低压真空渗碳技术在轴齿热处理中的应用与变形控制

介绍了轴齿低压真空渗碳热处理技术的设备系统、工艺原理及实施过程,阐述真空热处理技术应用优势,分析真空热处理技术与传统可控气氛热处理技术的差异;针对变速箱齿轮热处理后变形控制对后续加工和装配工艺有较大影响,分别从材料、气淬压力、预冷温度、装炉方式等多个维度讨论研究某变速箱齿轮渗碳热处理变形的影响因素,分析控制齿轮热后变形的一般办法,保证轴齿产品质量,为变速箱轴齿真空热处理技术的进一步推广应用提供支持。     

新箱式多用炉氮基气氛渗碳淬火工艺的设计与调试

以汽车后桥齿轮为实例,在新制造的箱式多用炉上进行了氮基气氛渗碳淬火工艺的设计、调试和检测。结果表明,采用N2 甲醇制备的氮基气氛与丙烷气作为渗碳富化气进行渗碳,其工艺的设计与调试满足了加工齿轮的热处理技术要求,并作为一种安全、可靠和节能的热处理工艺值得推广。     

Effect of Charge Density on Spray Characteristics,Combustion Process,and Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

In-cylinder charge density at top dead center is an important parameter of diesel engines and is influenced by intake pressure, intake temperature, and compression ratio. The effects of charge density on fuel spray, combustion process, and emissions were investigated by using a constant volume bomb and a heavy-duty diesel engine. Spray development resistance increased with the increase of the charge density in the constant volume bomb. It was found that short spray penetration was accompanied by a large spray cone angle in the former stage with high charge density. However, the equivalence ratio was lowered and the degree of homogeneity of the mixture was increased in the later stage owing to the rapid interaction of fuel and gas at a high mixing rate. Combining the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics for analysis, as the charge density increased, the gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg) was improved. However, pumping loss had to be considered with higher charge density. Under this condition, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) trend was increased initially and decreased subsequently. Under high-load operation (1200 r/min BMEP, 2.0 MPa), the minimum charge density value of 44.8 kg/m³ was found to be reasonable. This charge density was suitable for combustion and brought about minimum exhaust energy and trade-off emissions. Moreover, by analyzing two operation conditions in terms of the maximum BTE with the Miller and the conventional cycles, compression temperature and combustion temperature were reduced in the Miller cycle with the charge density 44.8 kg/m³. A high C_p/C_v could improve the cylinder exergy/power conversion process by its positive effect of increasing the specific heat ratio. Owing to the interaction between a high C_p/C_v and exergy loss to heat transfer, the condition with the minimal charge density could produce more piston work.     

别克自动变速器零件在低压真空渗碳炉上的热处理

按常规可控气氛渗碳油淬工艺对别克轿车4T65E自动变速器中的薄壁零件进行热处理，零件的变形很难控制。针对这一问题，采用新的低压真空渗碳高压气淬工艺取代传统的常规气氛渗碳油淬工艺。应用表明，采用低压真空渗碳新工艺后，主减速太阳轮轴的热后合格率由原来的70％提高到99．5％以上。     

Development of active front wheel steering control system keeping stable region in driving phase diagram

This paper presents a new active steering control system based on driving phase diagram (β _fr ?δ _f diagram). In order to make state variables to follow those of nominal vehicle model that was developed under no consideration of disturbance, Quadratic Programming Problem (QPP) is formulated, where time varying objective function minimizes the differences between nominal and actual parameters. The steering characteristic in active steering control system changes when the vehicle faces disturbance such as crosswind and flat tire, and driver tries to counteract it after recognizing the change. The proposed method defines a stability region on β _fr ?δ _f diagram. In order to make β _fr and δ _f remain in the stability region, a new model predictive controller is proposed. While conventional controllers are restrictive to satisfy the β _fr ?δ _f diagram based stability condition, the proposed controller ensures solution space and also plays a direct role to minimize the evaluation function in the constrained optimal control problem.     

80W/90 MT-1手动变速器专用齿轮油应用研究

通过80W/90MT-1手动变速器的可靠性道路试验,考察了80W/90MT-1手动变速器专用齿轮油抗氧化、抗磨损及对同步器铜环的保护能力等实际使用性能,评价了80W/90MT-1手动变速器专用齿轮油对手动变速器的适应性。     

基于DEFORM软件对机车牵引主动锥齿轮的热处理的模拟分析研究

基于DEFORM软件V6.1版本,对机车牵引主动锥齿轮进行计算机热处理模拟分析,优化热处理工艺。利用UG软件对机车牵引主动锥齿轮建立三维非线性有限元模型,建立热处理过程中温度场、应力、相变等相互作用的数学模型,结合材料学、传热学、弹塑性力学和数学等多学科的理论知识,通过计算机模拟获得对内燃机机车牵引主动锥齿轮热处理工艺过程的变化规律的认识,使其热处理质量的精确控制和工艺优化,并有助于开发创新性工艺和设备。     

