Effect of nozzle orifice diameter on diesel spray tip penetration according to various spray models for CFD simulation with widely varying back pressure

CFD simulations of spray tip penetration with the standard KIVA3V, ‘original gas jet’ and ‘Normal gas jet profile with breakup length formula’ (NGJBL) spray models were performed to investigate the effects of nozzle orifice size and ambient gas density combinations on the spray penetration. The accuracy of the CFD simulation results was estimated by comparing them with available experimental data. The ambient gas density was varied in 12 kg/m³ intervals from 12 to 69 kg/m³ for each nozzle orifice diameter. The nozzle orifice diameters used were 119, 140, 183 and 206 mm. A total of 20 cases in the CFD simulations were considered with combinations of the 4 nozzle orifice diameters and 5 ambient gas densities. CFD simulations with the NGJBL spray model were more accurate than those with either the standard KIVA3V or gas jet spray models as the nozzle orifice diameter and ambient gas density was increased. The NGJBL and original gas jet model is more effective in predicting the spray tip penetration near the nozzle tip region.     

车用直喷汽油机喷雾特性研究

利用高速摄影在定容弹内对缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器进行喷雾特性试验研究,揭示了直喷高速液体射流的喷雾特性(贯穿距、喷雾锥角)与无量纲数(韦伯数、雷诺数及气液密度比)之间的关系。结果表明,韦伯数和气液密度比对喷雾宏观特性有显著的影响,雷诺数对喷雾特性的影响不明显。     

柴油机射流碎裂的影响因素

液体射流雾化质量对改善内燃机缸内的燃烧过程非常重要,因此柴油喷雾射流碎裂影响因素的研究在内燃机领域中具有重要的使用价值和学术意义。液膜碎裂的影响因素除了自身的物理因素(如粘度、表面张力、雷诺数)外,还有一些其他因素,如液体射流的温度、射流速度和喷孔几何形状等,因此研究液体碎裂过程应全面考虑这些因素对它的影响。     

不同喷射工况下的GDI喷雾模拟标定研究

准确模拟喷雾是提高缸内模拟准确性的关键,为了使模拟喷雾与试验喷雾更加一致,需要根据试验喷雾贯穿距及粒径对模拟喷雾进行标定。使用AVL FIRE软件建立定容弹及喷雾数值模型,对处于不同喷射工况(喷射压力、环境压力、油温)下的喷雾进行数值模拟,根据试验喷雾的贯穿距及喷嘴下方30 mm平面处SMD对模拟喷雾进行标定,并对不同喷射工况的标定参数选择进行探讨。结果表明:为了同时满足贯穿距和粒径的标定要求,需要根据工况参数对标定参数进行调整;对于本研究中的GDI喷油器,喷射压力10 MPa时使用KH-RT模型的模拟结果与试验值匹配较好,5 MPa时使用Huh-Gosman模型匹配更好;在喷射压力、环境压力和环境温度相同的条件下,高油温和低油温工况可以用同一套参数满足标定要求。     

Effects of injection parameters on the spray characteristics of swirl and slit injectors using the Mie-scattering method

We investigated the effects of injection parameters such as injection pressure, ambient pressure, and ambient temperature on spray characteristics. We calculated the turbulence occurring point (t _c ), defined as the time required to generate a vortex, and the deceleration point (t _b ), defined as the time when spray penetration begins to decelerate, to elucidate the breakup mechanism of the test injectors. The spray velocity coefficient (C_v) was obtained to evaluate the spray characteristics. As the ambient pressure increases in the case of a slit injector, C_v decreases. We investigated the effects of nozzle tip shape according to injection pressure, ambient pressure, and fuel properties on spray characteristics and provide a C_v value of 0.38 for the swirl injector with a spray angle of 60° and the slit injector under atmospheric conditions. The value of C_v in the case of a slit injector was reduced by increasing the ambient pressure. Our results suggest that C_v of a swirl injector is constant regardless of changes in ambient pressure, injection pressure, and fuel properties. On the other hand, C_v of a slit injector is altered by changes in ambient pressure.     

