Experimental investigation into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of electric locomotive wheels

Experiments were conducted at field sites to investigate the mechanism of the polygonal wear of electric locomotive wheels. The polygonal wear rule of electric locomotive wheels was obtained. Moreover, two on-track tests have been carried out to investigate the vibration characteristics of the electric locomotive's key components. The measurement results of wheels out-of-round show that most electric locomotive wheels exhibit polygonal wear. The main centre wavelength in the 1/3 octave bands is 200?mm and/or 160?mm. The test results of vibration characteristics indicate that the dominating frequency of the vertical acceleration measured on the axle box is approximately equal to the passing frequency of a polygonal wheel, and does not vary with the locomotive speed during the acceleration course. The wheelset modal analysis using the finite element method (FEM) indicates that the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset is quite close to the main vibration frequency of the axle box. The FEM results are verified by the experimental modal analysis of the wheelset. Moreover, different plans were designed to verify whether the braking system and the locomotive's adhesion control have significant influence on the wheel polygon or not. The test results indicate that they are not responsible for the initiation of the wheel polygon. The first bending resonance of the wheelset is easy to be excited in the locomotive operation and it is the root cause of wheel polygon with centre wavelength of 200?mm in the 1/3 octave bands.     

An investigation into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels and its effect on the dynamic behaviour of a wheel/rail system

This paper presents a detailed investigation conducted into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels through extensive experiments conducted at the sites. The purpose of the experimental investigation is to determine from where the resonant frequency that causes the polygonal wear of the metro train wheels originates. The experiments include the model tests of a vehicle and its parts and the tracks, the dynamic behaviour test of the vehicle in operation and the observation test of the polygonal wear development of the wheels. The tracks tested include the viaducts and the tunnel tracks. The structure model tests show that the average passing frequency of a polygonal wheel is approximately close to the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset that is found by the wheelset model test and verified by the finite element analysis of the wheelset. Also, the dynamic behaviour test of the vehicle in operation indicates the main frequencies of the vertical acceleration vibration of the axle boxes, which are dominant in the vertical acceleration vibration of the axle boxes and close to the passing frequency of a polygonal wheel, which shows that the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset is very exciting in the wheelset operation. The observation test of the polygonal wear development of the wheels indicates an increase in the rate of the polygonal wear of the wheels after their re-profiling. This paper also describes the dynamic models used for the metro vehicle coupled with the ballasted track and the slab track to analyse the effect of the polygonal wear of the wheels on the wheel/rail normal forces.     

The mechanism for the coupler and draft gear and its influence on safety during a train collision

A mechanical model of the coupler and draft gear was established to study the mechanism during an intercity train collision. The model includes four rigid bodies, one spherical joint, two nonlinear torsion spring units and two nonlinear hysteresis units. Simulation and test results show that the axial characteristics of the model are reasonable and the model can reasonably simulate the pitching movement of the coupler. The influence of the coupler and draft gear on the collision behaviour of the train is analysed considering a four-section intercity train. The results show that during the collision process, the amount of compression of the middle coupler is an important factor influencing the pitching deflection angle. The pitching motion posture of the coupler changes with the initial pitching deflection angle, but the initial pitching deflection angle has little effect on its yawing deflection angle. When the pitching angle of the middle coupler is elevated, as the elevation angle increases, the derailment risk of the ‘A’ end bogie of the previous vehicle increases, whereas the risk of derailment of the ‘B’ end bogie of the subsequent vehicle decreases. When the pitching angle of the middle coupler is depressed, the derailment trends for the front and rear bogies exhibit the opposite trend from that of the elevation angle. As the train collision speed increases, the pitching motion of the middle coupler is limited to forcing a yawing motion, causing the yawing deflection angle to increase sharply, which causes the wheel–rail lateral force to increase rapidly. From this, the derailment risk of the bogie increases, which further causes large displacement lateral buckling of the train. An anti-lateral buckling device can limit the yawing deflection angle of the middle coupler, preventing lateral buckling from large displacement and decreasing the risk of derailment.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of rail corrugation on the behaviour of rail fastenings

