三维加筋板楔形体结构水弹性砰击的ALE数值模拟研究

合理预报船首局部结构砰击载荷及其结构应力响应是船舶结构设计人员所重点关心的问题。文章针对某钢制三维加筋板楔形体入水砰击问题,考虑其水弹性效应,采用ALE显式有限元方法开展了数值预报工作。数值模拟的入水加速度、加筋板结构的纵骨和横梁上应力响应等结果与模型实验的时域结果进行了比较,吻合较好。文中还讨论了数值模拟的并行计算效率问题。     

基于ALE算法的船首加筋板楔形体水弹性数值模拟

由于船首加筋板楔形体刚度不同,在入水过程中船首两根楔形体所受水弹性数值存在差异。为了精准控制船首入水姿态,确保船舶入水稳定,展开对船首加筋板楔形体水弹性数值模拟。模拟吸取传统模拟算法误差大的经验,提出基于ALE算法的船首加筋板楔形体水弹性数值模拟算法。通过对水弹性结构力计算,获得楔形体结构力分布特征;建立水弹性方程,计算水弹性基础模拟量;通过基础模拟量的ALE算法导入,得到精准水弹性数值。通过仿真对比数据证明,提出的模拟算法在计算误差上明显小于传统模拟算法,能够将误差稳定在0.3～0.5范围内,符合船首加筋板楔形体入水实际操作误差标准。     

基于OpenFOAM的无转角和有转角楔形体舱段入水砰击载荷数值模拟研究

合理预报船首局部结构砰击载荷是船舶设计和研究者重点关心的问题。文章针对无转角和有转角楔形体舱段入水砰击问题,采用OpenFOAM开源软件,开发了基于两相流求解器InterDyMFOAM数值模拟结构入水砰击的程序包,开展了预报研究工作。数值模拟了入水过程的压力和加速度时域响应历程,与入水砰击模型实验进行了对比分析,吻合很好。同时讨论了网格划分等对结果的影响和砰击的三维效应。结果表明,本文提出的入水砰击载荷预报方法计算效率高,具有推广应用到预报复杂三维船首结构砰击问题的潜力。     

三维对称楔形体入水的水弹性力学分析

结构入水砰击是一个很复杂的水弹性力学问题,在船舶与海洋工程领域,人们对其十分关注。本文借助模型试验和商用软件平台Ansys技术,对结构入水砰击过程展开研究。首先,自主设计入水结构模型、试验装置,通过布置在楔形体结构内的传感器,全程实时监测楔形体结构下落的压力变化。然后,基于试验结果,数值模拟了三维弹性楔形体的入水砰击过程。得到了砰击压力云图、等效应力云图以及流体的速度云图,对比分析了弹性体测点与试验中测点的砰击压力,验证了该数值模拟方法的可行性与有效性。     

波浪作用下三维楔形体入水砰击数值模拟

当船舶航行于恶劣海况时,船舶会发生砰击现象。砰击现象是指船体发生剧烈的摇荡运动导致出水并再次入水,由于船舶入水砰击是瞬态过程,所以会在短时间内产生巨大的砰击压力,造成船体的变形甚至失效,因此准确预报入水砰击压力对保证船舶安全航行和作业具有重要意义。本文建立三维楔形体模型来模拟船首部位,结合有限体积法与动网格技术,引入VOF模型,数值模拟了波浪作用下不同刚度三维楔形体垂直入水的过程。研究发现不同刚度的三维楔形体分别入水的过程中,弹性结构入水砰击压力的峰值要小于刚性结构,弹性效应会一定程度减缓砰击的发生,为今后工程实践提供有价值的参考。     

基于全船建模的航速对船首外飘砰击影响研究

建立二维楔形体入水模型,验证入水砰击仿真方法可靠性,对集装箱船体进行全船体建模,导入船体运动参数,增加船体的纵摇运动,采用一般耦合算法(General coupling),流体域用Euler单元模拟,船体设为刚体,划分为Lagrange有限元网格,对船体进行入水仿真.对比不同工况下的结果表明:全船模拟时船型纵向斜升角会发生变化,导致航速对船首入水砰击压力的影响较大,随着航速的增加,入水砰击压力变大,同时航速还会使砰击压力峰值位置发生变化.     

