Driver models in automobile dynamics application

Understanding the driver of an automobile has been attractive to researchers from many different disciplines for more than half a century. On the basis of their acquirements, models of the (human) driver have been developed to better understand, analyse and improve the combined couple of driver and automobile. Due to distinctive demands on the models in accordance with different kinds of applications, a variety of driver models is available. An overview of driver models is given with respect to their application and different methodical modelling approaches. The emphasis is put on the interest of engineers, who generally focus on the automobile (like design and optimization of vehicle components and the overall vehicle dynamics behaviour) by applying their approved (mathematical) methods. Nonetheless, a brief look beyond is added to better complete the view on the involved task of driving and driver modelling for automobile dynamics application.     

商用车前撞报警算法研究

汽车前撞报警系统能够有效避免追尾危险,对提高交通安全具有重要意义。针对商用车,提出了危险系数的概念及适应驾驶员特性的基于危险系数Crisk的报警算法,确定了报警启动逻辑,通过真实道路实验获得驾驶员特性实验数据,得到不同类型驾驶员跟车行为特性参数,并且根据驾驶员异常行为的实验数据统计得到报警阈值。通过硬件在环仿真实验和实车试验,统计分析了系统报警的正确率、漏警率和误警率。试验结果表明,提出的前撞报警算法能够有效体现不同类型的驾驶员特性,提高了系统的可接受性。     

A method for estimation of vehicle inertial parameters

In this paper, a new method is presented for estimating the current sprung mass inertial parameters of a vehicle, such as the mass, pitch and roll mass moments of inertia, and lateral and longitudinal centre of gravity locations. The method measures the sprung mass response when the vehicle is driven over an unknown and unmeasured random road profile. From these measurements, the equivalent free-decay responses are extracted and modal analysis techniques used to estimate the sprung mass natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. This information is combined with a simplified vehicle estimation model, least squares analysis and known equivalent stiffness parameters to estimate the vehicles’ inertial parameters. The results obtained from several simulation examples show that estimates of the inertial parameters generally have small relative errors.     

Driving environment assessment using fusion of in- and out-of-vehicle vision systems

Because the overall driving environment consists of a complex combination of the traffic Environment, Vehicle, and Driver (EVD), Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) must consider not only events from each component of the EVD but also the interactions between them. Although previous researchers focused on the fusion of the states from the EVD (EVD states), they estimated and fused the simple EVD states for a single function system such as the lane change intent analysis. To overcome the current limitations, first, this paper defines the EVD states as driver’s gazing region, time to lane crossing, and time to collision. These states are estimated by enhanced detection and tracking methods from in- and out-of-vehicle vision systems. Second, it proposes a long-term prediction method of the EVD states using a time delayed neural network to fuse these states and a fuzzy inference system to assess the driving situation. When tested with real driving data, our system reduced false environment assessments and provided accurate lane departure, vehicle collision, and visual inattention warning signals.     

基于机器视觉的驾驶员注意力状态监测技术研究

在将头部朝向近似为视线方向的前提下,研究了驾驶员头部朝向角度与注意力分散之间的关系;提出了头部朝向偏离路面的持续时间和时间比例两个注意力分散指标,建立了基于驾驶员面部特征点(如眼睛,鼻孔)的模型以进行头部朝向角度的估算和注意力分散程度的判别.实验结果表明,对驾驶员面部朝向角度的估计精度达到了较高水平,对注意力分散的检测也达到了较高的准确率.     

Vehicle control synthesis using phase portraits of planar dynamics

ABSTRACT

Phase portraits provide control system designers strong graphical insight into nonlinear system dynamics. These plots readily display vehicle stability properties and map equilibrium point locations and movement to changing parameters and system inputs. This paper extends the usage of phase portraits in vehicle dynamics to control synthesis by illustrating the relationship between the boundaries of stable vehicle operation and the state derivative isoclines in the yaw rate–sideslip phase plane. Closed-loop phase portraits demonstrate the potential for augmenting a vehicle's open-loop dynamics through steering and braking. The paper concludes by applying phase portrait analysis to an envelope control algorithm for yaw stability and a sliding surface controller for stabilising a saddle point equilibrium in drifting.     

