汽车代用燃料油井到车轮的评估

介绍了代用燃料油井到车轮的评估方法,分析了目前世界上几种重点研究的代用燃料——压缩天然气、压缩沼气、液化石油气、乙醇、生物柴油、合成柴油、DME、氢气从油井到车轮能量效率和温室气体排放的特点。     

替代燃料的燃料消耗量计算方法

文章介绍了碳平衡原理的两个方面,燃烧和稀释前后的碳质量不变。介绍了完全燃烧后的CO2理论浓度和稀释倍数以及用稀释倍数校正稀释排气的方法,介绍了由碳质量分数推导替代燃料碳质量分数和当量分子式的方法,最后推导得出了可用于替代燃料的燃料消耗量计算公式。     

车用燃料的发展及其对发动机性能的影响

国内车用燃料市场出现了多元化状态,本文针对现存的多种车用燃料,分别分析了它们在发动机应用中的性能,并对国内车用燃料市场做了预测,着重分析了新兴替代燃料CNG、LPG、醇类燃料、生物燃料的使用对发动机性能的影响。     

海外传真

欧洲宇航拟在北京和上海之间开辟生物燃料航线 日前,空中客车的母公司——欧洲宇航防务集团（下称“EADS”）宣布,拟在未来5年,率先在北京和上海之间开辟生物燃料航线,并投入商业运营,以作为其全球生物燃料飞行的商业试点。     

洁净燃料在公交柴油汽车上的应用

文章对150台柴油公交车使用KEM洁净燃料开展推广应用示范工程,完成道路测试,结果表明KEM洁净燃料是干净、安全、具有成本效益的替代燃料,可保证车辆原动力性能,明显减少公交车尾气黑烟排放。     

全球首个生物燃料定期航班运营

经过多年的研发和试飞，德国汉莎航空公司于近日推出了全球首个使用生物燃料的定期民航旅客航班。这意味着全球首个使用生物燃料的定期航班正式投入商业运营，这一采用生物燃料的定期航班初步计划持续航行6个月的时间。     

生物质大分子在能源储存领域的应用

储能技术能够将能源以物理或化学的方式储存,直至需要的时候再释放出来。现阶段,储能相关的材料往往都是由不可再生资源制备,并且大多都采用高污染、高成本的方式生产。在当前能源危机加剧和气候变暖的威胁下,使用可再生的生物质资源替代传统的石化资源显得尤为重要。作为含量最丰富的天然高分子材料,木质纤维素和甲壳素在合成电池相关材料(尤其是电极、固态电池、隔膜)和生物燃料方面显示出了举足轻重的作用。文章综述了木质素、纤维素、半纤维素以及甲壳素4种典型的生物质大分子在合成生物基电极、生物基固态电解液、生物基电池隔膜以及生物燃料方面的研究进展,并展望了未来研究的重点方向。     

浅谈高原汽油车含氧燃料的应用

原油价格的上涨和能源危机的加重,要求我们不断寻求新能源。高原地区的特殊性使车用含氧燃料的应用具有重要意义。从高原对汽车性能的影响出发,分析目前主要汽油车用含氧燃料的特点,进而指出高原汽油车应选择乙醇汽油燃料替代传统燃料。     

液化天然气(LNG)汽车日常检查方法及维护技术综述

天然气是一种优质的替代燃料,具有污染小、安全系数高、运行费用低等优点。天然气已经成为城市公共交通领域应用最为成功和广泛的车辆替代燃料技术,为推动交通运输行业的节能减排做出了显著的贡献。液化天然气汽车,作为天然气汽车的一种类型,与传统汽柴油车相比,液化天然气汽车安装了包括液化天然气气瓶、气管路及各种控制阀门和仪表在内的专用装置,在对液化天然气汽车进行日常检查时需要针对液化天然气汽车的专用装置进行重点检查。本文则针对液化天然气汽车的特点,对液化天然气汽车的正确使用方法、日常检查方法及维护技术要求、以及相关注意事项三个方面进行了解读,为指导液化天然气汽车进行日常检查与定期维护提供了技术参考。     

2021年燃料电池汽车公告统计及分析

本文整合了2021年12个批次《新能源汽车推广应用推荐车型目录》中燃料电池汽车上榜情况，通过分析燃料电池汽车整车及燃料电池系统生产企业、燃料电池汽车车型、燃料电池汽车续驶里程、燃料电池系统额定功率等关键申报信息，得出2021年燃料电池行业发展规律及概述，为未来燃料电池行业发展提供相关参考。     

