电针对脊髓损伤大鼠星形胶质细胞的影响及机制

目的 观察电针治疗脊髓损伤大鼠的行为功能及脊髓损伤部位胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和阶段性特异性胚胎抗原-1 (SSEA-I)的表达,阐明电针对脊髓损伤后反应性星形胶质细胞增生及分化的影响及其机制.方法 将60只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和电针治疗组,每组20只.分别于脊髓损伤造模后第3、7、14、28天时进行BBB评分(Basso-Beaie-Bresnehan scale),并用免疫组化方法检测大鼠脊髓损伤部位GFAP和SSEA-1变化并与对照组比较.结果 电针组与模型组在3d和7d时,GFAP和SSEA-1阳性细胞数有差异(P＜0.01),7d时阳性细胞数达到峰值,在14d时电针组和模型组的阳性细胞数有差异(P＜0.05),而在28 d时,电针组和模型组GFAP阳性细胞无明显差异(P＞0.05),但SSEA 1阳性细胞有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 电针治疗能够增加脊髓损伤模型大鼠星形胶质细胞逆分化,激发星形胶质细胞的干细胞潜能,从而促进损伤后脊髓功能的恢复;损伤后的脊髓GFAP和SSEA-1阳性表达的高峰期都在7d,提示脊髓损伤后7d内可能为电针治疗介入的黄金期.     

ChABC、GDNF、Nogo-A抗体联合应用促损伤脊髓再生修复的实验研究

目的探讨ChABC、GDNF及Nogo-A抗体联合应用对大鼠脊髓完全性横断伤后脊髓再生修复及功能恢复的影响。方法采用大鼠胸段(T7~8)脊髓完全横切损伤模型,将SD大鼠随机分为6组:正常对照组、单纯横断组、ChABC(A组)、GDNF(G组)、Nogo-A抗体(N组)、ChABC+GDNF+Nogo-A抗体(AGN组)。于24周取材,行BDA示踪、NF-200、GAP-43、GFAP免疫组化染色。结果 A组、G组、N组BDA示踪染色,光镜下可见损伤区近侧端蓝色的示踪颗粒较多,损伤区很少有蓝色的再生神经纤维;AGN组可见蓝色的神经纤维通过损伤区并出现在损伤区的远侧段,损伤区中央为空泡样变,周围可见蓝染的纤维。NF-200免疫组化染色可见,A组、AGN治疗组NF阳性染色强于正常对照组及单纯横断组(P<0.05),AGN组较G组、N组显著增强(P<0.05)。A组、AGN治疗组GAP-43阳性染色强于正常对照组及单纯横断组(P<0.05),AGN组较A、G、N组显著增强(P<0.05)。正常对照组及单纯横断组GFAP阳性染色强于各治疗组(P<0.05),A组、G组、N组与AGN组比较未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。仅正常对照及AGN组可记录到SEP,但AGN组较对照组SEP潜伏期有所延长。结论 ChABC、GDNF、抗Nogo-A抗体单独或联合应用,能改善脊髓损伤区及两段的神经细胞功能,联合应用对脊髓再生修复优于各单一治疗组。     

白藜芦醇对大鼠急性脊髓损伤保护作用的量效关系研究

目的探讨白藜芦醇(Res)对大鼠急性脊髓损伤保护作用的剂量效应关系。方法采用Allens脊髓打击损伤模型,将60只SD大鼠随机分为6组,每组10只。A组:假手术组;B组:脊髓打击伤组;C组:50mg/kg Res治疗组;D组:100mg/kg Res治疗组;E组:200mg/kg Res治疗组;F组:300mg/kg Res治疗组。术后24、48、72h运用BBB法分别进行运动功能评分;72h处死动物取材,HE染色、Nissl染色观察脊髓组织病理学变化。结果 BBB评分提示24、48、72h三个时间点C、D、E、F组较B组大鼠后肢运动功能均有不同程度的改善;72h时间点,C、D、E、F组较B组运动功能评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Res组较B组的病理组织结构均有不同程度的改善;E组及F组运动功能评分及病理组织结构优于C组及D组,E组与F组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 Res对大鼠脊髓损伤有较好的保护作用,并呈一定的剂量效应关系;200mg/kg是Res干预SCI的最佳剂量。     

