The decline of the UK merchant fleet: an assessment of government policies in recent years

This paper attempts to outline the evolution of UK shipping policy since the mid 1980s, in the context of the decline of the UK Merchant Marine. It provides an analysis of the action, or inaction, of the UK government during the period up to 1991, and assesses whether a coherent and logical policy has been developed. In so doing it evaluates whether the UK is in line with the actions of the EC and its other maritime competitors in the field of shipping policy and whether, as a consequence, the decline of the Merchant Marine has been actively hindered or helped. An assessment is also made in the light of continuing political developments in the UK, and those predicted for the coming months.     

A most convenient flag--the basis for the expansion of the Singapore fleet, 1969-82

Singapore's brief stint as a fully-fledged Flag of Convenience from the late 1960s to the late 1970s facilitated the strong expansion of the country's merchant marine. This article outlines the basis for the introduction of Flag of Convenience-facilities in Singapore, analyses the transformation of the fleet in the period 1969–82 and examines the tightening of the registration requirements from the late 1970s onwards. Certain characteristics of the Singapore fleet and the pragmatism of the authorities in establishing and disbanding the open registry distinguish the Singapore registry from some of the other important Flags of Convenience.     

A most convenient flag--the basis for the expansion of the Singapore fleet, 1969-82

Singapore's brief stint as a fully-fledged Flag of Convenience from the late 1960s to the late 1970s facilitated the strong expansion of the country's merchant marine. This article outlines the basis for the introduction of Flag of Convenience-facilities in Singapore, analyses the transformation of the fleet in the period 1969-82 and examines the tightening of the registration requirements from the late 1970s onwards. Certain characteristics of the Singapore fleet and the pragmatism of the authorities in establishing and disbanding the open registry distinguish the Singapore registry from some of the other important Flags of Convenience.     

The choices of employing seafarers for the national shipowners in Taiwan: an empirical study

This paper focuses on the binary choice behavior of employing seafarers for the Taiwanese' national shipowners and embraces the empirical investigation based on the Binary Logit Model. First, three groups of important factors have been identified having a bearing on the national shipowners' hiring preferences: crew cost, competence and efficiency (including knowledge, skills, communication, physical and psychological attitude and conditions), as well as quality standard system complying with STCW95. Then, an empirical analysis, based on a Binary Logit Model about the national shipowners' choosing seafarers, is conducted to demonstrate the conceptual framework developed in this paper. The results show that the hiring decision is significantly affected by the crew cost. The national shipowners also consider several other factors when hiring officers and ratings. In addition, there are significant differences in hiring preference between the sailing international services and operating the liner ships. In the future, when the Measure shall be amended, the national shipowners will change their behavior to re-choose the foreign seafarers.     

民国时期东北海军小史

成因 疆域辽阔的中国东北地区,不仅土地肥沃,物产丰富,而且还蕴藏着极大的矿藏及森林资源;其东北及南部更拥有天然的出海口。历史上,东北地区周边有两个贪婪的邻居,即沙皇俄国与日本,在从18世纪开始发展的过程中,一个因西伯利亚荒凉而贫瘠,一个因海岛国土狭小而面临困难,所以变得强悍而凶恶。他们面对中国东北诱人的“蛋糕”,窥视多时且垂涎久矣,于是便迫不及待地（一个在北、一个在南）加紧了侵略东北地区的步伐：     

Economic policies and seaports: The diversity of port policies

This paper contrasts the economic policies adopted towards seaports by different countries in terms of their approaches to national, regional or local control. Various examples are presented and described, together with some of the difficulties that have been encountered. Examples are cited where national, regional and local governments have become involved, even though constitutional provisions appeared to present this. It is argued that national, regional and local governments all have interests in the efficiency of ports from various points of view; hence all should be involved. The arguments for and difficulties experienced in centralized planning and co-ordination are also discussed.

