船舶压载水防治措施探讨

船舶压载水是外来海洋生物入侵的重要途径,严重危害水域生态平衡,破坏生物多样性,危害环境,造成严重的经济损失。本文针对压载水污染问题,从压载水的管理、处理技术、无压载舱船舶设计等方面,探讨压载水的预防途径和防治方法。     

船舶压载水处理方法综述

船舶压载水是船舶造成水污染的主要途径。船舶压载水含有的有害水生物主要有水藻、水母、斑马纹贻贝等。目前在航压载水常用的处理方法有的深海置换法、机械法、物理法、化学法。其中深海置换法包括排空法、溢流法和稀释法三种。     

船舶压载舱沉积物接收处置现状、问题及履约管理对策

《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理国际公约(2004)》要求妥善处理和处置压载舱沉积物,以防止有害生物入侵。为研究履约现状,选取13家从事压载水沉积物清理、接收及处理作业的修船厂进行了系统调研,结果表明普遍存在防污染措施不全、接收处理作业不规范、接收设施技术标准缺失、管理要求不明确等问题。在分析压载水沉积物的来源、危害、产生量等特性的基础上,结合公约和国内要求,从标准规范完善、监管部门协作、接收设施配套、公约法规宣贯和科技研发支撑等方面分析提出了履约对策。研究成果为有关压载水沉积物相关标准规范、技术政策的制定提供参考,有助于加强压载舱沉积物防污染管理,提升国际公约履行水平。     

船舶压载水和海洋环保

大部分海洋船舶为保证船舶空载航行的稳定性,都有庞大的压载水系统,装有数量巨大压载海水。文章通过大量的数据,明确阐述了船舶海水压载水对海洋环保带来的危害,并列举了多种消除海水压载水污染的方法。随着海洋船舶运输的发展,船舶压载水的异地装入与排出,使海洋污染迅速漫延,海水压载水的污染问题越来越引起世界各国和航运界的重视。对海水压载水的技术处理必将是未来数年船舶科技发展的一个热点。     

船舶节能在压载水系统方面的探索

文章介绍了压载水的危害,讨论了压载水管理的优缺点,分析了Ballast-Free系统及其环保节能的优点,最后对Ballast-Free的设计做了展望。     

港口外来生物入侵与压载水风险评估研究综述

海洋贸易过程中船舶压载水引发的港口外来生物入侵风险,其形成受多方因素影响,监控管理难度大,是当今港口海洋生物入侵领域的研究热点。为了全面了解全球港口外来生物入侵风险评估方面的研究现状和发展趋势,本文采用Histcite文献分析工具,以1998-2018年Web of Science数据库和CNKI中国知网全文数据库中相关文献为研究对象,从文献年份变化情况、类型分布、来源分布、国家研究力量和被引频次计量等方面进行统计分析。研究内容主要围绕外来海洋生物入侵和压载水生物入侵的风险评估方法、风险评价指标体系、海洋生物生态安全数据分析及可视化方法方面,未发现全球标准化风险评估方案。     

绿色船舶压载水处理系统的设计

全球所有海上运输船舶所携带的压载水数量,每年大约有120亿吨,每天存在于船舶压载水中随船周游世界的生物达7000种。随着经济全球化和世界贸易的发展,船舶越来越大,船速也越快。不幸的是,船速的加快导致船舶两港航行时间的缩短,也增加了外来有害水生物存活和转移的可能性。研究快速高效去除微生物的船舶压载水处理系统势在必行。     

进境船舶压载舱沉积物中耐受藻类群落结构研究

世界贸易90%依靠船舶运输,已确认约有500种入侵生物由船舶压载水途径传播。压载舱沉积物含有比压载水中数量更为庞大的生物群体,如浮游植物及其孢囊。若其入侵口岸国海域并爆发赤潮,会对近海环境、居民健康和海域经济造成严重威胁。对船舱黑暗环境的长期耐受性是其中藻类入侵口岸国海域最重要的前提条件。沉积物中已发现的藻类有甲藻、硅藻、隐藻等不同门类,藻类组成较为丰富。孢囊和休眠细胞的形成可保护处于恶劣环境的藻细胞免受破坏。目前已知可形成孢囊主要为甲藻,其他藻类的耐受机制缺乏研究。本文对压载水中发现的藻类物种组成及其细胞进行研究其能否形成孢囊或休眠细胞,并对进境船舶压载舱沉积物的耐受藻类进行物种的组成结构分析,以此丰富对进境船舶压载舱沉积物携带的藻类耐受机制研究。     

浅谈选洋船大洋中交换压载水工作

本文阐述了压裁水交换的重要性,深水大洋中或开阔海面更换压载水方法,海上更换压载水安全注意事项,以及交换压载水时对高级船员的要求和PSC对更换压载水的检查工作。     

船舶散装有毒液体物质污染损害赔偿对策建议

本文论述了船舶散装有毒液体物质污染损害赔偿的必要性,并为考虑是否批准加入HNS公约(《1996年国际海运有害有毒物质污染损害赔偿责任公约》)做准备工作；建立国内船舶HNS污染损害赔偿基金；规定载运HNS的船舶要强制保险等三个方面提出我国船舶散装有毒液体物质污染损害赔偿对策建议。     

Real-time optimization of ship energy efficiency based on the prediction technology of working condition

Ship energy efficiency management and control is an effective strategy to improve the marine economy and reduce CO₂ emission. The determination of the best navigation speed under different working conditions is the basis and premise for real-time improvement of ship energy efficiency. In this paper, the working condition in short distance ahead of the ship related to navigation environment factors was predicted by the method of wavelet neural network, and then the best engine speed for the optimal energy efficiency under different working conditions could be determined through the established ship energy efficiency real-time optimization model. Further, by presetting the ship engine at this optimal speed, the ship energy efficiency could be guaranteed at the optimal state when the ship arrived at the navigation environment ahead of the ship, thus achieving real-time optimization of ship energy efficiency under different navigation environment factors. Experimental studies showed that the proposed optimization model was effective in energy saving and emission reduction, which could provide theoretical guidance for optimal sailing of the ship in service. Compared to traditional setting speed navigation methods, our proposed method has more practical significance to the improvement of ship energy efficiency.     

