared to the conventional one. The Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) energy consumption for motorcycles was reduced by 61% when shifting to electric mobility, while a 30% Well-to-Wheel (WTW) reduction is obtained. For the electric bicycles, an additional energy use is quantified due to the battery electricity consumption.     

Assessing CO2 emissions of electric vehicles in Germany in 2030

Electric vehicles are often said to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. However, the results of current comparisons with conventional vehicles are not always in favor of electric vehicles. We outline that this is not only due to the different assumptions in the time of charging and the country-specific electricity generation mix, but also due to the applied assessment method. We, therefore, discuss four assessment methods (average annual electricity mix, average time-dependent electricity mix, marginal electricity mix, and balancing zero emissions) and analyze the corresponding CO₂ emissions for Germany in 2030 using an optimizing energy system model (PERSEUS-NET-TS). Furthermore, we distinguish between an uncontrolled (i.e. direct) charging and an optimized controlled charging strategy. For Germany, the different assessment methods lead to substantial discrepancies in CO₂ emissions for 2030 ranging from no emissions to about 0.55 kg/kWh_el (110 g/km). These emissions partly exceed the emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles. Furthermore, depending on the underlying power plant portfolio and the controlling objective, controlled charging might help to reduce CO₂ emissions and relieve the electricity grid. We therefore recommend to support controlled charging, to develop consistent methodologies to address key factors affecting CO₂ emissions by electric vehicles, and to implement efficient policy instruments which guarantee emission free mobility with electric vehicles agreed upon by researchers and policy makers.     

Electric versus conventional vehicles: social costs and benefits in France

This article compares the social costs of electric vehicles with those of conventional, thermal vehicles for typical passenger use in the Ile-de-France region (Greater Paris), a case of particular interest because nearly 80% of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. A four-seat electric car is compared to a new conventional car of the same make and model; for the latter both the gasoline and the diesel version are considered because almost half of new car sales in France are diesel. These results are also compared to typical existing diesel and gasoline vehicles in the current French fleet. The methodology developed by the ExternE (External Costs of Energy) Project of the European Commission is used to estimate the costs associated with atmospheric pollution due to power plants, refineries and tail pipe emissions. Our discussion of externalities is limited to air pollution thus excluding others such as costs associated with noise or accidents. Our results imply that the external costs are large and significant, even when one considers the uncertainties. If internalized by government regulations, these externalities can render the total cost of an electric vehicle more competitive with that of currently available thermal vehicles in large urban centers if the electricity is produced by sources with low pollution. However, the current generation electric vehicles are so expensive that internalization of pollution damage would not give it a very clear advantage.     

Evaluation of fuel cell auxiliary power units for heavy-duty diesel trucks

A large number of heavy-duty trucks idle a significant amount. Heavy-duty line-haul truck engines idle about 20–40% of the time the engine is running, depending on season and operation. Drivers idle engines to power climate control devices (e.g., heaters and air conditioners) and sleeper compartment accessories (e.g., refrigerators, microwave ovens, and televisions) and to avoid start-up problems in cold weather. Idling increases air pollution and energy use, as well as wear and tear on engines. Efforts to reduce truck idling in the US have been sporadic, in part because it is widely viewed in the trucking industry that further idling restrictions would unduly compromise driver comfort and truck operations. The auxiliary power units (APUs) available to replace the idling of the diesel traction engine all have had limited trucking industry acceptance. Fuel cells are a promising APU technology. Fuel cell APUs have the potential to greatly reduce emissions and energy use and save money. In this paper, we estimate costs and benefits of fuel cell APUs. We calculate the payback period for fuel cell APUs to be about 2.6–4.5 years. This estimate is uncertain since future fuel cell costs are unknown and cost savings from idling vary greatly across the truck fleet. The payback period is particularly sensitive to diesel fuel consumption at idle. Given the large potential environmental and economic benefits of fuel cell APUs, the first major commercial application of fuel cells may be as truck APUs.     

车用柴油机NO_x形成及控制

相对汽油发动机污染物排放,柴油发动机CO和CH的排放较低,不到汽油机的10%,但NOX排放水平却高于汽油发动机。本文重点讨论柴油发动机排气污染物中NOx的成分及危害,分析了NO的生成机理及影响因素,提出了控制柴油机NO排放的技术和方法。