基于线性预测方法的水声信道最小均方误差盲均衡

The problem of blind adaptive equalization of underwater single-input multiple-output (SIMO) acoustic channels was analyzed by using the linear prediction method.Minimum mean square error (MMSE) blind equalizers with arbitrary delay were described on a basis of channel identification.Two methods for calculating linear MMSE equalizers were proposed.One was based on full channel identification and realized using RLS adaptive algorithms,and the other was based on the zero-delay MMSE equalizer and realized using LMS and RLS adaptive algorithms,respectively.Performance of the three proposed algorithms and comparison with two existing zero-forcing (ZF) equalization algorithms were investigated by simulations utilizing two underwater acoustic channels.The results show that the proposed algorithms are robust enough to channel order mismatch.They have almost the same performance as the corresponding ZF algorithms under a high signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio and better performance under a low SNR.     

浅海水声通信中纠错编码的应用

针对复杂多变、强多途和起伏干扰的浅海水声信道,建立了基于BELLHOP射线模型的时变衰落水声信道模型。在此基础上通过系统仿真的方法,分析了卷积码、RS码和串行级联码3种纠错编码方案在水声跳频通信系统中的性能,给出了信道下的仿真结果并进行了对比分析;研究了交织器位置对串行级联码纠错性能的影响。结果表明,交织器位于串行级联码编码之后具有更强的纠错能力,适合复杂多变的水声衰落信道。     

基于改进BOMP算法的水声信道估计

近年来,水声信道估计主要是基于稀疏模型展开.水声介质的非均匀性等使声线以簇的形式传播,导致水声信道展现出块结构稀疏特性.本文针对信道的块结构稀疏特性,在OFDM通信系统中,提出使用改进的BOMP算法进行水声信道估计.BOMP算法一次筛选1个最大相关块,改进的算法一次挑选t个非零块,算法重构时间将降低t倍.仿真结果表明:改进的BOMP算法误码率和重构时间要优于传统的LS、基于压缩感知的OMP算法;在不降低BOMP算法重构精度的前提下,将重构时间降低t倍.     

Study on pattern time delay shift coding scheme

1 Introduction1 The underwater acoustic communications are needed for military affairs and commercial fields. There are lots of applications of underwater acoustic communications, such as in oceanographic data collection, exploration of natural undersea r…     

非常数模信号的水声信道稳定盲均衡算法研究

水声信道中存在有大量的脉冲噪声和多普勒频移效应,这会造成水声通信系统最佳采样位置发生偏移,对均衡算法的稳健性造成严重影响。本文从提高均衡算法稳健性的角度出发,借助早迟积分比相原理完成对采样位置的跟踪,同时采用均衡滤波器系数变化量的Euclid范数作为代价函数,提出了一种归一化修正常模盲均衡算法,并用判决正方形方法进行了改进。仿真结果表明,在高阶QAM通信系统中,所提出的算法具有更好地收敛能力与稳定性,保证了水声通信的高效运行。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的水声信号线谱增强（英文）

To detect weak underwater acoustic signals radiated by submarines and other underwater equipment, an effective line spectrum enhancement algorithm based on Kalman filter and FFT processing is proposed. The proposed algorithm first determines the frequency components of the weak underwater signal and then filters the signal to enhance the line spectrum, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). This paper discussed two cases: one is a simulated signal consisting of a dual-frequency sinusoidal periodic signal and Gaussian white noise, and the signal is received after passing through a Rayleigh fading channel;the other is a ship signal recorded from the South China Sea. The results show that the line spectrum of the underwater acoustic signal could be effectively enhanced in both cases, and the filtered waveform is smoother. The analysis of simulated signals and ship signal reflects the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Modeling and calculation of acoustic radiation of underwater stiffened cylindrical shells treated with local damping

Damping materials are widely used and playing an essential role in reducing the vibration and noise of various ships and underwater vehicles. In practical engineering, damping materials are often applied over the structural surface of ships and underwater vehicles. They are generally distributed not evenly in the whole area, but locally in some vital regions. The stiffened cylindrical shell is the most representative configuration for the main structure of underwater vehicles. Therefore, research on modeling and calculation of underwater acoustic radiation from stiffened cylindrical shells locally treated with damping has high practical value. This paper introduces a mixed analytical-numerical acoustic-vibration interaction method to achieve efficient calculation of the vibration and acoustic radiation from a locally damped cylindrical shell immersed in water. Two kinds of vibration and noise reduction measures are proposed for the damping treatment of a large-scale stiffened cylindrical shell structure. Calculation and analysis are carried out for both measures. The results can provide reference for developing the technology of reducing vibration and noise from ships and underwater vehicles via damping treatment.     