HCCI内燃机工作过程控制方式研究及技术前景展望

本文介绍了均质压燃(HCCI)内燃机的工作过程及技术特点,重点阐述了对其工作过程的控制方式,并对其未来发展前景进行了展望,同时点明了其当前面临的技术挑战。HCCI内燃机是近年来广受关注的一类新型内燃机,其兼具传统汽油机及柴油机的技术优势,尽管其目前依然存在一定的技术挑战,但随着相关技术的不断完善与优化,其必将得以广泛应用。     

Performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fuelled with butanol isomer-gasoline blends

The heavy reliance on petroleum-derived fuels such as gasoline in the transportation sector is one of the major causes of environmental pollution. For this reason, there is a critical need to develop cleaner alternative fuels. Butanol is an alcohol with four different isomers that can be blended with gasoline to produce cleaner alternative fuels because of their favourable physicochemical properties compared to ethanol. This study examined the effect of butanol isomer-gasoline blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The butanol isomers; n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol and isobutanol are mixed with pure gasoline at a volume fraction of 20 vol%, and the physicochemical properties of these blends are measured. Tests are conducted on a SI engine at full throttle condition within an engine speed range of 1000–5000 rpm. The results show that there is a significant increase in the engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions with respect to those for pure gasoline. The butanol isomers-gasoline blends give slightly higher brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature than pure gasoline at higher engine speeds. The iBu20 blend (20 vol% of isobutanol in gasoline) gives the highest engine torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency among all of the blends tested in this study. The isobutanol and n-butanol blend results in the lowest CO and HC emissions, respectively. In addition, all of the butanol isomer-gasoline blends yield lower NO emissions except for the isobutanol-gasoline blend.     

电力推进技术在渡船中的应用

近年来,国家陆续出台了关于长江生态保护的相关文件。随着电力推进技术在节能减排方面的优势显现,常规动力渡船存在的问题显而易见,如较长传动轴增加了能量损耗,降低了能源效率;柴油机的响应较慢,影响船舶的机动性;柴油机的燃烧不充分导致燃油的过多消耗,以及柴油机直驱渡船的动力推进装置占据了机舱的大部分空间。本文结合电力推进渡船的应用情况,针对上述常规推进渡船的缺点,对船舶动力系统进行了改进,采用全回转电力推进取代原先柴油机直驱,电站采用高压共轨电喷式柴油机带动发电机发电,经整流实现直流组网后,统一为全船提供动力和日常用电。     

Developing link-based particle number emission models for diesel transit buses using engine and vehicle parameters

To better assess health impacts from diesel transportation sources, particle number emissions can be modeled on a road network using traffic operating parameters. In this work, real-time particle number emissions rates from two diesel transit buses were aggregated to the roadway link-level and modeled using engine parameters and then vehicle parameters. Modern statistical methods were used to identify appropriate predictor variables in the presence of multicollinearity, and controlled for correlated emission measurements made on the same day and testing route. Factor analysis helped to reduce the number of potential engine parameters to engine load, engine speed, and exhaust temperature. These parameters were incorporated in a linear mixed model that was shown to explain the variation attributable to link-characteristics. Vehicle specific power and speed were identified as two surrogate vehicle travel variables that can be used in the absence of engine parameters, although with a loss in predictive power compared to the engine parameter model. If vehicle speed is the only operating input available, including road grades in the model can significantly improve particle number emission estimates even for links with mild grade. Although the data used are specific to the buses tested, the approach can be applied to modeling emissions from other vehicle models with different engine types, exhaust systems, and engine retrofit technologies.     

Individual characteristics and stated preferences for alternative energy sources and propulsion technologies in vehicles: A discrete choice analysis for Germany

With respect to the German goal of a transition to a lead market for electromobility within a short time period, this paper empirically examines the preferences for alternative energy sources or propulsion technologies in vehicles and particularly for electric vehicles. The data stem from a stated preference discrete choice experiment with 598 potential German car buyers. In order to simulate a realistic future purchase situation, seven vehicle types were incorporated in each of the six choice sets, i.e. hybrid, gas, biofuel, hydrogen, and electric vehicles besides common gasoline and diesel vehicles. The econometric analysis with flexible multinomial probit models reveals that potential car buyers in Germany currently have a low stated preference for electric, hydrogen, and hybrid vehicles. While our paper also discusses the impact of common vehicle attributes such as purchase price or service station availability, it particularly considers the effect of socio-demographic and environmental awareness variables. The estimation results reveal that younger potential car buyers have a higher stated preference for hydrogen and electric vehicles, males have a higher stated choice of hydrogen vehicles, and environmentally aware potential car buyers have a higher stated preference for hydrogen and electric vehicles. These results suggest that common policy instruments such as the promotion of research and development, taxation, or subsidization in the field of electromobility could be supplemented by strategies to increase the social acceptance of alternative vehicle types that are directly oriented to these population groups. Methodologically, our study highlights the importance of the inclusion of taste persistence across the choice sets and a high number of random draws in the Geweke–Hajivassiliou–Keane simulator in the simulated maximum likelihood estimation of the multinomial probit models.     