This paper presents the results of a detailed investigation of the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of metro rail fastenings, obtained from extensive experiments conducted on site and from simulations of train–track dynamics. The results of tests conducted with a metro train operating on corrugated tracks are presented and discussed first. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the metro train and a slab track was developed using multi-body dynamics modelling and the finite element method to simulate the effect of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of rail fastenings. In the model, the metro train is modelled as a multi-rigid body system, and the slab track is modelled as a discrete elastic support system consisting of two Timoshenko beams for the rails, a 3D solid finite element (FE) model for the slabs, periodic discrete viscoelastic elements for the rail fastenings that connect the rails to the slabs, and uniformly viscoelastic elements for the subgrade beneath the slabs. The proposed train–track model was used to investigate the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of the metro track system and fastenings. An FE model for the rail fastenings was also developed and was used to calculate the stresses in the clips, some of which rupture under the excitation of rail corrugation. The results of the field experiments and dynamics simulations provide an insight into the root causes of the fracture of the clips, and several remedies are suggested for mitigating strong vibrations and failure of metro rail fastening systems.     

Modelling and analysis of the crush zone of a typical Australian passenger train

In this paper, a three-dimensional nonlinear rigid body model has been developed for the investigation of the crashworthiness of a passenger train using the multibody dynamics approach. This model refers to a typical design of passenger cars and train constructs commonly used in Australia. The high-energy and low-energy crush zones of the cars and the train constructs are assumed and the data are explicitly provided in the paper. The crash scenario is limited to the train colliding on to a fixed barrier symmetrically. The simulations of a single car show that this initial design is only applicable for the crash speed of 35 km/h or lower. For higher speeds (e.g. 140 km/h), the crush lengths or crush forces or both the crush zone elements will have to be enlarged. It is generally better to increase the crush length than the crush force in order to retain the low levels of the longitudinal deceleration of the passenger cars.     

汽车动力传动系扭振的固有特性和结构修改控制措施分析

本文首先建立了一种FR式汽车动力传动系扭振的多自由度分析模型,据此对其扭振固有特性进行了较详细的计算分析。然后对适用于动力传动系扭振噪声控制的各种可能的结构修改(即扭转刚度、转动惯量和扭振阻尼)措施分别进行了模拟计算分析。这些分析结果对于FR式汽车具有典型意义。     

内燃机瞬时转速测量及其误差研究

论述了测量内燃机瞬时转速的PC仪器的工作原理 ,构成及其应用实例 ,并对磁电式转速测量系统固有的测量误差进行了详细分析研究。     

摩托车塑料件涂装新工艺及发展趋势探讨

ABS塑料件涂装时,常会出现内应力,喷涂后毛坯细裂,漆膜失光,毛坯起泡、变脆、易断裂,表面颗粒、麻点,附着力不良等问题,主要原因是表面张力小,溶解度参数与涂料中树脂、溶剂的溶解度参数差异较大,成型时产生的内应力易使漆膜裂纹或降低涂层光泽等,表面易产生静电和吸附灰尘,影响涂装效果。模内涂装和模内注射涂装技术,所用涂料为无溶剂涂料,作业过程无有机溶剂散发,因此无环境污染,涂料利用率非常高,在注塑时一并完成涂装,应该成为塑料涂装的发展方向。     

并联混合动力汽车功率分配最优控制及其动态规划性能指标的研究

研究了并联混合动力汽车功率分配的最优控制方法,应用动态规划方法求解功率分配的最优解,并着重分析了其性能指标。该指标融入了电池(电机)功率和整车需求功率,同时建立了燃油消耗和荷电状态变化量之间的物理关系。仿真结果表明,动态规划方法可以大幅度提高混合动力汽车的燃油经济性,并且功率损失型性能指标的效果更加显著。     

城市道路区域交通信号控制系统的设计与实现

设计的城市道路区域交通信号控制系统采用P89LPC952单片机作为各路口控制器,通过RS-485总线与上位机进行通信,I2C总线接收由车辆检测装置检测到的实时车流量信号.上位机根据实时车流量信号进行分析计算,得到优化的信号配时方案,传送给各路口控制器,控制各路口交通信号灯的变化,实现各路口通行、禁行时间的倒计时显示.各路口控制器可工作在单机控制和通信控制2种模式下,既可根据上位机指令进行路口控制,又可独立控制路口,实现区域内多路口的交通信号控制.