The variety of activities directly undertaken by port authorities is discussed, with the extreme positions labelled 'landlord' and 'comprehensive'. The remarkable variety of intermediate positions is also described. Whilst oversimplification is dangerous, the opportunities for expanding the private sector are analysed, even to the extent of wondering whether public sector port authorities are needed at all. This, therefore is the subject of the next paper.     

1911—1949年的民国海军概观

民国海军是中华民族也是中国近、现代海上力量发展史上不可回避的一页。说起民国海军，还应当从它的前身清末海军谈起。在甲午战争后期的1895年2月，日军围攻清朝北洋舰队驻扎地刘公岛，清军水师提督丁汝昌及管带刘步蟾等重要高级将领在弹尽援绝之下先后自尽，部分中级军官向日军乞降，使得在黄海海战失利后存余的舰艇及基地炮台军资、器械尽被日军虏获。遭受奇耻大辱的清政府遂在1895年3月12日撤销了海军衙门，更将所有北洋水师官兵全部罢遣。至此，曾一度称雄东亚水域并被清王朝苦心经营多年的中国近代海军舰队已是荡然无存。     

Examining stakeholder participation and conflicts associated with large scale infrastructure projects: the case of Tema port expansion project,Ghana

ABSTRACT

Balancing economic activities with socio-environmental considerations has become a global standard for the construction of large scale infrastructure projects, including ports. In this discourse, stakeholder participation and environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) have been stressed as important tools that can help port managers to co-create values, avoid conflicts and promote inclusive growth. Drawing on qualitative research tools and stakeholder theory, this paper explores whether and to what extent local stakeholders’ inclusion has substantial influence on addressing their socio-cultural concerns and interest. This is illustrated with a case study of an ongoing port expansion project at Ghana’s largest port of Tema. The findings suggest that although the port authority conducted an ESIA and engaged local stakeholders as part of the planning process, this did not translate into preventing the loss of valuable cultural resources of the local communities. The port authority did not place ‘value’ on cultural resources of the local communities that cannot be expressed in monetary terms. Further, lack of good faith engagement with local stakeholders led to conflicts in some cases that triggered a court action and delays. The paper concludes that stakeholder participation if not applied well, can become a ‘post-political’ tool.     

舰艇编队多平台压制性支援干扰效能分析

支援干扰在舰艇编队电子对抗作战中具有重要意义.基于雷达有源压制干扰手段下的多平台协同支援干扰问题,和传统单平台自卫式干扰相比,具有不易暴露目标和能有效分配干扰资源等显著优势.本文在对舰艇编队实施多平台压制性支援干扰问题的效能分析中,重点讨论多平台协同干扰对有效干扰扇面和掩护区的影响,得出了多平台协同支援干扰提高使用效能的方法结论,对于编队协同压制性支援干扰的战法研究具有一定的借鉴意义.     

船员条例对海事工作的影响

2007年9月1日生效的《中华人民共和国船员条例》是我国第一部专门针对船员进行系统规范管理的重要行政法规，文章对《中华人民共和国船员条例》出台的背景和主要内容作了阐述，最后还就《中华人民共和国船员条例》的施行对海事管理工作的影响提出了一些看法。     

论“中华人民共和国引航法”立法的必要性

作为一个拥有诸多港口的海运大国,如何从法律的角度规范引航活动,约束引航员的工作、服务和行为,保障引航员的权益,是我国的一项空白。本文从引航员的角度阐述了“中华人民共和国引航法”立法的必要性。     

中华人民共和国航运公司安全与防污染管理规定

第一章总则第一条为提高航运公司安全与防污染管理水平,保障水上交通安全,防止船舶污染水域环境,根据《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》、《中华人民共和国内河交通安全管理条例》、《国务院对确需保留的行政审批项目设定行政许可的决定》等法律、行政法规以及我国缔结或者加入的相关国际公约,制定本规定。第二条本规定适用于航运公司安全与防污染管理体系(以下简称安全管理体系)的建立、实施、保持及其相关活动的监督管理。第三条交通部主管全国航运公司安全与防污染工作。中华人民共和国海事局依照本规定对航运公司安全与防污染活动实施监…     