硬膜切开减压术实施时间对急性脊髓损伤的影响

目的探讨脊髓急性挫伤后,硬膜切开术的实施时机对脊髓损伤的影响。方法选择SD大鼠的脊髓挫伤模型,分别在脊髓损伤后立即、1、6、12h行损伤部位的硬膜切开减压术,观察对术后脊髓损伤空洞体积比、损伤长度以及神经功能恢复(后肢BBB评分)的影响。结果伤后立即及1h行硬膜切开组的动物,在术后28d时的后肢BBB评分都明显高于对照组(P<0.01),且脊髓损伤空洞比及损伤长度也明显小于对照组(P<0.01);伤后6h行硬膜切开组动物的后肢BBB评分虽然高于对照组(P<0.05),但却低于伤后立即及1h切开组(P<0.05);同样,脊髓损伤空洞比及损伤长度也小于对照组(P<0.05),但是大于伤后立即及1h切开组(P<0.05);伤后12h硬膜切开组动物的后肢BBB评分及脊髓损伤程度与对照组相比均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论在急性脊髓挫伤后6h内行硬膜切开减压对减轻脊髓损伤及促进神经功能恢复有较明确的效果,在损伤1h内进行硬膜切开减压,则效果更明显;伤后12h行硬膜切开减压对减轻脊髓损伤无效。     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠脊髓损伤下肢运动功能的影响

目的　观察银杏叶提取物(Egb)治疗大鼠脊髓损伤,评估它对大鼠脊髓损伤下肢运动功能恢复的效果。方法　60只大鼠分成3组,用Allen s改良法建立脊髓损伤的动物模型,通过Egb腹腔注射,用斜板试验法和Bosso, Beattieand Bresnahan(BBB)评分法观察大鼠脊髓损伤下肢运动功能的变化。结果　斜板试验法临界角度药物组和损伤组比较:7 d,P<0.05;14 d,21 d,P<0.01。BBB评分法药物组和损伤组比较:7 d,P<0.05;14 d,21 d, P<0.01。药物组大鼠脊髓损伤后下肢运动功能恢复快,有显著性差异。结论　Egb对大鼠脊髓损伤后双下肢运动功能的恢复有促进作用。     

急性脊髓损伤中内皮素与钙离子变化的关系

目的　通过观察急性脊髓损伤 (Acutespinalinjury ,ASI)后脊髓组织的细胞内钙含量和血浆内皮素 (Endothelin ,ET)含量的变化 ,探讨ET与Ca2 +在ASI发病机制的关系。方法　选用Wistar雄性大鼠 2 8只 ,应用改良Allen s方法 ,制成脊髓损伤模型 ,造成T1 2 脊椎节段脊髓 5g×1 0cm中度损伤的ASI后 ,分别应用原子吸收光谱分析法和放射免疫法测定ASI后 1、4、8、2 4、72和 1 68h脊髓组织中钙离子含量和血浆中ET浓度。结果　损伤节段组织细胞内钙离子含量及血浆中ET浓度均随病程而改变 ,于 8～ 72h达高峰 ,与正常值有显著性差异。结论　ASI后脊髓组织中细胞内Ca2 +含量及血浆中ET浓度迅速升高 ,提示ET受体阻滞剂与钙离子拮抗剂联合使用为治疗ASI提供了新的途径。     

