基于无迹卡尔曼的分布式电动汽车状态估计

为了较准确地获取分布式电动汽车的状态信息,满足汽车稳定性控制的要求,文章以三自由度车辆动力学模型为基础,建立了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的分布式电动汽车状态观测器,对双移线工况下分布式汽车的纵横向车速、横摆角速度、质心侧偏角进行了预测估计。     

考虑侧倾影响的汽车横摆角速度与质心侧偏角滤波估计

为准确识别汽车前方弯道路段曲率信息,考虑侧倾运动的实际影响,建立了汽车质心运动、横摆运动及侧倾运动具有非线性特征的3自由度车辆操纵稳定性模型,设计了汽车质心侧偏角与横摆角速度扩展卡尔曼滤波估计器,实现了巡航车辆运动特征的在线实时估计。采用双移线输入,通过Car Sim与Matlab/Simulink的联合仿真进行验证,结果表明,即使在大噪声条件下,所设计的扩展卡尔曼滤波估计器也能较好地实现车辆横摆角速度与质心侧偏角的准确估计。     

基于IEHB系统的车辆稳定性控制研究

以某小型乘用车为研究对象,为提高线控制动车辆的转向稳定性,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波进行质心侧偏角的估计,以质心侧偏角和横摆角速度为控制变量,设计模糊滑模联合控制器得到附加横摆力矩,以单轮差动制动方式施加到被控车轮上。利用CarSim与Simulink联合仿真平台,基于IEHB系统及控制系统的集成模型在双移线工况下进行了仿真实验。结果表明所设计的IEHB系统压力控制器能够较好地实现压力跟踪,并能验证所提出的车辆稳定性控制策略的有效性与合理性。     

基于多传感器信息融合的汽车行驶状态估计

为了保证汽车的主动安全控制,需要准确地估计车辆行驶状态信息。针对目前汽车状态估计中由于技术条件限制和成本过高造成的部分参数无法测量或不易测量的问题,本文中利用低成本传感器,基于信息融合技术进行汽车行驶状态估计。建立了包括横摆、横向和纵向的3自由度非线性汽车动力学模型,同时为降低噪声对系统影响,建立了自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(AUKF)的信息融合算法,给出车辆状态最小方差意义下的融合结果。利用纵向加速度、侧向加速度和转向盘转角等低成本传感器信号融合得到所需的难以测量的质心侧偏角、横摆角速度和纵向车速。通过Matlab/Simulink-CarSim联合仿真和实车试验对所研究的估计算法进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:该算法能够准确地估计汽车质心侧偏角、横摆角速度和纵向车速,且相比于无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF),本算法提高了估计精度和实时性。     

基于多参数控制的分布式驱动电动汽车操纵稳定性控制策略研究

为改善高速低附着路面上的车辆动力学性能，本文针对分布式驱动电动汽车提出一种基于多参数控制的操纵稳定性控制策略，包括上层轨迹跟踪控制和下层转矩分配控制。上层控制器设计基于2自由度车辆模型和驾驶员预瞄偏差模型，提出了MPC轨迹跟踪控制策略，实现对侧向偏差、横摆角偏差、质心侧偏角、横摆角速度的多参数控制。下层控制器以轮胎负荷率最小为优化目标，获得4个车轮电机转矩的最优分配量，借助于7自由度动力学模型，在双移线、蛇行工况下完成了CarSim-Simulink联合仿真。结果表明：提出的控制策略改善了高速、低附着工况下的操纵稳定性和轨迹跟踪精度。     

基于模型预测控制的分布式电动车稳定性控制

基于CarSim/Simulink建立分布式电动车的整车动力学模型,同时建立2自由度的参考模型,用于求解车辆行驶时的期望横摆角速度及质心侧偏角以保持车辆行驶稳定性。同时,基于模型预测控制设计控制器,通过改变驱动轮转矩,获得附加横摆力矩,实现对车辆横摆角速度及质心侧偏角的控制。通过仿真试验,在前轮转角阶跃输入及正弦输入两种工况下,验证控制方法的有效性。     