One-dimensional model on fuel penetration in diesel sprays with gas flow

In diesel engine, spray penetration is usually changed by in-cylinder gas flow. Accurate prediction on diesel spray with gas flow is important to the optimal design of diesel fuel injection system. This paper presents a theory investigation focusing on the penetration of diesel spray with gas flow. In order to understand the effect of gas flow on the penetration of diesel spray, a one-dimensional spray model is developed from an idealized diesel spray, which is able to predict the spray behavior under different gas flow conditions. The ambient gas flow is simplified as ideal flow that has only constant flow velocity along x-axial and y-axial directions of spray. The x-axial and y-axial directions are respectively defined as along and vertical spray directions. The main assumption is that the y-axial direction gas flow has no effect on the penetration of spray along x-axial direction. The principles of conservation of mass and momentum are used in the derivation. Momentum of in-cylinder air flow is also taken into consideration. Validation of the model at stable condition is achieved by comparing model predictions with experimental measurements of diesel spray without gas flow from Naber's experiments. Furthermore, CFD simulations on penetration of diesel spray with gas flow were performed with the commercial code AVL-fire. The onedimensional model is validated by the penetration results with gas flow from CFD calculation. Results show that a reasonable estimation of the spray evolution can be obtained for both with and without ambient gas flow conditions.     

高温高压条件下柴油的雾化蒸发特性

利用高速摄影和纹影法,在可变温度和压力的定容燃烧弹中,模拟发动机的实际运转工况,进行了不同喷油压力和背景压力条件下柴油的雾化蒸发特性试验研究,得出一系列热态喷雾图像。研究表明：喷油压力越高,雾注总的贯穿距离、锥角和投影面积越大,但液核的最大贯穿距离、锥角和投影面积变化不大,显著蒸发时刻不断提前,气相部分投影面积增大,混合均匀性改善;随着背景压力的升高,气、液相贯穿距离均下降,雾注总的喷雾锥角增大,雾注面积、液核面积减小。     

柴油机高压及微孔径下燃油雾化特性的数值研究(Ⅰ)——模型参数的选取

为了更精确模拟燃油雾化过程,探求适合超高压及微孔径下的燃油雾化模型,向计算流体力学平台KI-VA-3V中加入了大涡模拟程序及相应的雾化模型,数值研究了在超高压和微孔径条件下不同雾化参数对燃油雾化蒸发过程的影响.结果显示,破碎时间常数B1值对液相和蒸气相浓度有着重要影响,且对不同的湍流模型影响程度不同;随着B1的增加,喷...     

Phenomenological two-phase multi-zone combustion model for direct-injection diesel engines

This paper proposed a quasi-dimensional combustion model from a new observed two-phase penetration and combustion phenomenon in diesel spray. In the model, fuel spray was divided into two of liquid and gas phase areas. Considering the phenomenon that separation of gas and liquid phase in diesel spray occurs during spray penetration, gas and liquid area of spray are discretized respectively. Liquid phase areas play important role in fuel mass transport, however gas phase areas are the main region for fuel combustion in the model. Fuel and air mixing rate of gas phase zone is the key for the calculation of combustion rate. Validation experiments are designed by using optimal Latin hypercube design method. Comparison of calculations and experiments show that the model is able to predict diesel engine performance at different engine speeds, loads, and injection pressure and timing, and provides guidance for the design of engines.     

高压旋流喷雾特性的三维数值模拟

基于高压旋流喷嘴内部流动对喷雾过程进行数值模拟,并定性研究了喷油压力和环境压力对喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明：在高的喷油压力下,喷雾贯穿距离增大,液滴索特平均直径减小,但喷雾锥角基本不受影响;在高的环境压力下,喷雾呈现出实心圆锥状,喷雾锥角和贯穿距离都减小,液滴索特平均直径增大。     

Jet characteristics of CNG injector with MPI system

A theoretical model is developed that assumes the natural gas transient jet can be characterized as a spherical vortex interacting with a steady-state jet. Schlieren photographs revealed a low-pressure gas jet's starting and extending process from the nozzle.Comparison between the model and experimental results for the tip penetration of round jet, show that both have similar characteristics, and the results show that the tip penetration is proportional to the square root of time. Moreover, when per-time calorific values of the injecting fuel are the same, the tip penetration of the gas jet is longer than that of gasoline.     