白藜芦醇对大鼠脊髓损伤后炎症反应的影响

目的探讨白藜芦醇对大鼠脊髓损伤后炎症反应的影响。方法 63只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、损伤组、白藜芦醇处理组,每组21只。假手术组仅行手术暴露,不给予打击及治疗;损伤组采用Allens打击法建立SD大鼠脊髓损伤模型;白藜芦醇组模型建立后给予白藜芦醇200mg/kg腹腔注射。术后24、48、72h采用ELISA法检测各组脊髓组织白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量;比色法测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;免疫组化及Western blot法检测术后72h脊髓组织IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α、MPO蛋白表达的变化。结果 24、48、72h各时间点白藜芦醇组较损伤组IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α表达及MPO活性降低(P<0.05);72h免疫组化染色及Western blot检测显示,白藜芦醇组较损伤组TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10及MPO的表达明显降低(P<0.05)。结论白藜芦醇可通过降低大鼠脊髓损伤后脊髓组织中炎性介质活性发挥对脊髓损伤的保护作用。     

大鼠急性脊髓损伤中caspase-1的表达及意义

目的研究半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-1(cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-1,caspase-1)在大鼠急性脊髓损伤后的表达及意义。方法取健康成熟SD大鼠36只,随机分为对照组和损伤组,各18只,每组再分8 h、3 d7、d共3个时间点,每个时间点6只。对照组仅做单纯T8、T9椎板切除术,损伤组则按Nystrom法建立大鼠急性脊髓损伤动物模型。HE染色观察脊髓组织病理学变化,免疫组化测定各时间点caspase-1的表达变化。结果对照组大鼠脊髓组织中少量细胞caspase-1表达阳性。脊髓损伤后8 h时,损伤组caspase-1表达高于对照组,3 d时表达最高,7 d时略有降低,但仍高于对照组。脊髓损伤组各时间点caspase-1表达阳性细胞数较对照组明显升高(P<0.01)。结论大鼠脊髓损伤后caspase-1的表达迅速增强,可能是导致脊髓继发性损伤的因素之一。     

胎鼠与成鼠脊髓蛋白质组图谱的构建及其差异分析

目的初步建立并优化用于脊髓组织蛋白质组分析的双向电泳技术。应用双向电泳技术建立胎鼠与成鼠脊髓蛋白质组图谱,并对两者的差异进行比较,从整体水平上探究成鼠脊髓丧失再生能力的蛋白质基础。方法以大鼠脊髓为研究对象,应用以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向、均一水平十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳为第二向的双向电泳体系,对样品制备、电泳参数、染色等技术环节中影响双向电泳分辨率的关键因素进行一系列的优化。采用ImageMaster 2D Elite图像分析软件对获得的胎鼠与成鼠脊髓蛋白质组2-DE图谱进行图像分析,比较两者在蛋白质组表达上的差异。结果在此优化的实验条件下,获得了质量较好的脊髓组织蛋白质组双向电泳图谱。胎鼠脊髓蛋白质组图谱经图像分析后,可检测到838个蛋白点,成鼠脊髓蛋白质组图谱可检测到847个蛋白点。对胎鼠与成鼠脊髓蛋白质组匹配差示图谱的分析发现,两者间存在813个差示蛋白。结论通过对各种条件的优化,初步建立了脊髓组织2-DE技术。对胎鼠与成鼠脊髓蛋白质组的比较发现,两者存在明显差异。胎鼠与成鼠脊髓蛋白质组差示图谱的建立,为进一步筛选、鉴定与脊髓再生能力丧失有关的蛋白,并探究其作用机制打下了基础。     