四轮独立转向电动汽车转向控制方法

本文中对四轮独立转向电动汽车的转向控制方法进行研究。首先,基于前轮转向车辆的理想横摆角速度模型,建立四轮独立转向2自由度动力学模型。接着,以四轮侧偏角之和绝对值最小化作为优化目标函数,以质心侧偏角为零和理想横摆角速度作为约束条件,采用线型优化算法求解系统前馈控制器。再以轮胎侧偏角和横摆转矩为输入建立线性控制模型,运用最优区域极点配置方法设计反馈控制器。最后,建立人-车-路闭环仿真系统,分别进行双移线道路仿真实验和对开路面上的行驶仿真实验。结果表明,控制器能根据路面附着情况分配各轮转角,保证车辆跟踪理想状态。实车双移线实验进一步验证了控制器对车辆理想状态良好的跟踪精度。     

融合预瞄特性的智能电动汽车稳定性模型预测控制研究

提出了一种融合预瞄特性的智能电动汽车稳定性前馈+反馈控制方法。建立车辆预瞄模型，通过汽车在环境感知时的前视行为，引入道路曲率作为车辆动力学特性的影响因素。基于在前视信息指导下的车辆位姿变化，根据道路附着能力和车速指数模型描述期望纵向车速，建立轮胎侧偏刚度补偿的稳定性前馈控制方法。同时，采用模型预测控制（MPC）设计稳定性反馈控制律，根据车辆的预瞄信息自适应调整预测模型参数和预测时间，消除前馈控制误差及路面扰动等不确定性因素带来的影响。研究结果表明，本文提出的控制策略下汽车质心侧偏角、横摆角速度和侧向加速度小，且跟踪精度更高。仿真试验中，相比于无控制、MPC反馈控制与前馈+定参数MPC反馈控制，本文提出的控制策略在双移线工况1下质心侧偏角峰值分别减小了41.3%、28.9%和10.0%，横摆角速度峰值分别减小了18.0%、6.7%和2.0%，双移线工况2下质心侧偏角峰值分别减小了27.2%、8.7%和8.0%，横摆角速度峰值分别减小了16.9%、12.9%和8.6%；相比于MPC反馈控制与前馈+定参数MPC反馈控制，在蛇行工况1下，质心侧偏角峰值分别减小了49.8%与34.8%，横摆角速...     

驱动转向复合工况分布式驱动稳定控制开发与验证

为在驱动转向复合工况下有效抑制分布式驱动电动汽车的纵滑、侧滑,提出了一种面向驱动转向复合工况的分布式驱动稳定控制架构,设计基于横摆角速度和侧偏角跟踪控制的横摆控制策略和基于滑转率跟踪控制的驱动防滑控制策略,同时根据转向稳定状态对目标滑转率进行调节,根据车辆行驶状态对横摆控制与驱动防滑控制输出扭矩进行协调优化,以实现车辆...     

基于卡尔曼滤波的半挂汽车列车状态估计

准确获取车辆的状态信息是汽车主动安全控制研究的关键。文中主要研究半挂汽车列车稳定性控制中的状态估计问题,研究了基于线性四自由度(4-DOF)半挂汽车列车模型,利用卡尔曼滤波(KF)算法估计半挂汽车列车的横摆角速度与质心侧偏角;基于商用车动力学仿真标准软件TruckSim,通过标准双移线仿真工况进行验证,结果表明,在非高速急转向工况下,所提出的估计方案能较准确地跟踪汽车列车的状态信息,为半挂汽车列车主动安全控制奠定基础。     

基于驾驶人转向意图的双电机驱动电动汽车稳定性控制策略

为了使双电机驱动电动车在车辆稳定性控制过程中能够精确解读驾驶意图,使车辆实际行驶状态与驾驶意图期望的车辆行驶状态尽可能相符合,提出一种基于驾驶人意图辨识的稳定性控制策略.利用基于支持向量机递归特征消除(SVM-RFE)得到的特征参数构建基于长短期记忆(LSTM)模型的驾驶人转向意图辨识模型;基于转向意图识别结果,以方向...     