Gain scheduled linear quadratic tracking system tuned optimally by covariance matrix adaption evolutionary strategy for automotive engine coldstart control

In this paper, a gain scheduled linear quadratic tracking system (LQTS) tuned optimally by an evolutionary strategy (ES) is devised to reduce the total tailpipe hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of an automotive engine over the coldstart period. As the engine’s behavior during coldstart operations is nonlinear, the system dynamics is clearly analyzed and represented by a number of separate linear models generated based on a coldstart model verified by experimental data. An independent LQTS is then implemented for each of these linear models. In this way, several control laws are created, and the corresponding gains are calculated for each of the independent control laws. ES is then used to tune the adjustable parameters of LQTSs to calculate the control inputs, namely air/fuel ratio (AFR) and spark timing (Δ), such that the resulting exhaust gas temperature (T _exh) and engine-out HC emissions (HC _raw) be close to a set of optimum profiles. This enables the controller reduce the cumulative tailpipe hydrocarbon emissions (HC _cum) to the highest possible extent. To demonstrate the acceptable performance of the proposed controller, an optimal controller derived from the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) is also taken into account. Based on the results of the conducted comparative study, it is shown that the proposed control technique has a very good performance, and also, can be easily used for real-time applications, as it consumes a remarkably trivial computational time for calculating the controlling commands.     

System power loss optimization of electric vehicle driven by front and rear induction motors

Power loss optimization aiming at the high-efficiency drive of front-and-rear-induction-motor-drive electric vehicle (FRIMDEV) as an effective way to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range is of high importance. Different from the traditional look-up table method of motor efficiency, power loss optimization of the dual- motor system based on the loss mechanism of induction motor (IM) is proposed. First of all, based on the power loss characteristic of FRIMDEV from battery to wheels, the torque distribution optimization model aiming at the minimum system power loss is put forward. Secondly, referring to d-q axis equivalent model of IM, the power loss functions of the dual-IM system are modeled. Then, the optimal torque distribution coefficient (β _o) between the two IMs is derived, and the theoretical switching condition (T _sw) between the single- and dual-motor-drive mode (SMDM and DMDM) is confirmed. Finally, a dual-motor test platform is developed. The derived torque distribution strategy is verified. The influence of motor temperature on β _o and T _sw are tested, and the correction models based on temperature difference are proposed. Based on the system power loss analysis, it can be confirmed that, under low load conditions, the SMDM takes priority over the DMDM, and the controller of the idling motor should be shut down to avoid the additional excitation loss. While under middle to high load conditions, even torque distribution (β _o = 0.5) is preferred if the temperature difference between the two IMs is small; otherwise, β _o should be corrected based on dual-motor temperatures. The theoretical T _sw derived without dealing with temperature difference is a function only of motor speed, while temperature difference correction of it should be conducted in actual operations based on motor resistance changing with temperature.     

Improved method for analyzing automotive transmission parts (shaft/gear) manufactured using the warm shrink fitting process

There are three sub-processes associated with the assembly of an automobile transmission: heat fitting, shrink fitting, and combination fitting. In the heat fitting stage, the gear is heated to a specified temperature and then squeezed towards the outer diameter of the shaft. The stress of the heat-fitted gear depends on the yield strength of the gear. In the shrink fitting process, the gear is typically squeezed towards the shaft at room temperature using a press. An alternate method, known as warm shrink fitting, heats the already warm gear and safely squeezes it toward the shaft. The warm shrink fitting process for automobile transmission parts is becoming more commonplace, but the additional heating can cause the dimensions of the assembled parts (shaft/gear) to change with respect to both the outer diameter and the profile of the gear. As a result, there may be additional noise and vibration between gears. To address these problems, we analyzed the warm shrink fitting process using the contact pressure caused by fitting interference between the outer diameter of the shaft and the inner diameter of the gear, fitting temperature, and the profile tolerance of the gear as design parameters. In this study, a closed form equation for predicting the contact pressure and fitting load is proposed. This equation is used to develop an optimization technique for the warm shrink fitting process. The reliability of the model was verified using experimental results measured in the field, and FEM with thermal-structural coupled field analysis. Actual loads measured in the field showed good agreement with the results obtained by theoretical and finite element analysis, and expansion of the outer diameters of the gears agreed well with the results.     