复杂干扰环境下水声通信抗干扰技术研究

重点对盲源分离干扰抑制方法进行了原理论述,建立了卷积混合和分离模型,提出了盲解卷积混合准则,并针对复杂干扰环境下水声通信场景进行了信号干扰抑制的仿真分析,得到了较为满意的结果。     

Adapting the light · biomass (BZI) models of phytoplankton primary production to shallow marine ecosystems

Several authors have reported a strong linear relationship between daily phytoplankton production and the product of chlorophyll biomass, photic depth, and incident irradiance for a variety of estuaries. This “light · biomass” (BZ_pI_o) formulation has been proposed as an alternative to traditional mechanistic approaches for computing phytoplankton production in numerical estuarine models. One limitation to their application in shallow systems is that the BZ_pI_o models have been developed in relatively deep estuaries where light does not reach the bottom. We propose a nonlinear correction factor to adapt the BZ_pI_o relationship to shallow systems where light does reach the bottom. Our function takes into account variations in incident irradiance, attenuation coefficient for light, photosynthetic efficiency, and maximum rate of photosynthesis. A series of correction polynomials are proposed for various ranges of incident irradiance, and are integrated into a single multiple polynomial which applies across all irradiance levels. Our new correction factor was tested against a ¹⁴C-based productivity dataset from shallow stations in Narragansett Bay, RI and an O₂-based dataset from shallow (1.1 m) lagoon mesocosms at the University of Rhode Island. Results showed that our polynomials accurately correct BZ_pI_o-predicted rates of production in shallow water columns. Application of our correction factor to a series of shallow water productivity datasets from the literature together with theoretical calculations show how significant the shallow water correction can be, especially in very shallow water columns with low turbidity.     

OFDM高速水声移动通信系统方案设计(英文)

The major constraint on the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) based underwater acoustic(UWA) communication is to keep subcarriers orthogonal.In this paper,Doppler estimation and the respective compensation technique along with various diversity techniques were deliberated for OFDM-based systems best suited for underwater wireless information exchange.In practice,for mobile communication,adjustment and tuning of transducers in order to get spatial diversity is extremely difficult.Considering the relatively low coherence bandwidth in UWA,the frequency diversity design with the Doppler compensation function was elaborated here.The outfield experiments of mobile underwater acoustic communication(UWAC) based on OFDM were carried out with 0.17 bit/(sHz) spectral efficiency.The validity and the dependability of the scheme were also analyzed.     

水下软刚臂单点系泊研究

针对渤海浅水边际油田开采工程,提出一种可调节系泊臂铰接点高度的水下软刚臂(YOKE)单点系泊方案,无水上系泊塔,将军柱在水下,可根据作业水深调节系泊臂与船艏系泊支架的铰接点,能反复利用。水动力分析、数值计算和模型试验结果显示:数值计算和模型试验数据接近,系泊力和纵荡的误差在合理范围内,表明系泊方案计算合理。     

有限水深下舱段模型水下声辐射圆柱形阵列测量研究

在水面舰艇的研发阶段,随着对其声隐身性能指标的提高,一般采用数值仿真或者舱段模型试验来考核并优化其声学设计。对于舰艇水下声辐射预报方法,也会利用舱段模型试验来验证。考虑试验成本、操作便利性和背景噪声等因素,一般将舱段模型放置在露天水池进行水下辐射噪声测量,因此开展舱段模型在有限水深露天水池的水下声辐射测量研究非常有必要。为了分析有限水深露天水池中舱段模型水下辐射噪声圆柱形阵列测量方案的合理性,本文对在2种水域模型的封闭半圆筒结构水下声辐射进行数值仿真,并对小水线面双体船缩比模型进行了露天水池试验和噪声估算。分析计算和实测结果,验证了有限水深露天水池中舱段模型水下辐射噪声圆柱形阵列测量方案的合理性。该研究成果对于露天水池中舱段模型水下辐射噪声测量试验具有指导意义。     