Lateral handling improvement with dynamic curvature control for an independent rear wheel drive EV

The integrated longitudinal and lateral dynamic motion control is important for four wheel independent drive (4WID) electric vehicles. Under critical driving conditions, direct yaw moment control (DYC) has been proved as effective for vehicle handling stability and maneuverability by implementing optimized torque distribution of each wheel, especially with independent wheel drive electric vehicles. The intended vehicle path upon driver steering input is heavily depending on the instantaneous vehicle speed, body side slip and yaw rate of a vehicle, which can directly affect the steering effort of driver. In this paper, we propose a dynamic curvature controller (DCC) by applying a the dynamic curvature of the path, derived from vehicle dynamic state variables; yaw rate, side slip angle, and speed of a vehicle. The proposed controller, combined with DYC and wheel longitudinal slip control, is to utilize the dynamic curvature as a target control parameter for a feedback, avoiding estimating the vehicle side-slip angle. The effectiveness of the proposed controller, in view of stability and improved handling, has been validated with numerical simulations and a series of experiments during cornering engaging a disturbance torque driven by two rear independent in-wheel motors of a 4WD micro electric vehicle.     

Estimation of maximum road friction coefficient based on Lyapunov method

With the real time and accurate information of motor torque and rotation speed of the four-in-wheel-motordrive electric vehicles, a slip based algorithm for estimating maximum road friction coefficient is designed using Lyapunov stability theory. Modified Burckhardt tire model is used to describe longitudinal slip property of the tire. By introducing a new state variable, a nonlinear estimator is proposed to estimate the longitudinal tire force and the maximum road friction coefficient simultaneously. With the appropriate selection of estimation gain, the convergence of the estimation error of the tire longitudinal force and maximum road friction coefficient is proved through Lyapunov stability analysis. In addition, the error is exponentially stable near the origin. Finally the method is validated with Carsim-Simulink co-simulation and real vehicle tests under multi working conditions in acceleration situation which demonstrate high computational efficiency and accuracy of this method.     

Vehicle dynamics control of an electric-all-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle using tyre force optimisation and allocation

ABSTRACT

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) offer improved fuel efficiency compared to conventional vehicles at the expense of adding complexity and at times, reduced total power. As a result, HEV generally lack the dynamic performance that customers enjoy. To address this issue, the paper presents a HEV with electric All-Wheel-Drive capabilities via the use of torque vectoring electric rear axle drive (TVeRAD) to power the rear axle. The addition of TVeRAD to a front wheel drive HEV improves the total power output. To improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle, the TVeRAD provides torque vectoring at the rear axle. A bond graph model of the drivetrain is developed and used in co-simulation with CarSim. The paper proposes a control system which utilises control allocation to optimise tyre forces. The proposed control system is tested in the simulation environment with a high fidelity CarSim vehicle model. Simulation results show the control system is able to maximise vehicle longitudinal performance while avoiding tyre saturation on low mu surfaces. More importantly, the control system is able to track the desired yaw moment request on a high speed double lane change manoeuvre through the use of the TVeRAD to improve the handling characteristic of the vehicle.     

基于动态门限值的分布式驱动电动汽车驱动力矩控制研究

为改善分布式驱动电动汽车高速行驶稳定性，避免频繁驱动控制操作对汽车行驶安全性的影响，提出了一种适应不同驾驶工况的参数动态门限值算法，设计了汽车附加横摆力矩滑模控制策略和驱动力矩二次规划优化分配控制策略，并进行了角阶跃输入工况和双正弦输入工况的仿真分析。结果表明，所设计的控制策略能有效控制汽车的质心侧偏角与横摆角速度，在保证汽车行驶稳定性的前提下，使质心侧偏角与理想值偏差减小了3.6%以上，轮胎附着利用率减少19.5%以上，有效地降低了轮胎附着利用率，提高了汽车的行驶安全性。     

基于功能安全的分布式驱动电动汽车前轮失效补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车可以实现四轮转矩分配和差动转向,提升整车的动力学控制性能和经济性,但是四轮转矩独立可控的特点也对功能安全提出挑战.当前轮单侧电机出现执行器故障失效情况时,不仅会产生附加横摆力矩降低车辆安全性,差动转向功能的存在还会使车辆严重偏航.基于此,在设计分布式驱动-线控转向一体化底盘的基础上,基于功能安全提出一...     