大鼠脊髓损伤后MAP-2的表达及与运动功能恢复的相关性

目的研究大鼠脊髓损伤后MAP-2表达的变化及与运动功能恢复的相关性。方法健康成年Wistar大鼠36只,随机取6只作为正常对照组,余30只制作成脊髓打击伤动物模型,随机分为5组,每组6只。伤后1、3、7、14、28d取材,应用免疫组织化学方法观察MAP-2的表达,采用计算机图像分析系统,进行定量分析;用改良的Tarlov评分、斜板试验观察大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能的恢复情况及MAP-2的表达和二者的相关程度。结果大鼠脊髓损伤后MAP-2的表达在损伤后1-14d呈进行性升高,并在损伤后14d达到高峰,损伤后28d较损伤后14d明显下降(P<0.01),但仍明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),呈高水平表达;大鼠脊髓损伤后1-28d改良的Tarlov评分、斜板试验进行性升高,并在损伤后28d达到高峰,但仍明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。MAP-2的表达和改良的Tarlov评分、斜板试验在损伤后呈正相关(|r1|=0.81,P<0.01;|r2|=0.79,P<0.01)。结论大鼠脊髓损伤后MAP-2的表达和运动功能的恢复呈正相关,MAP-2很可能参与了大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能的恢复。     

细胞外ATP对大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能恢复的影响

目的研究细胞外ATP对大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能恢复的影响。方法健康成年Wistar大鼠20只,雌雄不限,体重280-320 g,平均300 g,制作成脊髓打击伤动物模型,并随机分为两组:A组(ATP组)和B组(对照组),每组10只。伤后1、3、7、14、28 d用改良的Tarlov评分、斜板试验观察大鼠运动功能的恢复情况。结果大鼠脊髓损伤后A组改良的Tarlov评分、斜板试验优于对照组,在14 d和28 d,改良的Tarlov评分、斜板试验A组明显优于B组(P<0.05)。结论细胞外ATP能促进大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能的恢复。     

脊髓损伤后大鼠后肢运动功能恢复不同评分标准的比较

目的比较脊髓损伤(SCI)后大鼠后肢运动功能恢复的不同评分标准的优劣。方法40只SD成熟雌性大鼠随机分为正常组(Normal组)、急性脊髓中度损伤组(SCI组)及对照组(CON组),其中SCI组采用改良的Allen打击法,CON组仅行T10椎板切除术。术后1、2、3、4、6周观察大鼠后肢神经功能恢复的情况并记录结果。评价标准分别为:斜板试验评分、改良Tarlov评分及BBB评分。结果SCI组与CON组比较,斜板试验临界角度在1-6周时,均有所减小(P<0.05),尤以第1周时减少更甚(P<0.01);改良Tarlov评分第1、2、3、4周时,分值间的差别非常明显(P<0.01),第6周时,未见变化(P>0.05);而BBB评分各时间点的区分程度非常明显(P<0.01)。结论BBB评分对SCI模型运动功能评价具有明显优势,可作为今后研究的标准评分法。     

Protective effect of glutamine pretreatment on ischemia-reperfusion injury of spinal cord in rabbits

Objective To investigate the effect of glutamine (Gln) on the content of reduced glutathione hormone (GSH) and aminoglutaminic acid (Glu) of spinal cord following ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods Totally 40 healthy adult male rabbits were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operation group (S group), ischemia-reperfusion injury group (I/R group), low-dose glutamine group (L Gln group), median-dose glutamine group (M Gln group) and high-dose glutamine group (H Gln group). After glutamine preconditioning, the model of spinal cord ischemia-reporfasion injury was established according to Zivin's method. The general status of animals was observed and the changes of Jacobs scoring were recorded in each group. Malondialdehydes (MDA), GSH, Glu and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lumbar spinal cord tissues were determined using chemical colorimetry. The neuron number and deviation rate in spinal cord anterior horn were observed histopathologically. Results There was no significant difference between L Gin group and I/R group in behavior scoring, SOD activity, content of MDA and Glu, neuron number and deviation rate of spinal cord (P>0.05); however, there was a significant difference in GSH content of spinal cord (P<0.05). M Gln group and I/R group differed significantly (P<0.05) in behavior scoring, SOD activity, content of MDA, Glu, GSH, neuron number and deviation rate of spinal cord. Between H Gln group and M Gln group, there was no significant difference in behavior scoring, content of MDA and Glu, SOD activity, neuron number and aberration rate in spinal cord (P>0.05), whereas there was a significant difference in SOD activity and Giu content (P<0.05). Conclusion Pretreatment with medium-dose glutamine has a protective effect on spinal cord ischemia-reporfasion injury in rabbits, which may be related to the maintenance of GSH content, increase of SOD activity and reduction of MDA.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SPINAL CORD INJURY TREATED WITH THE COMBINATION OF FETAL SPINAL CORD TRANSPLANTATION AND METHYLPREDNISOLONE