油束雾化形成机理分析

应用数字粒子图像测速技术对燃油喷雾进行了深入的研究。以可视化的测试结果为依据,提出了对燃油破碎雾化过程认识的新观点,即在喷射纵向上,把燃油雾化破碎分为初始破碎区和细化破碎区2个部分;在喷射横向上分为雾化核心区、过渡区和边缘区3个部分。研究发现燃油破碎的整个过程中出现了油团、油线、油云聚集体等燃油破碎单元。结合测试结果对上述燃油破碎单元的出现、发展和转变过程进行了深入分析。结果表明:油束雾化是一个连续渐变多状态混合叠加的过程。     

Influence of nozzle hole diameter and orifice diameter on dme spray to get the similar heat value with diesel spray using the constant volume chamber

Low heating value (LHV) of di-methyl ether (DME) is lower than that of diesel. To get the similar heat value with diesel from the diesel engine operation, single injection quantity of DME should be increased. This investigation was tried to increase the injection quantity of DME by the modified diesel injector and investigated the penetration length and spray angle of DME spray. DME was injected by using three-type modified diesel injectors those nozzle-hole diameters (Injector 1: 1.66 mm, Injector 2 and 3: 0.25 mm) and orifice diameters were different (Injector 1 and 2: 0.6 mm, Injector 3: 1 mm). Spray characteristics of DME was investigated with a various ambient pressures (2.5, 5.0 MPa) in the constant volume chamber and a fuel was injected by varied injection pressure from 35 to 70 MPa by interval of 5 MPa using a DME common rail fuel injection system. The result shows that DME injection quantity by Injector 3 was 1.69 ~ 2.02 times larger than that of diesel injection quantity by Injector 1. In this case, DME spray got the similar heat value compared with diesel spray. The penetration speed of DME spray by Injector 3 was the fastest, thus when the spray development was end, the penetration length of DME spray by Injector 3 was the longest compared with the other cases. In case of the spray angle, Injector 2 and 3 had the similar spray angle and these were larger than that of diesel and DME sprays by Injector 1. As the result, Injector 3 was the solution for how to solve the low heating value of DME.     

二甲醚燃料喷射压力对喷雾发展过程的影响

利用定容容器模拟增压发动机缸内高温高压条件,利用高速摄像机观察二甲醚喷雾,探讨了喷射压力对喷雾贯穿距离、喷雾蒸发等喷雾发展过程的影响规律。结果表明:在喷射初期喷雾贯穿距离与喷射时间成正比关系,在喷射后期,环境气体卷入喷雾中,喷雾贯穿距离与喷射时间平方根成正比关系;二甲醚燃料液态喷雾贯穿距离相对于气态来说非常短,DME液态喷雾贯穿距离基本不随时间的增加而增长。     

环境对大功率柴油机缸内喷雾、燃烧与传热的影响

采用准维多区数值仿真和环境模拟试验的方法,研究了不同海拔环境对某大功率柴油机缸内喷雾、燃烧和传热的影响。结果表明:在高原环境下,油核破裂滞后期比平原最大延长9.1°曲轴转角,油滴分裂长度增加29%以上,贯穿度明显增加,一次雾化后,SMD直径显著增加;海拔4 500m,瞬时放热率峰值降低18.4%,放热率重心后移近4°,最高燃烧压力降低18.8%,位置滞后0.6°;缸内对流换热和辐射换热都比平原明显增强。研究结果为探明特殊环境下柴油机性能劣化与故障机理提供了理论参考。     