基于全船建模的航速对船首外飘砰击影响研究

建立二维楔形体入水模型,验证入水砰击仿真方法可靠性,对集装箱船体进行全船体建模,导入船体运动参数,增加船体的纵摇运动,采用一般耦合算法(General coupling),流体域用Euler单元模拟,船体设为刚体,划分为Lagrange有限元网格,对船体进行入水仿真。对比不同工况下的结果表明:全船模拟时船型纵向斜升角会发生变化,导致航速对船首入水砰击压力的影响较大,随着航速的增加,入水砰击压力变大,同时航速还会使砰击压力峰值位置发生变化。     

基于显式有限元方法的二维楔形刚体入水砰击载荷并行计算预报

局部砰击载荷是在船舶首部结构设计时重点关注的问题。文章基于显式有限元方法,选用任意拉格朗日—欧拉算法(ALE),针对某30°二维楔形刚体入水砰击问题,开展了数值预报工作。针对模型网格密度开展了收敛性分析。数值预报的加速度、砰击压力等时域结果与已公开发表的模型实验的结果进行了比较,吻合非常好。鉴于在微机上数值计算时间比较长的问题,文中探讨了并行计算技术在模拟中的应用。     

弹性楔形体各状态参数对入水运动性能的影响

为了分析砰击问题的各种状态参数对船舶入水运动性能的影响,文章采用一种新的 CFD （Computational Fluid Dynamic）方法动态数值模拟了二维弹性楔形结构的自由入水过程。此方法利用液面捕捉法和直角切割网格系统解决入水过程中瞬时移动的自由液面和动边界问题,结合弹性板条梁结构的有限元理论将算法扩展应用于弹性结构的入水特性分析。其中,根据流场的直角切割网格和弹性结构的板条梁单元的特点,提出适合该文算法的流固耦合策略和边界数据传递方法。通过与实验数据进行比较,证明了文中算法求解弹性楔形体入水问题的正确性和合理性。最后,建立不同状态参数（结构材料属性、板厚和质量、底面斜升角和入水高度等）的弹性楔形结构自由入水模型,研究了各参数对自由入水的弹性楔形结构的整体运动性能和局部变形响应的影响。     

基于气垫效应的二维楔形体入水砰击载荷预报方法研究

本文对二维刚性楔形体入水砰击问题进行研究,将数值模拟与模型试验结果进行对比分析,验证利用数值模拟方法研究入水砰击问题的可行性.获得气垫效应、斜倾角、入水速度对楔形体入水砰击压力峰值的影响规律,并分析了气垫效应对压力峰值的影响机理.最后对砰击载荷预报方法进行研究,获得不同斜倾角、不同速度下楔形体入水砰击压力峰值的预报公式.     

Evaluation of ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust

A series of collapse analyses is performed applying nonlinear FEM on stiffened panels subjected to longitudinal thrust. MSC.Marc is used. Numbers, types and sizes of stiffeners are varied and so slenderness ratio as well as aspect ratio of local panels partitioned by stiffeners keeping the spacing between adjacent longitudinal stiffeners the same. Initial deflection of a thin-horse mode is imposed on local panels and that of flexural buckling and tripping modes on stiffeners to represent actual initial deflection in stiffened panels in ship structures. On the basis of the calculated results, buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust is investigated. The calculated ultimate strength are compared with those obtained by applying several existing methods such as CSR for bulk carriers and PULS. Simple formulas for stiffened panels, of which collapse is dominated fundamentally by the collapse of local panels between longitudinal stiffeners, are also examined if they accurately estimate the ultimate strength. Through comparison of the estimated results with the FEM results, it has been concluded that PULS and modified FYH formulas fundamentally give good estimation of the ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust.     