车辆前方行驶环境识别技术探讨

基于雷达和视觉技术对车辆前方行驶环境识别,进而判断车辆安全状态和实现纵向横行运动状态警示和控制,其是实现汽车安全辅助驾驶的主要技术途径。介绍车辆前方行驶环境识别涉及到的雷达和视觉的一些技术,其中包括雷达种类和适用场合,雷达检测障碍物的算法,车用图像的性能要求,基于图像特征和模型的车道线识别的方法,利用图像实现其他环境信息识别的方法。     

人-车-路闭环系统驾驶员模型参数辨识

基于在驾驶模拟器上进行的人－车－路闭环系统仿真试验，使用全局演化局部寻优的辨识算法，对驾驶员模型进行参数辨识。通过大量的实际驾驶人员的试验数据，辨识出各种水平的驾驶员模型参数，为改进智能车控制系统的设计提供了依据。利用辨识得到的驾驶员模型和车辆模型进行了人－车－路闭环系统的双移线与蛇行线仿真，仿真结果与试验数据具有很好的一致性。     

线控汽车驾驶员特性辨识算法的研究

线控汽车相对于传统汽车具有较多的控制自由度,控制算法设计可将人的因素考虑在车辆集成控制中,进行人性化设计,变\"人适应车\"为\"车适应人\",最终实现车辆的安全、智能驾驶。文中确定了驾驶员特性辨识系统,以转向行为为例,对驾驶员特性进行分类,并采用神经网络方法建立了辨识模型,在驾驶模拟器上对所研究方法进行实验验证。结果表明,所建立的驾驶员特性辨识模型有较高精度,能对驾驶员特性进行预测,方法可行。     

汽车驾驶人姿态监测系统研究综述（双语出版）

随着自动驾驶技术的发展,驾驶人将会参与更多的与驾驶无关的活动,从而呈现出新的姿态,这些新姿态是优化传统被动安全系统的重要切入点。而且在未来相当长的时间内,自动驾驶车辆的行驶依然依赖于人和系统的密切配合。对驾驶人姿态的观察,则可以为判断驾驶人是否有能力及时接管车辆提供帮助,从而确保安全、合理的人机交互过程。通过对大量相关文献的系统性梳理,综述了汽车驾驶人姿态监测技术的智能化发展趋势,从传感器种类以及相应的姿态监测算法出发,分析了目前不同监测系统的优缺点。研究发现,尽管传感器技术和姿态识别算法取得了明显进步,然而廉价稳定且能够在实际驾驶条件下对驾驶人姿态准确感知的监测系统依然缺乏。总体而言,目前的监测系统大多只是集中于对驾驶人局部身体部位的感知,缺乏实际驾驶条件下的性能分析,并且对驾驶人状态的实时感知和预测能力仍有待完善。最后,针对目前监测系统所面临的问题,对未来可能的研究方向进行展望,并提出主动式立体视觉系统和压力传感器阵列相融合的驾驶人姿态监测方式。研究成果将为驾驶人姿态监测系统的研究提供参考和借鉴,从而有助于道路交通安全水平的进一步提升,同时也可为人机交互界面的设计带来启发。     

Risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance using a combined steering torque overlay and differential braking

This paper describes a risk management algorithm for rear-side collision avoidance. The proposed risk management algorithm consists of a supervisor and a coordinator. The supervisor is designed to monitor collision risks between the subject vehicle and approaching vehicle in the adjacent lane. An appropriate criterion of intervention, which satisfies high acceptance to drivers through the consideration of a realistic traffic, has been determined based on the analysis of the kinematics of the vehicles in longitudinal and lateral directions. In order to assist the driver actively and increase driver's safety, a coordinator is designed to combine lateral control using a steering torque overlay by motor-driven power steering and differential braking by vehicle stability control. In order to prevent the collision while limiting actuator's control inputs and vehicle dynamics to safe values for the assurance of the driver's comfort, the Lyapunov theory and linear matrix inequalities based optimisation methods have been used. The proposed risk management algorithm has been evaluated via simulation using CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink.     

车辆前向碰撞预警算法研究综述

前向碰撞预警算法越来越多地被用于智能汽车的纵向驾驶辅助系统,它可以通过向驾 驶员传递预警信号来减少追尾事故的可能性。文章按照预警阈值的类型将前向碰撞预警算法分为安全时间逻辑算法和安全距离逻辑算法,并分别介绍了两类算法的研究现状。此外,为了降低前向碰撞预警算法的误报率,预警阈值应该随驾驶环境和驾驶人特征实时变化,因此,文章也概括和介绍了调整预警阈值的自适应方法。