雪峰山隧道施工中的水环境研究

文章根据雪峰山隧道施工区的地下水位及水质的监测数据,简要分析了隧道施工对地下水环境的影响,得出隧道施工导致了地下水位的下降以及施工排放的废水对地下水质造成了一定污染的结论。并在此基础上,提出了有效的防治措施。     

隧道施工废水对水环境的影响分析及应对措施

文章根据不同隧道施工废水的来源、水量及水质的特性,分别从理化、生态、景观等方面详细分析了隧道施工废水对水环境的影响,确定了主要污染物质为油类和悬浮物(SS),其对水环境的物理化学性质方面的影响较大;并提出了加强施工机械车辆管理以减少排污量、在隧道进出口处设置沉淀池、必要时采取隔油沉淀气浮处理等相应对策。     

Multiattribute decision analysis of mandatory ballast water treatment measures in the US Great Lakes

Mandatory ballast water management, resulting in an increase of required freight rates on the St. Lawrence Seaway, could induce a modal shift away from marine transportation. Such a shift may cause such side effects as increased air pollution and lower transportation safety. A multinomial logit model is built to predict the changes in market shares of competing transportation modes. Two wheat transportation scenarios are studied. The results show that only a small shift, if at any, will accompany mandatory measures for ballast water treatment. To evaluate the trade-offs between the side effects brought by any modal shifts and the NIS invasion effects, the analytic hierarchy process is used to analyze the preferences of federal and state decision-makers. Analysis of questionnaires shows that among the three alternatives, ballast water exchange, filtration/UV, and heat, ballast water exchange proved to be the favored method.     

Probabilistic risk analysis of flying ballast hazard on high-speed rail lines

Flying ballast is a significant safety concern for high-speed train operations on ballasted tracks. It is the phenomenon of a ballast particle displaced from the track, due to the aerodynamic force induced by a passing train traveling above a certain speed. Flying ballast can potentially damage tracks and rolling stock, thereby posing a risk to high-speed rail operations. This paper develops a Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) model based on the information available from the field and the literature. The model enables a quantitative assessment of the probability of ballast particle displacement at a particular position on the track, as well as the probabilistic distribution of the total number of ballast particles that are expected to move. The model accounts for various risk factors, such as train speed, ballast gradation, and track position. The model application is illustrated using a ballasted track on the Yellow River Bridge on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail line in China. The analysis finds that flying ballast probability increases when train speed increases, in particular, the problem of flying ballast becomes more pronounced when train speed exceeds 350 km per hour (217 miles per hour). Flying ballast probability might be reduced when the ballast profile is lower, given all else being equal. In addition, flying ballast probability is expected to be higher at the center of the track than in other positions. The proposed risk model can be further developed and ultimately be used to evaluate route-specific flying ballast risk, enabling the identification, assessment, and comparison of risk mitigation strategies in order to support emerging high-speed rail operations.     

某公路施工期环境影响评价与防治

文童从生态环境、声环境、水环境等方面出发,分析了某公路建设对环境所造成的各种影响,提出了相应的防治措施和对策,为公路施工项目的环境评价及防治提供参考。     

Connectivity-based optimization of vehicle route and speed for improved fuel economy

Traditionally, vehicle route planning problem focuses on route optimization based on traffic data and surrounding environment. This paper proposes a novel extended vehicle route planning problem, called vehicle macroscopic motion planning (VMMP) problem, to optimize vehicle route and speed simultaneously using both traffic data and vehicle characteristics to improve fuel economy for a given expected trip time. The required traffic data and neighbouring vehicle dynamic parameters can be collected through the vehicle connectivity (e.g. vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-infrastructure, vehicle-to-cloud, etc.) developed rapidly in recent years. A genetic algorithm based co-optimization method, along with an adaptive real-time optimization strategy, is proposed to solve the proposed VMMP problem. It is able to provide the fuel economic route and reference speed for drivers or automated vehicles to improve the vehicle fuel economy. A co-simulation model, combining a traffic model based on SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) with a Simulink powertrain model, is developed to validate the proposed VMMP method. Four simulation studies, based on a real traffic network, are conducted for validating the proposed VMMP: (1) ideal traffic environment without traffic light and jam for studying the fuel economy improvement, (2) traffic environment with traffic light for validating the proposed traffic light penalty model, (3) traffic environment with traffic light and jam for validating the proposed adaptive real-time optimization strategy, and (4) investigating the effect of different powertrain platforms to fuel economy using two different vehicle platforms. Simulation results show that the proposed VMMP method is able to improve vehicle fuel economy significantly. For instance, comparing with the fastest route, the fuel economy using the proposed VMMP method is improved by up to 15%.