Economic value and utility of a powertrain system for a plug-in parallel diesel hybrid electric bus

This research is the first to develop a design for a powertain system of a plug-in parallel diesel hybrid electric bus equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and presents a new design paradigm of the plug-in hybrid electric bus (HEB). The criteria and method for selecting and sizing powertrain components equipped in the plug-in HEB are presented. The plug-in HEB is designed to overcome the vulnerable limitations of driving range and performance of a purely electric vehicle (EV) and to improve fuel economy and exhaust emissions of conventional bus and conventional HEBs. The control strategy of the complicated connected propulsion system in the plug-in parallel HEB is one of the most significant factors in achieving higher fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions of the HEV. In this research, a new optimal control strategy concept is proposed against existing rule-based control strategies. The optimal powertrain control strategy is obtained through two steps of optimizations: tradeoff optimization for emission control and energy flow optimization based on the instantaneous optimization technique. The proposed powertrain control strategy has the flexibility to adapt to battery SOC, exhaust emission amount, classified driving pattern, driving condition, and engine temperature. The objective of the optimal control strategy is to optimize the fuel consumption, electricity use, and exhaust emissions proper to the performance targets. The proposed control strategy was simulated to prove its validity by using analysis simulation tool ADVISOR (advanced vehicle simulator).     

CAMRY与PRIUS永磁同步电动机比较

首先分析CAMRY与PRIUS的动力系统,接着对两车电动机的转子结构、空载磁场、钕铁硼磁钢和效率图进行比较,最后给出CAMRY和PRIUS永磁同步电动机主要参数的计算结果,并做对比分析。     

Impedance-based and circuit-parameter-based battery models for HEV power systems

The relationship between voltage and current inside a battery, or the impedance, plays an important role in the simulation and design of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power systems. This paper proposes a new approach employing the Bode plot for evaluation of equivalent circuit parameters for a lithium polymer battery (LiPB) for HEV application. The main concept of the proposed circuit-parameter-based model approach is the application of a transfer function used to process the frequency response of the battery for calculation of accurate circuit parameters. Additionally, the Bode plot is also applied to derive the impedance-based model directly from frequency response measurements for short time simulations and practical use in the HEV. Two methods for battery modeling are proposed and verified experimentally with the voltage-current profile of a conventional HEV using the battery measured in this paper. The results show that the proposed circuit-parameter-based technique provides a satisfactory battery equivalent circuit model.     

混合动力电动汽车关键技术

混合动力电动汽车（HEV）的核心是混合动力驱动系统，HEV系统具有高度的复杂性，混合动力系统设计的关键是系统结构的选择，整车能量管理策略的开发和系统参数的确定。功率分别是系统能量管理策略研究的关键，随着研究的深入，自适应控制，模糊逻辑控制，神经元网络控制等方法也得到了有效的运用。文中对子系统的关键技术及整车试验方法一评价体系的建立等方面进行了讨论。     

Plug-in混合动力电动汽车的研究分析

外接充电式混合动力电动汽车（Plug-in HEV）是在传统混合动力汽车基础上派生出来的新型节能环保车,可以大大改善汽车有害气体和温室气体排放,提高汽车燃油经济性。文章介绍了Plug-in HEV的动力系统结构,阐述了Plug-in HEV的工作模式及控制策略,指出Plug-in HEV除具有纯电动汽车的全部优点外,还可利用晚间低谷电对电池充电等优点,但同时又受到充电基础设施和成本等因素制约,是一种最有发展前景的混合动力电动汽车。     

Model Predictive Coordinated Control for Dual-Mode Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Power-split hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have great potential fuel efficiency and have attracted extensive research attention with regard to their control system. The coordinated controller in HEV plays an important role in tracking the optimal state reference generated by the energy management strategy (EMS), so as to reach the desired fuel efficiency. Meanwhile, the coordinated controller also has a significant impact on driving performance. To improve its performance, the design of a model predictive control (MPC) based coordinated controller in power-split HEV is presented. First, a non-linear, time-varying constrained control oriented transmission model of a dual-mode power-split HEV is formulated to describe this control problem. Then, to solve this problem, the non-linear part in the transmission model is linearised, and a linear MPC is used to obtain the control signals for the motors and engine at each time step. To meet the requirements of real-time computation, a fast MPC method is also applied to reduce the online computation effort. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MPC-based coordinated controller.     