车用柴油机NO_x形成及控制

相对汽油发动机污染物排放,柴油发动机CO和CH的排放较低,不到汽油机的10%,但NOX排放水平却高于汽油发动机。本文重点讨论柴油发动机排气污染物中NOx的成分及危害,分析了NO的生成机理及影响因素,提出了控制柴油机NO排放的技术和方法。     

Experimental analysis of exhaust gas after treatment system using water scrubbing in a single cylinder diesel engine for diesel and biofuel blends

A low-cost exhaust gas after treatment system called water-scrubbing is attempted in this paper. An emission treatment setup is fabricated, which is installed in the exhaust of the engine. This takes the exhaust gas and sprays water in the exhaust and passes it through the chamber containing silica gel. An attempt is made to investigate experimentally the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, with and without water injection at the exhaust using diesel fuel (DF), diesel-Karanja oil blend (DKB) and diesel-Jatropha oil blend (DJB). The exhaust gas after treatment system helps to reduce NOx, CO and Particulate matter. The performance of the engine has also been monitored to determine whether the engine has any decrease in performance when the setup is used and it is found that there is no change in the engine performance.     

Effect on direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil,ceiba pentandra methyl ester compared with diesel

This paper explores the experimental investigation of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of bio fuels from ceiba pentandra methyl ester (CPME), ceiba pentandra methyl ester-pine oil blends (CPMEP) and pine oil and the results are compared with diesel. In ceiba pentandra seed oil the CPME yield is 92% by using transesterification process with the optimum conditions of 560 rpm, reaction time 58 min, catalyst concentration 13 g and methanol amount 500 ml. The viscosity of CPME is high when compare with diesel. So the low viscosity of pine oil is blended with CPME and it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. At different loads the Pine oil, CPME and CPMEP blends were used in direct injection naturally aspirated compression ignition engine. The outcomes exhibited that at full load conditions for CPME and CPMEP blends increased brake specific fuel consumption, and decreased brake thermal efficiency, CO, HC emissions. NOx emissions decreased and smoke emissions are increased on CPME and CPMEP blends, expect B25 blend compared with diesel. The combustion analysis like the heat release rate, peak cylinder pressure, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay for CPME, CPMEP blends slightly lower and combustion duration higher than diesel and pine oil. At the Same engine operating condition, the engine fuelled with pine oil the values of brake thermal efficiency 4.79%, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay are increased. Brake specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, and smoke were 9.46%, 16.66%, 14.89% and 8.33% decreased. However, the NOx emission is 8.29% higher than that of diesel. Experimental fuels up to B50 (50% pine oil and 50% CPME) blends have proved good potential for future energy is needed.     

Taxation and revenue policies for future federal highway programs

In a word of tight budgets and growing investment needs, the question of how highways of national significance will be financed in the future has never been more important. This paper provides a background for addressing this question by tracing the development of current Federal highway tax and revenue policies, describing recent trends in Federal highway finance, and discussing several limitations on the productivity of existing Federal highway revenue sources. Principles of taxation that can be used to guide the search for future revenue sources are then described, current Federal highway user fees are reviewed within the context of those principles, and the additional revenue potential of the existing highway tax structure is discussed. Potential alternative sources of highway revenue are then discussed and selected alternative funding mechanisms are described.     

The influence of locomotive diesel engine transient operating modes on energy usage

This paper analyzes the influence of transient operating modes in the Cat 3512B-HD and MTU 4000 R41 locomotive diesel engines on their energy usage. This analysis represents an integral component of the technological research and development performed at Lietuvos Geležinkeliai AB (JSC Lithuanian Railways) with the objective of increasing the efficiency of freight transportation with the upgraded 2M62M and modern ER20CF/2ER20CF diesel locomotives. The influence of transient modes on the operating variables of the locomotive diesel engines was evaluated under operational load-cycling conditions to aid in the selection of appropriate parameters (e.g., the train weight, the diesel locomotive type, and the technical characteristics of the diesel locomotive to be modeled) for freight transportation on Lithuanian railway lines. It was determined that the engine’s electronic control system compensates for the negative effects of transient operations on the engine’s energy usage. As a result, the increase in fuel consumption is less than 3% during transient operation when compared to steady-state operation. Through this research, methodological foundations have been formulated and adapted for the use of the mathematical modeling of the transient modes of locomotive diesel engines to optimize freight transportation, resulting in an expected decrease of 10–15% in fuel consumption.