基于多模的符号递归常数模算法研究与仿真

针对符号递归常数模算法(SR-CMA)稳定性差、剩余误差大的缺点,提出了一种适用于正交幅度调制(QAM)信号的双模式盲均衡算法.该算法在初始模式中采用运算量较小的SR-CMA算法进行均衡,利用判决圆环对均衡器输出信号进行判决,当误码率降到足够低的水平时自动切换到多模算法,以进一步降低均方误差.利用水声信道模型进行仿真,结果表明,该算法性能稳定,计算量小,稳态剩余误差低于CMA和SR-CMA算法.该算法能够有效降低高速水声通信的误码率,提高水声信道均衡的稳定性.     

水下双层圆柱壳全频段声振特性研究

为研究水下双层圆柱壳结构全频段声振特性,基于VA-ONE建立了FE-BEM混合法、FE-SEA混合法及SEA法3种不同的计算模型,进行了不同辐射介质中辐射声功率及外壳振速的计算,并进一步研究了内外壳及肋板厚度、约束条件、激励位置及层间流体对双层圆柱壳声辐射特性的影响;基于FE-BEM混合法研究了圆柱壳结构的声散射特性;研究了肋板在结构振动能量传递中的作用,提出了2种阻尼肋板的减振降噪方案并进行相关仿真分析.结果表明:重流体能够抑制结构的振动,但由于重流体声阻抗较大,结构的辐射声功率变大;结构声散射曲线在某些频率处出现峰值,且峰值频率与结构自身的固有特性有关;阻尼肋板能得到较好的减振降噪效果,工程上建议使用金属聚氨酯阻尼肋板.     

Air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002–2004

Air–sea fluxes in the Caribbean Sea are presented based on measurements of partial pressure of CO₂ in surface seawater, pCO_2sw, from an automated system onboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas for 2002 through 2004. The pCO_2sw values are used to develop algorithms of pCO_2sw based on sea surface temperature (SST) and position. The algorithms are applied to assimilated SST data and remotely sensed winds on a 1° by 1° grid to estimate the fluxes on weekly timescales in the region. The positive relationship between pCO_2sw and SST is lower than the isochemical trend suggesting counteracting effects from biological processes. The relationship varies systematically with location with a stronger dependence further south. Furthermore, the southern area shows significantly lower pCO_2sw in the fall compared to the spring at the same SST, which is attributed to differences in salinity. The annual algorithms for the entire region show a slight trend between 2002 and 2004 suggesting an increase of pCO_2sw over time. This is in accord with the increasing pCO_2sw due the invasion of anthropogenic CO₂. The annual fluxes of CO₂ yield a net invasion of CO₂ to the ocean that ranges from − 0.04 to − 1.2 mol m^− 2 year^− 1 over the 3 years. There is a seasonal reversal in the direction of the flux with CO₂ entering into the ocean during the winter and an evasion during the summer. Year-to-year differences in flux are primarily caused by temperature anomalies in the late winter and spring period resulting in changes in invasion during these seasons. An analysis of pCO_2sw before and after hurricane Frances (September 4–6, 2004), and wind records during the storm suggest a large local enhancement of the flux but minimal influence on annual fluxes in the region.     

Temporal and spectral characteristics of seismic ground motions: Offshore versus onshore

To distinguish offshore and onshore seismic ground motions, conventional analyses in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and earthquake response spectrum (ERS) have been carried out in a recent work by authors and other papers in literature. In the present study, distinct temporal and spectral characteristics between onshore and offshore earthquake ground motions are further investigated in time-domain and frequency-domain. The data used is 69 pairs of concurrent onshore and offshore ground motions collected from the Kyoshin Network (K-NET). Each pair of data are of approximately identical epicenter distances. Comparisons are made on zero-up-crossing period (T_z), peak-to-trough acceleration range (A_pt) and period (T_pt), duration of ground motion (T_d), predominant frequency (f_p) and the spectral bandwidth parameter (ε). The results indicate that for offshore horizontal and vertical seismic signals, statistics of T_z, T_pt, T_d and predominant period T_p tend to be larger than the onshore counterparts. Meanwhile, ε of the offshore vertical ground motions is also greater. Through the proposed energy ratio (ER) analysis, the spectral energy of offshore ground motion is found to shift to moderate and low frequency bands. The time-frequency analysis conducted by Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) shows that the Hilbert spectra of offshore accelerations contain larger spectral energy than the onshore counterpart but the corresponding instantaneous frequencies at peak energy are smaller, especially for horizontal recordings. Therefore, larger dynamic response of offshore structures is prone to be induced by the offshore ground excitation. This is further validated through the dynamic analysis of a marine pipeline in case study.     