Experimental study on the collapse strength of wide stiffened panels

Five specimens are tested under axial compression until collapse to investigate the ultimate strength of wide stiffened panels with four stiffeners. To avoid the side bays collapse and reduce the influence of the clamped boundary condition on the collapse behaviour, the tests are made on panels with two half bays plus one full bay in the longitudinal direction with simply supported condition at the end edge of loading. Initial loading cycles are used to release the residual stresses of the stiffened panels and the gap between the stiffened panels and the supported steel block. Strain gauges are installed on the plates and the stiffeners to record the distribution of strain. This series of experiments is compared to a series of tests with narrow panels (two stiffeners), which allows analysing the effect of the width on the strength of stiffened panels.     

Comparisons of calculations with experiments on the ultimate strength of wide stiffened panels

Five specimens of wide stiffened panel with four stiffeners under axial compression until collapse are studied with a nonlinear finite element analysis and Common Structural Rules to compare with the experimental results. The stiffened panel models have two longitudinal bays to produce reasonable boundary condition at the end of edges. Tension tests have been conducted to obtain the material properties of the steel that are used in the finite element analysis. Three boundary condition configurations are adopted to investigate their influence on the collapse behaviour of the stiffened panels. A displacement transducer was used to measure the initial geometrical imperfections of the stiffened plates. The collapse behaviour of the stiffened panels is analysed in finite element analysis with the measured initial imperfections and with nominal imperfections. An equivalent initial imperfection is validated for the ultimate strength of stiffened panel under compressive load until collapse for the panels under consideration. With the same imperfection amplitude, the shape of the column-type initial deflection of stiffeners affects significantly the collapse shape, but only slightly the ultimate strength and the mode of collapse of the stiffened panels. The 1/2 + 1 + 1/2 bays model with restrained boundary condition BC3 gives an adequate FE modelling and is possible to be fabricated in experiment.     

Compressive tests on short continuous panels

Results of eight tests on stiffened panels under axial compression until collapse and beyond are presented. The tests consider panels with different combinations of mechanical material properties and geometric configurations for the stiffeners including the use of ‘U’-shaped stiffeners. The specimens are three bay panels with associated plate made of high tensile steel S690. Four different configurations are considered for the stiffeners that are made of mild or high tensile steel for bar stiffeners and mild steel for ‘L’ and ‘U’ stiffeners. The influence of the stiffener's geometry on the ultimate strength of the stiffened panels under compression is analyzed.     

Assessment of IACS-CSR implicit safety levels for buckling strength of stiffened panels for double hull tankers

The present study aims at applying structural reliability methods to assess the implicit safety levels of the buckling strength requirements for longitudinal stiffened panels implemented in the IACS Common Structural Rules (CSR) for double hull oil tankers. The buckling strength requirements considered are used in the initial stage of the hull girder scantlings’ design to control the buckling capacity of longitudinal stiffened panels subjected to the compressive loads induced by the hull girder vertical bending. The following buckling collapse failure modes are explicitly considered in the design formulation: uniaxial buckling of the plating between stiffeners, column buckling of stiffeners with attached plating and lateral-torsional buckling or tripping of stiffeners.The paper presents the procedure used to assess the implicit safety levels of the strength requirements for the three buckling collapse failure modes above mentioned, which includes the optimization of the scantlings of the plate panels and longitudinal stiffeners in order to reflect the minimum strength required by the formulation. A first order reliability formulation is adopted, and stochastic models proposed in the literature are used to quantify the uncertainty in the relevant design variables. A sample of five oil tankers representative of the range of application of the IACS-CSR design rules is considered. The effect of corrosion in the implicit safety levels is quantified based on the three corrosion levels of the Net Thickness Approach (NTA) adopted in the design rules. Sensitivity analyses are also performed to quantify the relative contribution or importance of each design random variable to the implicit safety levels.     