Kriging assisted on-line torque calculation for brushless DC motors used in electric vehicles

Torque is one of the most important control factors for a vehicle’s motion. Compared with internal combustion engines, electric motors can have a more accurate torque feedback which brings a lot of advantages to vehicle dynamics and stability control. However, motors used in electric vehicles are facing more difficult conditions than those in conventional applications, such as extreme high/low temperature changing, vibration, aging, etc. The variation of motor parameters due to harsh working conditions can lead to serious problems for motor torque estimation and thus dynamic control of electric vehicles. In this paper, a new method using kriging to estimate the back EMF and thus accurately calculate motor torque in an on-line fashion is presented. With motor speed and rotor position as inputs, kriging predicts back EMF as the output that is used to calculate the motor torque with three phase currents. Using this novel method, motor torque can be accurately calculated even facing high/low temperatures or aging conditions. Experimental tests under the high temperature have been conducted to verify the applicability of the proposed method.     

基于支持向量数据描述的驱动桥异响检测

针对驱动桥异响检测缺乏故障样本的问题,提出了异响检测的单值分类法———支持向量数据描述法(SVDD)。这种方法只需要正常运行状态的数据样本,就可以建立单值分类器,区分出正常和异常状态。试验中,提取驱动桥振动信号频谱的二维谱熵作为特征指标,输入到SVDD分类器。结果表明SVDD算法计算效率高,分类效果好,可以满足在线检测的要求。     

CAN总线在混合动力电动公共汽车中的应用

介绍了CAN总线及其通讯协议,结合混合动力电动汽车的特性阐述了CAN总线系统总体设计的思路。以混合动力内燃发电系统控制器为例,简要介绍CAN总线通信的软、硬件实现方法。该设计已应用在混合动力柴油发电机组控制器中,满足了控制需要。     

混合动力汽车燃油经济性研究

应用能量分析的方法,以轿车和载货汽车为例,研究了混合动力汽车(HEV)与传统燃油发动机汽车的燃油经济性。发现按原车后备功率最大值时所对应的车速所需的驱动功率作为HEV燃油发动机功率的选择依据,节油效果最显著。当燃油驱动功率和电动驱动功率各占50%左右时,HEV轿车的经济性评价指标为原车的22.8%,HEV货车的经济性评价指标为原车的79.2%,同时又能保证动力性基本不变。结果表明,用混合动力可以有效地降低汽车的100km燃料消耗量,轿车的燃料消耗降低幅度大于货车。     

基于CAN总线的AMT控制器研究

以某混合动力电动大客车应用为例,设计开发了基于CAN总线的AMT控制系统。开发了基于H桥电路执行机构的电动机驱动电路和基于PID的控制程序。仿真及试验表明,该控制系统具有良好的稳定性和实用性,为混合动力电动汽车的多能源动力总成实现自动能量分配提供了可能。     

基于优化高斯过程回归算法的锂离子电池可用容量估算

为了解决应用数据驱动算法估算锂离子电池可用容量时存在的电池老化特征提取不准确、可用容量衰退趋势跟踪精度低及模型要求训练数据量大等问题,提出一种基于优化高斯过程回归算法的锂离子电池可用容量估算方法,实现锂离子电池强非线性全衰退过程可用容量精确估算。首先,提取电池表面平均温度、容量增量曲线峰值及峰值对应电压作为表征电池老化状态的健康因子,通过灰色关联度分析法和熵权值法对所选健康因子进行合理性评估;然后,用2个单一核函数构造高斯过程回归算法复合核函数,并利用鲸鱼优化算法完成复合核函数的参数寻优,基于优化后的高斯过程回归模型实现锂离子电池可用容量估算;最后,通过对比不同核参数寻优算法,证明鲸鱼优化算法在参数寻优方面的先进性,并通过与传统的高斯过程回归、支持向量机、径向基神经网络等机器学习算法进行可用容量估算对比,证明模型的有效性。研究结果表明:基于复合核函数和鲸鱼优化算法参数寻优可以有效改善高斯过程回归模型性能,所建立的优化高斯过程回归模型能够基于较少训练数据实现电池容量的精确估算,并能够有效追踪锂离子电池非线性长周期衰退趋势;对不同电池数据也具备较好的自适应能力,可用容量估算最大误差低于1.56%。     

Vehicle dynamics control of an electric-all-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle using tyre force optimisation and allocation

ABSTRACT

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) offer improved fuel efficiency compared to conventional vehicles at the expense of adding complexity and at times, reduced total power. As a result, HEV generally lack the dynamic performance that customers enjoy. To address this issue, the paper presents a HEV with electric All-Wheel-Drive capabilities via the use of torque vectoring electric rear axle drive (TVeRAD) to power the rear axle. The addition of TVeRAD to a front wheel drive HEV improves the total power output. To improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle, the TVeRAD provides torque vectoring at the rear axle. A bond graph model of the drivetrain is developed and used in co-simulation with CarSim. The paper proposes a control system which utilises control allocation to optimise tyre forces. The proposed control system is tested in the simulation environment with a high fidelity CarSim vehicle model. Simulation results show the control system is able to maximise vehicle longitudinal performance while avoiding tyre saturation on low mu surfaces. More importantly, the control system is able to track the desired yaw moment request on a high speed double lane change manoeuvre through the use of the TVeRAD to improve the handling characteristic of the vehicle.     