Lateral response of monopile reinforced by cement-improved soil in clay to monotonic and cyclic loadings: Laboratory model test and theoretical investigation

A systematic study was performed in laboratory model tests to assess the response of cement-improved reinforced monopiles to lateral monotonic and cyclic loading in clay. The overall load‒deflection behavior and profile of the bending moment was fully studied in monotonic tests, in addition to the p-y curves of the reinforced and unreinforced piles. Cyclic loading tests were carried out at different cyclic magnitude values and load ratios, and the cement-improved soil reinforcement range was also varied. This study provides several insights into the ongoing development of the deflection, unloading stiffness and bending moment of cement-improved soil reinforced piles as cycling progresses, which can provide empirical design recommendations for cement-improved soil reinforced monopiles subjected to lateral cyclic loading. Based on the typical p-y curve models of pile in soft clay and stiff clay, by considering the proportion of soil resistance shared by cement-improved soil and soft clay around a pile under lateral load, the modification factors of two parameters p_u and y₅₀ are derived, and then a modified p-y curve model of cement-improved soil reinforced piles in soft clay is established.     

Capacity and failure mechanism of monopile-wheel hybrid foundation in clay-overlaying-sand deposits under combined V–H-M loadings

Innovative monopile-wheel hybrid foundations are proposed to enhance the lateral load and moment capacities of monopile for offshore wind systems. This paper presents a comprehensive numerical study on the bearing capacities of this hybrid foundation in clay-overlaying-sand soil conditions under combined V–H-M (vertical-horizontal-moment) loadings. Numerical models are generated and validated by comparing with laboratory experiment results and available centrifuge testing data on similar foundation systems. Parametric analysis is then carried out to quantify the effects of potential influencing factors on the failure mechanisms and bearing capacities of hybrid foundations, including the hybrid foundation geometry, soil properties, upper clay thickness, height of the lateral loading and pre-vertical load. It is found that in clay-overlaying-sand deposits, the hybrid system manifests totally different failure mechanism compared with that in uniform soil deposits. The thickness of the upper clay layer (T_c/L), within the practical range of T_c/L = 0.1–0.7, has a significant influence on the failure patterns and the bearing capacities of the hybrid system, and the proportion of bearing capacity provided by the pile and wheel is determined by the ratios of D_w/L and L/D_p. In addition, the failure envelopes in the V–H-M space manifests that the failure envelopes are shrank with the increase of the normalized vertical resistance, V/V_ult, which is highly related to the clay layer thickness (T_c/L).     

Local joint flexibility of tubular X-joints stiffened with external ring or external plates

In the present paper, the Local Joint Flexibility (LJF) of the ring-stiffened X-joints and plate-stiffened X-joints under compressive load is investigated. In the first phase, a finite element (FE) model was generated and verified with the results of available experimental tests and equations. In the next phase, a set number of 234 FE models were created to evaluate the role of the external ring size (β_r and τ_r), the external plate size (β_p and τ_p), and the connection geometry (γ, τ, and β) on the LJF factor (f_LJF). In these FE models, the weld connecting the chord and brace members was generated. The results indicated that the f_LJF of a plate stiffened joint can be down to 76% of the f_LJF of the corresponding un-stiffened joint. Also, the effect of the ring size on the f_LJF was more than the effect of the plate size on the f_LJF, because of the stiffener position. Despite the notable effect of the ring and the plate on the f_LJF, there is not any study or formula on tubular connections stiffened with ring or plate. Therefore, the FE results were used to propose two parametric formulas for determining the f_LJF in X-joints with external ring or external plate under brace compressive load. Moreover, the derived formulas were checked based on the UK DoE acceptance criteria.