齿轮锻坯热处理工艺及设备

阐述了我国齿轮毛坯正火存在的问题，认为目前我国通行的齿坯正火温度过高，不利于节能和提高产品质量。以20CrMnTi钢为例，建议将正火温度降为88℃-920℃。认为采用齿坯等温退火工艺是提高齿轮传动精度的有效途径，详细介绍了等温退火工艺原理和工艺特征，还介绍了该热处理过程采用的设备。     

汽车行星和半轴齿轮热处理工艺的改进

通过热处理工艺试验证明:采用再加热淬火工艺,可以细化齿轮材料的晶粒度和显微组织,改善不良的预处理组织;采用中冷连续式渗碳自动线进行渗碳淬火,不仅可以细化材料的晶粒,改善齿轮的金相组织,而且还可以大大提高齿轮热处理的生产效率。     

汽车用齿轮钢及其应用技术的某些进展

从齿轮的高强度化、高精度化和低成本3个方面介绍了齿轮材料及包括热处理、形变强化和表面处理等在内的齿轮制造技术领域的较新的进展情况。在齿轮的高强度化方面，除了正确运用各种合金元素外，合理的热处理和强化处理是很有效的；在高精度化方面，介绍了从钢材和热处理工艺着手减小变形的方法，以及氮化齿轮和感应淬火齿轮的最新进展，同时简述了热处理变形数值模拟技术应用的现状和发展前景；在降低齿轮制造成本方面主要介绍了冷锻齿轮用钢和高温渗碳技术的应用及效果。     

径向剃齿加工中技术参数的确定

介绍了径向剃齿方法及其技术参数的确定。该方法加工效率高、成本低、调整方便、加工精度高，不仅应用于传统的热前精加工，也应用到齿轮热后精加工。克服了热处理变形难于控制的缺点，达到令人满意的效果。     

热前加工齿轮参数的修正

针对汽车传动器齿轮热处理后会发生变形，造成齿轮的齿形、齿向和跨棒距等误差的问题，分析了影响齿轮变形的因素，通过热处理变形试验对齿轮热处理前、后的参数进行测量，并对不合格参数加以修正。     

热处理工艺对渗碳淬火钢齿轮弯曲疲劳强度的影响

在对现生产中开裂的薄壁渗碳齿轮进行失效分析的基础上,通过改进热处理生产工艺及装夹方式,有效降低薄壁渗碳齿轮的心部硬度,达到提高其弯曲疲劳强度之目的。     

Load Transfer Analysis of a Bus Bay Section Under Standard Rollover Test Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">U</Emphasis>*<Subscript>M</Subscript> Index

Bus rollover accidents are receiving increasing attention due to the associated high fatality rate. In order to improve the bus structural performance during the rollover collision, it is necessary to investigate how the impact force is transferred within the bus superstructure. This paper introduced a method for studying the load transfer behavior of the bus superstructure during the standard rollover test by using the U * _M index. A bus bay section was used as the sample structure to demonstrate the proposed method. The result of the paper reveals that the load transfer analysis based on the U * _M index can provide engineers with the insight of the structural issues and the direction to improve the structural performance, which cannot be accomplished through the conventional finite element analysis.     

主动圆锥齿轮尾部螺纹热处理工艺的研究

为解决热处理后主动圆锥齿轮尾部螺纹硬度达不到技术要求的问题，进行了几种热处理工艺试验。结果表明：采用双重保险工艺处理的主动圆锥齿轮尾部螺纹硬度完全可以达到产品技术要求，质量稳定可靠，但成本较高；采用感应退火工艺，尾部螺纹硬度可以达到技术要求，其特点是节能、生产效率高，但需要定期对尾部螺纹进行力学性能检测。     

Numerical Analysis of the Mixture Formation in a Two-Stroke Wall-Guided LPG DI Engine for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle

The use of automotive LPG characteristics which are easy to evaporate vaporization and carry. The paper presents a design of extended-range electric vehicle for wall-guided two stroke LPG engine with direct injection combustion system. Based on the modified vehicle LPG spray model, a database describing the characteristics of vehicle LPG fuel was built and imported into the CFD software. And the accuracy of the model is verified by the Schlieren experimental results. The concentration and velocity field of the mixture in the cylinder under different load conditions are numerically analyzed. The analyzed result indicated that the start injection time θ = 60°–70°CA BTDC under part load condition, the plug electrode near the gathering of a richer mixture is easy to be fired at spark ignition time, the obvious formation of mixture in cylinder is formed and the overall air-fuel ratio is above 40: 1. The start-transition working condition and large load conditions in the piston moves upward before closing the exhaust port to start injection LPG. The optimized LPG injection start time θ ensures that the fresh gas is locked in the cylinder when the exhaust port is closed (63°CA ABDC). In the ignition time of the spark plug, an ideal homogeneous mixture in the cylinder is realized.     

热处理工艺在汽车金属部件加工中的应用

热处理在汽车工业中处于十分重要的位置,也是汽车制造过程中的一道关键工序。文章介绍了汽车零部件的热处理加工技术,如可控气氛热处理、感应热处理及锻坯热处理等。汽车轻量化使得提高零部件强度的技术发展受到重视,发动机、驱动系统的部件大多采用渗碳淬火,高频淬火和氮化热处理以提高强度。文章指出,我国企业想要在激烈的竞争中谋求发展,生产技术革新要先行,热处理技术的改进则是重中之重.