稳态闪急沸腾喷雾速度分布的试验研究

为探索闪急沸腾喷雾的形成机理，以氟里昂R12为试验液体，采用激光多普勒测速仪(LDA)测量了稳定流动条件下粒子的速度分布。为作比较，还在相同试验条件下测量了传统压力雾化喷雾——柴油喷雾。试验结果表明：闪急沸腾喷雾的径向速度和径向扩散范围远大于传统喷雾，前者速度的空间分布远比后者均匀。闪急沸腾改善雾化的原因在于气相对液体射流的闪急冲击作用。     

Computational study of charge stratification in early-injection SCCI engines under light-load conditions

Under light-load conditions in early-injection stratified-charge compression-ignition (SCCI) engines, excessive premixing can lead to undesirable levels of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Optimal stratification can reduce these emissions. In this work, the effects of changes in swirl, injection pressure, injector hole-size and number of holes, injection timing, and piston geometry on stratification are computationally investigated. It is shown that these parameters affect the stratification through their influence on the rate of spray penetration, drop vaporization, and fuel/air mixing. The outcome is characterized by examining the evolution of the spatial distribution of the fuel vapor in the chamber and its mass-based distribution function. All other parameters remaining the same, decreasing drop size leads to faster vaporization and richer mixtures. Increasing penetration leads to greater spreading and leaner mixtures. Increasing spray included-angle leads to greater spreading and leaner mixtures. Increasing injection pressure leads to increased mixing and leaner mixtures. Increasing injector hole-size leads to richer mixtures at lighter loads because the duration of injection is reduced and the fuel is confined closer to the axis. Increasing swirl leads to faster breakup of the head-vortex and confinement of the fuel closer to the axis, and hence richer mixture.     

地下交通转换平台射流通风特性及风流组织方式研究

为探究地下交通转换平台内通风系统的合理布局,采用比尺模型试验和CFD模拟相结合的方法,研究射流风机和通风组织对地下交通转换平台内气流运动的影响。结果表明： 1）当联络通道内风机射流朝向敞开段时,为使风机升压系数Kj最大,630 mm、900 mm、1 120 mm射流风机的布设位置应距离敞开段分别大于40、50、65 m; 2）大口径射流风机具有更大的Kj,但占用的断面空间更大,且射流诱导段更长,应根据联络通道长度和高度合理选择射流风机口径; 3）地下交通转换平台的通风组织不宜采用同侧开启方式,采用对角抽吸方式时,联络通道内的污染物混入比最低、通风效率最高。     

高压水刀辅助TBM滚刀破岩效率室内模型试验

研究不同工况条件下高压水刀辅助TBM滚刀破岩效率,对于进一步优化该新兴技术,实现高强度高磨蚀性地层TBM高效安全掘进具有重要意义。为此,基于室内滚刀贯入模型试验,对不同低围压作用(围压p₀=0,1.25,2.5 MPa)以及不同高压水刀预切割竖向裂缝几何参数(切缝深度H=10,20 mm,预切缝-刀具轴线间距L=0,20,40 mm)条件下高磨蚀性硬岩试样滚刀贯入破碎过程及破岩效率影响规律展开研究。试验结果表明:低围压且无预切缝条件下,随着围压的增大,岩样峰值贯入荷载增大,贯入荷载-贯入度曲线跃进跌落次数增多,试样破坏特征从脆性破坏向延性破坏转化,无围压条件下高强度高磨蚀性地层TBM掘进难度高于常规强度地层和高强度磨蚀性地层;低围压且有预切缝条件下,预切缝-刀具轴线间距L=0时,岩样发生劈裂模式破坏,无围压条件下,L=0时,其峰值贯入荷载显著小于L≠0情况,有围压条件下,L=0时,岩样达到峰值贯入荷载所对应的贯入度显著大于L≠0情况;有预切缝条件下,预切缝-刀具轴线间距L≠0时,预切缝深度H越大,破岩效率越高,较大的高压水刀切割深度H能够降低高强度高磨蚀地层TBM掘进中滚刀的磨损率;有预切缝条件下,当预切缝深度H一定时,不同L值下的岩样峰值贯入荷载及对应的贯入度都随着围压增大而增大,而当L值较大时,一定程度上需提高掘进推力才能够实现高效破岩。