电动轮驱动的混合动力汽车开发方案

分析了目前世界上典型的混合动力汽车动力总成方案,从结构模式、汽车性能以及具体布置型式3方面进行了详细地比较。提出了一种采用电动轮驱动的混合动力汽车开发方案,该方案基于某型轿车平台进行混合动力汽车的设计,动力总成采用ISG并联混合模式。同时在后轮安装2个轮毂电机,实现电动轮驱动模式。该技术开发方案,对电动轮技术以及混合动力开发技术的研究与发展具有十分重要的参考意义。     

柔性层状路面应力和位移场的边界元分析

为研究任意形状分布的各种荷载作用下柔性多层弹性路面应力和位移的性状分布特点,利用层状材料的广义Kelvin基本解,建立了边界元分析方法.结合广义Kelvin基本解与边界元方法,建立柔性层状路面边值问题的边界积分方程,对于核函数中出现的奇异积分做了解答.该方程中不舍在层状材料交界面上的积分,可求解任意形状分布各种荷载作用下的多层弹性体系应力和位移.算例分析表明:该方法可以获得较高的计算精度;由于采用了层状材料的广义Kelvin基本解,该方法能处理力学参数沿深度方向任意变化的柔性路面.     

Analysis of a regenerative braking system for Hybrid Electric Vehicles using an Electro-Mechanical Brake

The regenerative braking system of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a key technology that can improve fuel efficiency by 20∼50%, depending on motor size. In the regenerative braking system, the electronically controlled brake subsystem that directs the braking forces into four wheels independently is indispensable. This technology is currently found in the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and in Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC). As braking technologies progress toward brake-by-wire systems, the development of Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) systems will be very important in the improvement of both fuel consumption and vehicle safety. This paper investigates the modeling and simulation of EMB systems for HEVs. The HEV powertrain was modeled to include the internal combustion engine, electric motor, battery and transmission. The performance simulation for the regenerative braking system of the HEV was performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The control performance of the EMB system was evaluated via the simulation of the regenerative braking of the HEV during various driving conditions.     

Application of a modified thermostatic control strategy to parallel mild HEV for improving fuel economy in urban driving conditions

A modified thermostatic control strategy is applied to the powertrain control of a parallel mild hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to improve fuel economy. This strategy can improve the fuel economy of a parallel mild HEV by operating internal combustion engine (ICE) in a high-efficiency region. Thus, in this study, experiments of a parallel mild HEV were conducted to analyze the characteristics of the hybrid electric powertrain and a numerical model is developed for the vehicle. Based on the results, the thermostatic control strategy was modified and applied to the vehicle model. Also, battery protection logic by using electrochemical battery model is applied because the active usage of battery by thermostatic control strategy can damage the battery. The simulation results of the vehicle under urban driving conditions show that the thermostatic control strategy can improve the vehicle’s fuel economy by 3.7 % compared with that of the conventional strategy. The results also suggest that the trade-off between the fuel economy improvement by efficient ICE operation and the battery life reduction by active battery usage should be carefully investigated when a thermostatic control strategy is applied to a parallel mild HEV.     

我国混合动力城市客车节油率水平分析与建议

分析影响混合动力城市客车节油率水平的因素及存在的问题;结合大量试验数据,对比分析自2009年以来我国混合动力城市客车的节油率水平;建议将市场上同类常规车型的整体油耗作为与混合动力城市客车节油率比较的基础数据,并提出其他相关建议。     

混合动力汽车整车控制策略研究

混合动力汽车整车控制策略是动力汽车的核心。本文综述当前混合动力汽车控制关键技术,分析应用于动力汽车的主要控制理论,提出整车控制策略研究的重点和突破方向,对混合动力汽车控制策略设计有借鉴意义。     

基于遗传算法的混合动力汽车参数多目标优化

针对混合动力汽车设计参数众多的状况,提出了一种对混合动力汽车传动系统参数和控制参数同时进行优化的多目标优化新方法--自适应遗传算法.在ADVISOR平台上,以一辆使用逻辑门限控制策略的并联混合动力汽车为例,分析并建立了以动力性能指标为约束的混合动力汽车参数优化的非线性规划模型,其目标函数包含最小油耗和最佳排放性能.针对遗传算法容易早熟等不足,采用带自适应交叉和变异算子的遗传算法和模拟退火技术相结合进行求解.仿真结果表明了所提出方法的有效性.