碰撞载荷作用下加筋板架动响应分析研究

研究碰撞载荷作用下加筋板架的动态响应对于深入理解船舶碰撞力学机理和开展船舶耐撞性结构设计具有重要的指导意义。基于最近国外加筋板架碰撞模型系列试验结果,应用数值仿真的方法对其中5种典型加筋板架进行计算分析,得到不同加强筋情形下板架的动态响应特征,并从损伤变形模态及变形大小、应变三个方面与模型试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明两者具有很好的一致性,同时证明了本文碰撞数值仿真方法的有效性。     

用非线性有限元的方法研究准静态加筋方形管压溃破坏中加强筋的影响

在船舶碰撞和搁浅中,薄壁结构在轴向压力条件下的压溃破坏是一种重要的破坏模式.本文用非线性有限元方法研究了准静态条件下纵向和横向加强筋对加筋方形管压溃破坏的影响.基于实验结果和数值仿真的结果,给出了新的等效板厚和平均压溃载荷计算公式.计算结果表明新的平均压溃载荷计算公式能够更好地拟合实验结果.     

加筋板格高级屈曲分析技术研究及软件开发

文章给出了基于弹性大挠度理论和刚塑性分析的加筋板格高级屈曲分析方法(EPM),该方法包括五种失效模式,即正交加筋板格整体屈曲、纵向加筋子板格整体屈曲、纵向加筋和带板的局部屈曲或屈服、纵向加筋的侧倾以及全部屈服,可以考虑初始挠度和残余应力的影响以及双向压缩和侧向载荷的联合作用。以EPM方法为核心开发了加筋板格高级屈曲分析软件系统,包括任务管理、数据输入、屈曲分析、结果查看、能力曲线和文件分析等六个模块。为验证EPM方法的精度进行了系列纵向加筋和正交加筋板格试验模型的比较计算,并计算了四种典型加筋板格的双向应力能力曲线,与板格极限状态分析（PULS）软件和协调共同结构规范（HCSR）方法进行了比较分析。结果表明EPM方法可以分析联合载荷等因素对加筋板格极限强度的影响,文中开发的软件系统可用于加筋板格高级屈曲分析。     

水下纵肋加强圆柱壳低频振动与声辐射

采用模态叠加法建立了水下纵肋加强圆柱壳振动与声辐射计算模型,其中纵肋的建模采用了Timoshenko梁理论,且考虑了纵肋的径向弯曲、周向弯曲、轴向纵振动和扭转振动。与仅考虑纵肋径向弯曲振动的传统建模方法相比,文中计算结果与有限元解吻合更好。分析了光壳和纵肋加强圆柱壳的振动模态、壳面均方振速和辐射声功率,给出了纵肋对圆柱壳低频振动与声辐射的影响规律。结果表明,加入纵肋后圆柱壳产生了新的振动模态;在低频段某些频率附近,壳体振动有所增强,但高频振动被明显降低;加入纵肋后,圆柱壳在低频段辐射声功率会出现许多新的峰值,峰的数量随纵肋数目增加而逐渐减少,在更高频段上加入纵肋后辐射声功率明显降低。     

An upper-bound solution to the problem of plate tearing

An upper-bound solution is derived for the problem of the tearing of a metal plate by a rigid wedge. These newly proposed formulas, with no fracture parameters being used, provide an explanation to the problem of plate tearing, which is a phenomenon that occurs in the process of ship grounding. This paper starts with the proposition of a new kinematic model. Based on the fact that in many experiments there is no evidence of cracks extending ahead of the wedge tip, this new kinematic model assumes no separation between the wedge tip and the crack tip in the plate. Another characteristic of this model is that out-of-plane deformation is assumed for the region around the tip, which correlates well with the experimental observations. Rupture of the metal plate is assumed to occur ahead of the wedge tip due to ductile failure. In the case of longitudinally stiffened panels, an equivalent plate thickness is employed to take the effect of stiffeners into consideration. From comparisons of calculations with existing experimental results, it is clear that the present upper-bound solution is effective in predicting resistance force and energy absorption in the process of plate tearing, and that it can provide predictions that are close to those obtained from empirical formulas and from the theoretical formulas of Wierzbicki and Thomas, who assume that cracks run ahead of the wedge tip.