舰队传感器的物联网互联技术研究

传感器网络作为一种低成本高效能的数据采集与监控网络,已经被应用于多种应用场景,并发挥着越来越重要的作用。而采用传感器网络对船舶状态进行监测,对船员状况进行检查等,已成为当代船舶的基础功能之一。随着越来越多的舰载设备被纳入到这个传感器网络中,通过不同船舶间网络的交互,舰队物联网逐渐形成。为进一步提高舰队物联网的使用效能,本文对物联网的互联技术进行研究,提出一种将IPv6个域网与船舶传感器网络相融合的舰队物联网方案,通过仿真结果可看出,本文提出的方案具有较好的使用效果,能够在当前的船舶和舰队中获得使用。     

中华人民共和国车船税暂行条例

《中华人民共和国车船税暂行条例》(国务院482号令)经国务院第162次常务会议通过,自2007年1月1日起施行,原《中华人民共和国车船使用税暂行条例》、《中华人民共和国车船使用牌照税暂行条例》同时废止。具体内容如下:     

The impacts of strait and canal blockages on the transportation costs of the Chinese fleet in the shipping network

ABSTRACT

Straits and canals have always served as key nodes in shipping networks. The blockage of a strait or canal will lead to ship deviations and increased transportation costs. To measure this impact on the Chinese fleet, our study develops a mathematical model that is based on a programming formulation. Each strait or canal is assumed to be blocked in turn, and the increased transportation costs for the Chinese fleet in different scenarios are calculated and compared using the proposed programming formulation in order to measure the impact of the blocked strait or canal on the Chinese fleet. Larger increases in transportation costs have greater impacts on the fleet. The results show that a blockage of the Strait of Hormuz would have the greatest impact of all straits and canals; it would cause the Chinese fleet to lose a portion of its import and export market, and such a blockage cannot be addressed through ship deviations. Based upon increased transportation costs, the four straits or canals that would have the greatest impact if blocked are the Mandeb Strait, the Suez Canal, the Sunda Strait and the English Channel.     

Economic policies and seaports: The economic functions of seaports

This paper argues that the economic functions of seaports are to benefit those whose trade passes through them, i.e. through providing increments to consumers' and producers' surpluses. Whilst recent developments in the technologies of seaports (containers, bigger ships, more rapid handling of bulk cargoes) have increased technical efficiency, they have also provided such economies of scale as to reduce some opportunities for competition and, therefore, the probability that cost reductions are actually passed on in this way. For this purpose port costs need to be considered in their entirety, i.e. as generalized transport costs per tonne, comprising money, time and the risks of loss, damage and delay. Such cost reductions will lead to expanded trade in a variety of ways.

This statement of the economic function of seaports is contrasted with views that they should try to increase employment in their locality, or that they should maximize profits.     

中华人民共和国船舶签证管理规则

本规则2007年10月1日起实施第一章总则第一条为规范船舶签证行为,保障水上交通安全,依据《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》和《中华人民共和国内河交通安全管理条例》,制定本规则。第二条国内航行船舶在中华人民共和国管辖水域内办理船舶签证,适用本规则。本规则不适用于军事船     

Making the Australian flag fleet efficient: dysfunctional policy processes and the 'play of power'

In 1997 the Australian government introduced reform measures aimed at improving the efficiency and cost effectiveneess of the Auistralian maritime sector. These measures are part of an ongoing reform programme initiated in the early 1980s; but despite concerted efforts by a succession of governments and the payout of high labour redundancy costs the problems of inefficiency, high costs and low profitability persist. This paper focuses on the structure and mechanism of the policy making processes that have attempted to deal with the problem of making the Australian national flag fleet efficient and competitive. It does so because it is a fundamental tenet of the paper that it is the process of policy making that so frequently—if not invariably—determines policy content and outcomes.