智能汽车轨迹跟踪与横摆稳定性协同控制

为了提高四轮独立驱动智能电动汽车在变曲率弯道下的轨迹跟踪精度和横摆稳定性,提出了一种模型预测控制与直接横摆力矩控制协同的综合控制方法。建立了横纵向耦合的车辆动力学模型,采用2阶龙格库塔离散法保证了离散模型的精度,并基于简化的2自由度动力学模型推导了车辆横摆稳定性约束,设计了非线性模型预测控制器;利用直接横摆力矩控制能够改变车辆横摆角速度和航向角的特点,考虑模型预测控制器的预测状态、控制量以及跟踪误差,设计了协同控制规则。仿真结果表明,协同控制方法解决了考虑横摆稳定性约束的模型预测控制器中存在的稳定性约束与控制精度相矛盾的问题,并补偿了模型预测控制器没有可行解时对横摆稳定性的约束,同时提高了智能汽车的轨迹跟踪精度和横摆稳定性。     

Vehicle stability control based on driver’s emergency alignment intention recognition

In this work, the reference model modification strategy for vehicle stability control based on driver's intention recognition under emergent obstacle avoidance situation was proposed. First the conflicts between the driver's emergency alignment (EA) intention and vehicle response characteristics were analyzed in critical emergent obstacle avoidance situation. Second combining steering wheel angle and its speed, the driver's EA intention was recognized. The reference model modification strategy based on steering operation index (SOI) was presented. Then a LQR model following controller with tire cornering stiffness adaption was used to generate direct yaw moment for tracking modified reference yaw rate and reference sideslip angle. Finally based on the four-in-wheel-motor-drive (FIWMD) electric vehicles (EV), double lane change and slalom tests were conducted to compare the results using modified reference model with the results using normal reference model. The experimental tests have proved the effectiveness of the reference model modification strategy based on driver's intention recognition.     

路面附着系数的自适应衰减卡尔曼滤波估计

为了获得实时、准确的路面附着系数,进一步提高观测路面附着系数算法的精度和收敛速度,结合非线性车辆动力学模型和轮胎力修正模型,搭建分布式驱动电动汽车联合仿真平台,提出一种基于自适应衰减无迹卡尔曼滤波的路面附着系数观测算法。该算法设计与各轮对应的路面附着系数观测器,应用协方差匹配判据对观测器发散趋势进行判别,设计自适应加权系数修正预测协方差,以增强新近观测数据的利用率;同时采用次优Sage-Husa噪声估计器对未知的系统过程噪声进行估计,抑制观测器的记忆存储长度,调整过程噪声和测量噪声的均值与协方差,提高观测器的跟踪能力。利用分布式驱动电动汽车分别进行高、低附着路面和对开路面直线制动试验,并将自适应衰减无迹卡尔曼滤波路面附着系数观测器的观测结果与无迹卡尔曼滤波观测值、参考路面附着系数进行比较和分析。结果表明：高附着路面条件下,所设计的算法估计误差可控制在0.64%以内;低附着路面条件下,所设计的算法估计误差可控制在1.03%以内;对开路面条件下估计误差可控制在1.26%以内;自适应衰减无迹卡尔曼滤波算法相比无迹卡尔曼滤波算法响应速率更快,具有更高的估计精度和较强的自适应能力,估计结果整体上维持稳定,能够适应各种不同路面的估计。     

A Fuzzy Logic Direct Yaw-Moment Control System for All-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles

Summary In-wheel-motors are revolutionary new electric drive systems that can be housed in vehicle wheel assemblies. Such E-wheels permit packaging flexibility by eliminating the central drive motor and the associated transmission and driveline components, including the transmission, the differential, the universal joints and the drive shaft. Apart from many advantages of such a system, unequalled independent wheel control allows vehicle dynamic improvement to assist the driver in enhancing cornering and straight-line stability on slippery roads and in adverse ground conditions. In this paper a Fuzzy logic driver-assist stability system for all-wheel-drive electric vehicles based on a yaw reference DYC is introduced. The system assists the driver with path correction, thus enhancing cornering and straight-line stability and providing enhanced safety. A feed-forward neural network is employed to generate the required yaw rate reference. The neural net maps the vehicle speed and the steering angle to give the yaw rate reference. The vehicle true speed is estimated using a multi-sensor data fusion method. Data from wheel sensors and an embedded accelerometer are fed into an estimator, where a Fuzzy logic system decides which input is more reliable. The efficiency of the proposed system is approved by conducting a computer simulation. The proposed control system is an effective and easy to implement method to enhance the stability of all-wheel-drive electric vehicles.