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Effects of erigeron breviscapus （Vant.） Hand-Mazz pretreatment on pathology and oxyradical level following spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits

Objective To investigate the effects of erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz (erigeron breviscapus) pretreatment on pathology and oxyradical level in the spinal cord after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rabbits. Methods A total of 40 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operation group with 10 rabbits treated with only abdominal aorta exposure without occlusion, control group with 15 rabbits that underwent ischemia for 50 minutes and treated with matched saline, and experimental group with 15 rabbits that underwent ischemia for 50 minutes and treated with erigeron breviscapus (9mg/kg) injection before ischemia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the spinal cord were examined at 6 and 24 hours after I/R, respectively. The morphological changes and the number of the spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons were observed and counted under the light microscope and electron microscope, respectively. Results The level of MDA was markedly decreased and SOD activity was increased in the experimental group compared with those in the control group (P<0.01). Compared with that in the control group, the number of motor neurons in the experimental group significantly increased at 24h after I/R (P<0.01) and the morphous of the motor neurons improved. Conclusion Erigeron breviscapus can reduce oxyradical production and the apoptosis of nerve cells, and protect nerve tissue structure and function after spinal cord I/R.     

The experimental observation on the repairing spinal cord injury by olfactory ensheathing cells allograft of different sources

Objecttive To observe the repaired effect of distinct source olfactory ensheathing cells （OECs） on spinal cord injury （SCI） rats. Methods These OECs were dissociated from olfactory bulb and olfactory mucosa of SD rats and transplanted to the injuried region of spinal cord injury rats. The function of nerve, motor evoked potential of hind legs and the histopathlogical diversities of injuried spinal cord were observed. Results The OECs grafts into the SCI area could survive longer time. The BBB scale, incubation stage of EP and histopathologic manifestations showed that the group with transplanted OECs regained more improvement in hindlimb than the control group. Conclusion The OECs of two sources have the same ability to regain and improve the axonal function which can promote axons regeneration of SCI.     

Apoptosis of motor neurons in the spinal cord after ischemia reperfusion injury delayed paraplegia in rabbits

Objective To clarify the pathologic change of the motor neuron on spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury delayed paraplegia. Methods The infrarenal aorta of White New Zealand rabbits （n=24） was occluded for 26 minutes using two bulldog clamps. Rabbits were killed after 8, 24, 72, or 168 hours （n=6 per group）, respectively. The clamps was placed but never clamped in sham-operated rabbits （n=24）. The lumbar segment of the spinal cord （L5 to L7） was used for morphological studies, including hematoxylin and eosin staining, the expression of bcl-2 and bax proteins in spinal cord was detected with immunohistochemistry. The apoptotic neurons in spinal cord were measured with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling of DNA fragments （TUNEL） staining. Results Delayed paraplegia occurred in all rabbits of ischemia reperfusion group at 16-24 hours, but not in sham groups. Motor neurons were selectively lost at 7 days after transient ischemia. After ischemia, the positive expression of bcl-2 protein were in the sham controls but decreased significantly as compared with that of the IR group （P〈0.01）, especially in 72 hours reperfusion. The positive expression of bax protein were also in the sham controls, but increased in the IR group, especially in 72 hours reperfusion; In addition, TUNEL study demonstrated that no cells were positively labeled until 24 hours after ischemia, but nuclei of some motor neurons were positively labeled at peak after ischemia reperfusion at 72 hours. Oenclusion Spinal cord ischemia in rabbits induces morphological and biochemical changes suggestive of apoptosis. These data raise the possibility that apoptosis contributes to neuronal cell death after spinal cord ischemia reperfnsion.